有机肥与无机肥配施对潮土N2O排放的影响

华北平原是我国重要的粮食主产区,由于土壤有机质含量低,增加氮肥用量并不能导致玉米产量持续增加.有机肥和无机肥配施被广泛认为是同时实现粮食增产和提高土壤有机质的双赢措施,但是有机肥和无机肥配施对华北平原农田N_2O排放的影响尚不明确.本研究在华北平原潮土区,通过测定不同种类有机肥与无机肥配施后农田N_2O排放通量和作物产量,旨在揭示不同种类有机肥及其用量对潮土N_2O排放和作物产量的影响效应.田间试验共设置8个处理,分别为不施肥(CK)、化肥氮(NPK)、 40%牛粪氮+60%化肥氮(CM)、 40%鸡粪氮+60%化肥氮(FC)、 40%猪粪氮+60%化肥氮(FP)、 20%牛粪氮+80%化肥氮(1/2CM)、 20%鸡粪氮+80%化肥氮(1/2FC)和20%猪粪氮+80%化肥氮(1/2FP).整个玉米季N_2O排放通量均与土壤WFPS显著正相关(P0.05).除NPK处理外,玉米季N_2O排放量与土壤可溶性有机碳(DOC)平均含量存在显著的线性关系.玉米季CK处理N_2O排放量为0.50 kg·hm~(-2),NPK处理增加到2.28 kg·hm~(-2).相同用量不同种类有机肥处理,N_2O排放未出现显著差异. 40%有机肥氮用量处理下N_2O排放量与NPK处理无显著差异,而用量减少至20%后, 1/2CM、 1/2FC和1/2FP处理N_2O排放量分别较CM、 FC和FP减少了33.6%、 43.7%和12.1%,其主要原因为易分解有机碳输入减少,土壤DOC含量降低,但玉米产量未出现显著差异.因此,从减少温室效应的角度,玉米季80%化肥氮配施20%有机肥氮为本地区农田施肥的较佳选择.     

优化施氮对河套灌区氧化亚氮排放和氨挥发的影响

以河套灌区盐化潮土为研究对象,采用静态暗箱-气相色谱法和通气法研究了4个施肥处理(不施肥(CK)、传统施肥(CON)、优化处理1(OPT1,减氮53.3%)、优化处理2(OPT2,减氮53.3%+硝化抑制剂))对河套灌区玉米农田氧化亚氮(N_2O-N)排放、氨挥发(NH_3-N)损失和玉米产量的影响.结果表明:氮肥减量显著降低了土壤N_2O-N排放和NH_3-N挥发;相比于CON处理,OPT1处理的N_2O-N排放量和NH_3-N挥发量分别降低了45.2%和68.8%(p0.05),但N_2O-N损失氮素比率增加了9.7%(p0.05).施用硝化抑制剂可显著降低土壤N_2O-N排放,与OPT1处理相比,OPT2处理可降低34.6%(p0.05)的N_2O-N排放和41.5%(p0.05)的N_2O-N损失氮素比率,但NH_3-N挥发增加了47.5%(p0.05).OPT1处理显著降低了玉米产量,降幅达22.1%(p0.05),而OPT2处理相对于OPT1处理增产32.9%(p0.05),与传统施肥处理无差异.因此,综合N_2O-N排放、NH_3-N挥发及玉米产量可知,OPT2是较为合理的施肥措施,值得在河套灌区推广.     

Effects of irrigation,fertilization and crop straw management on nitrous oxide and nitric oxide emissions from a wheat–maize rotation field in northern China

One-year winter wheat–summer maize rotation is the most popular double cropping system in north-central China, and this highly productive system is an important source of nitrous oxide (N₂O) and nitric oxide (NO) emissions due to the high fertilizer N and irrigation water inputs. To sustain the high crop production and mitigate the detrimental impacts of N₂O and NO emissions, improved management practices are extensively applied. The aim of this study is therefore to evaluate the effects of an improved management practice of irrigation, fertilization and crop straw on grain yield and N₂O and NO emissions for a wheat–maize rotation field in northern China. Using automated and manual chamber measuring systems, we monitored N₂O and NO fluxes for the conventional (CT, 2007–2008), improved (IT, 2007–2008), straw-amended (WS, 2008–2009), straw-not-amended (NS, 2008–2009), and no N-fertilizer treatments (WS–NN, 2008–2009), respectively, for one rotation-year. The grain yields were determined for CT and IT for three rotation-years (2005–2008) and for WS, NS and WS–NN for one rotation-year (2008–2009). The improved management of irrigation and fertilization reduced the annual N fertilization rate and irrigation amount by 17% and 30%, respectively; increased the maize yield by 7–14%; and significantly decreased the N₂O and NO emissions by 7% (p < 0.05) and 29% (p < 0.01), respectively. The incorporation of wheat straw increased the cumulative N₂O and NO emissions in the following maize season by 58% (p < 0.01) and 13%, respectively, whereas the effects of maize straw application were not remarkable. The N₂O and NO emission factors of applied N were 2.32 ± 2.32% and 0.42 ± 1.69% for wheat straw and 0.67 ± 0.23% and 0.54 ± 0.15% for chemical N-fertilizers, respectively. Compared to conventional management practices using high application rates of irrigation water and chemical N-fertilizer as well as the field burning of crop straw, the improved management strategy presented here has obvious environmentally positive effects on grain yield and mitigation of N₂O and NO emissions.     

猪粪化肥配施对双季稻田CH4和N2O排放及其全球增温潜势的影响

以湖南典型红壤双季稻田系统为研究对象,采用静态箱-气相色谱法研究了水稻生长季基肥配施猪粪条件下CH4和N2O的排放特征,并估算了排放的CH4和N2O的全球增温潜势(GWP).结果表明,与施用化肥处理相比,猪粪化肥配施对稻田CH4和N2O排放的季节变化模式无明显影响,但影响其排放量大小.两个稻季,猪粪替代50%化学氮肥处理(1/2N+PM)CH4累积排放量较不施氮肥处理(0N)、50%化学氮肥处理(1/2N)、100%化学氮肥处理(N)分别提高54.83%、33.85%和43.30%(P<0.05);1/2N+PM处理N2O累积排放量较N处理显著降低67.50%,较0N处理、1/2N处理分别提高129.43%、119.23%(P<0.05).水稻生长季CH4是GWP的主要贡献者,占CH4和N2O综合GWP的99%以上.1/2N+PM处理的GWP显著高于其他处理(P<0.05),且1/2N+PM处理单位产量GWP最高,较N处理、1/2N处理、0N处理分别提高58.21%、26.82%、20.63%.因此,双季稻田猪粪替代部分化学氮肥较全部施用化学氮肥增加了双季稻田CH4和N2O排放的综合温室效应,其对温室气体排放的影响需在区域温室气体排放清单中加以考虑.     

Nitrous oxide emission fromagricultural lands in Russia

Nitrous oxide (N₂O) atmospheric emission from differentagricultural soil types in Russia was evaluated based on published data onsingle input of nitrogen (N) fertilizers. For most of experiments the rates offertilization varied from 40 to 75 and from 160 to 264 kg/ha in activematter and they were considered separately. The higher rates ofsynthetic fertilizers (160 to 264 kg/ha) reduced relative gaseous loss ofN as N₂O (N₂O-N). Evidently, if nitrate (NO₃) concentrationswere high, the low content of organic carbon (C) and oxygen (O) restricted soilmicrobiological activity and consequently formation of N₂O. Themajority of gaseous loss of N₂O-N occurred within 140 days afterthe input of fertilizers. The N₂O emission factors derived forchernozem and soddy podzolic soil are 0.0126 and 0.0238 kgN₂O-N/kg N respectively. In 1990, the use of N fertilizers innational agriculture caused the release of 53 Gg N₂O-N thatconstituted 6% of global N₂O emission. Later on, the emissiondropped because of decreased use of N fertilizers, and in 1998 itwas almost 21% of the 1990 level.     

生物炭和有机肥对菜地土壤N2O排放及硝化、反硝化微生物功能基因丰度的影响

通过室内培养试验和实时荧光定量PCR技术,研究了田间施用生物炭和有机肥对菜地土壤氧化亚氮(N_2O)排放、氨单加氧酶(amo A)和亚硝酸盐还原酶(nir S、nir K)、氧化亚氮还原酶(nos Z)基因丰度的影响,并探讨功能基因丰度对N_2O排放的影响.试验设置5个处理:CK(对照)、N(尿素)、N+BC(尿素和生物炭)、N+M(尿素和有机肥)和N+BC+M(尿素、生物炭和有机肥).结果表明,与CK处理相比,各施肥处理均降低了土壤氨氧化细菌(AOB)和氨氧化古菌(AOA)丰度,增加了nir K、nir S和nos Z基因丰度,并提高了培养期间N_2O累积排放量.与N处理相比,N+BC处理的土壤p H值提高了11.1%,并增加了AOB、AOA、nir S、nir K和nos Z基因丰度,增幅分别为105.8%、57.3%、22.0%、176.2%和204.9%,同时显著降低了培养期间N_2O累积排放量,降幅为58.1%;N+M处理增加了nir K和nir S基因丰度,增幅分别为58.8%和7.1%,对N_2O排放的影响不显著;N+BC+M处理增加了AOB、nir K、nir S和nos Z基因丰度,增幅分别为30.7%、68.7%、6.5%和84.5%,降低了N_2O累积排放量,降幅为14.4%.生物炭通过增加amo A、nir S和nir K基因丰度间接增加N_2O排放,同时通过增加nos Z基因丰度促进N_2O还原,综合效应表现为降低了菜地土壤N_2O排放.因此,通过施用生物炭改善土壤性质,增加功能基因丰度,降低土壤N_2O排放,是一种较好的N_2O减排措施.施用有机肥可以增加反硝化作用功能基因丰度,但对N_2O减排效果不显著.     

Emissions of N2O and NH3, and nitrogen leaching from direct seeded rice under different tillage practices in central China

Tillage practices affect the fate of fertilizer nitrogen (N) through influencing transformations of N, but few studies have examined N₂O and NH₃ emissions, and N leaching from different rice tillage systems. Thus the objective of this study was to assess N₂O emission, NH₃ volatilization and N leaching from direct seeded rice in conventional tillage (CT) and no-tillage (NT) production systems in the subtropical region of China during the 2008 and 2009 rice growing seasons. Treatments were established following a split-plot design of a randomized complete block with tillage practices as the main plot and N fertilizer level as the sub-plot treatment, and there were four treatments: NT + no fertilizer (NT0), CT + no fertilizer (CT0), NT + compound fertilizer (NTC) and CT + compound fertilizer (CTC), respectively. Results showed that N fertilization significantly increased (p < 0.01) N₂O emissions, NH₃ volatilization and N leaching from rice fields in both years. In general, there was no significant difference in N₂O emissions and NH₃ volatilization between NT0 and CT0 in both years, while NTC had significantly higher (p < 0.05) N₂O emissions and NH₃ volatilization compared to CTC. Over the two rice growing seasons, NTC showed 32% and 47% higher N₂O emissions, and 29% and 52% higher NH₃ losses than CTC. Higher (p < 0.05) N₂O emissions from NTC than CTC were presumably due to higher soil organic C and greater denitrification. Total N and NO₃^? concentrations were higher (p < 0.05) in CTC than NTC, but larger volumes of percolation water in NTC than CTC resulted in no significant difference in leakage of total N and NO₃^?. Hence, application of N fertilizer in combination with NT appeared to be ineffective in reducing N losses from N fertilizer in paddy fields.     

Modelling impacts of alternative farming management practices on greenhouse gas emissions from a winter wheat–maize rotation system in China

Agricultural production plays an important role in affecting atmospheric greenhouse gas concentrations. Field measurements were conducted in Quzhou County, Hebei Province in the North China Plains to quantify carbon dioxide (CO₂) and nitrous oxide (N₂O) emissions from a winter wheat–maize rotation field, a common cropping system across the Chinese agricultural regions. The observed flux data in conjunction with the local climate, soil and management information were utilized to test a process-based model, Denitrification–Decomposition or DNDC, for its applicability for the cropping system. The validated DNDC was then used for predicting impacts of three management alternatives (i.e., no-till, increased crop residue incorporation and reduced fertilizer application rate) on CO₂ and N₂O emissions from the target field. Results from the simulations indicated that (1) CO₂ emissions were significantly affected by temperature, initial SOC, tillage method, and quantity and quality of the organic matter added in the soils; (2) increases in temperature, initial SOC, total fertilizer N input, and manure amendment substantially increased N₂O emissions; and (3) temperature, initial SOC, tillage, and quantity and quality of the organic matter added in the soil all had significant effects on global warming. Finally, five 50-year scenarios were simulated with DNDC to predict their long-term impacts on crop yield, soil C dynamics, nitrate leaching losses, and N₂O emissions. The modelled results suggested that implementation of manure amendment or crop residue incorporation instead of increased fertilizer application rates would more efficiently mitigate GHG emissions from the tested agro-ecosystem. The multi-impacts provided a sound basis for comprehensive assessments on the management alternatives.     

负载NH4+-N生物炭对土壤N2O-N排放和NH3-N挥发的影响

利用生物炭吸附面源污染水体NH₄⁺-N并将其进行还田可实现此氮资源由水体到农田的安全有效迁移,而探索负载NH₄⁺-N生物炭对N₂O-N排放和NH₃-N挥发的影响则对于减施化肥和降低土壤氮素损失意义重大.本研究采用土柱试验,设置4个处理：对照（不施氮肥,CK）、单施化肥（NPK）、负载氮+化学磷钾肥（N-BC+PK）和生物炭+化肥（BC+NPK）.结果表明,相较NPK和BC+NPK处理,N-BC+PK处理N₂O-N累积排放量、NH₃-N累积挥发量、气态氮素累积损失量（以N计）分别显著降低了33.62%和24.64%、70.64%和79.29%、64.97%和73.75%（P<0.05）.特别需要说明的是,BC+NPK处理相比NPK处理显著增加了NH₃-N累积挥发量（P<0.05）.综上所述,负载NH₄⁺-N生物炭可显著减少N₂O-N排放和NH₃-N挥发,且其减排效果显著优于传统的生物炭化肥配施.本研究结果将为富营养化水体NH₄⁺-N农田回用和土壤气态氮素减排提供理论依据和数据支持.     

N2O emissions from agricultural soils in the North China Plain:the effect of chemical nitrogen fertilizer and organic manure

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