采用厌氧发酵和冷冻微波联合处理剩余污泥并回收氮磷

为了实现从剩余污泥中高品位回收鸟粪石（MAP,MgNH₄PO₄·6H₂O）,本研究考察了厌氧发酵、冷冻+微波两种污泥预处理方式促进污泥中氮、磷的释放及回收效果.试验结果表明：污泥厌氧发酵在温度30℃、pH=12、发酵时间4 d时,PO₄^3--P和HN₄⁺-N的最大释放量分别为224.50 mg·L^-1（即7.24 mmol·L^-1）和278.17 mg·L^-1（即19.87 mmol·L^-1）,PO₄^3--P物质的量浓度远小于HN₄⁺-N物质的量浓度.冷冻+微波联合预处理在冷冻温度-20℃、冷冻时间48 h、微波初始pH=3、微波时间9 min时,PO₄^3--P和HN₄⁺-N的最大释放量分别为1011.84 mg·L^-1（即32.64 mmol·L^-1）和220.82 mg·L^-1（即15.77 mmol·L^-1）,PO₄^3--P物质的量浓度高于HN₄⁺-N物质的量浓度.根据污泥上清液中的氮、磷含量,将厌氧发酵与冷冻+微波两种污泥预处理后的上清液按体积比1：9进行混合,使Mg：N：P物质的量比为1.6：1.4：1时,PO₄^3--P的最高回收率为99.11%,HN₄⁺-N的最高回收率为73.46%.X射线衍射（XRD）结果显示,回收的沉淀物主要为鸟粪石晶体.将两种污泥预处理后的上清液进行混合,有效地解决了污泥上清液中由于氮、磷比例失衡所导致的回收率下降的问题,从而实现以鸟粪石的形式高效回收剩余污泥中的氮、磷.     

丁基黄药对选矿区土壤吸附铅镉的影响

选矿废水排放和尾矿库溢流等会将大量残留的选矿药剂带入选矿区周边土壤和水环境.采用批处理实验,研究了不同pH、初始丁基黄药（PBX）、Pb²⁺和Cd²⁺浓度下,PBX对某铅锌选矿区土壤吸附Pb²⁺和Cd²⁺的影响;并通过BCR连续提取,研究了不同浓度PBX处理后土壤中铅镉形态变化.结果表明,PBX明显抑制了土壤对Pb²⁺和Cd²⁺的吸附.PBX浓度为40mg·L^-1时,土壤对Pb²⁺和Cd²⁺的吸附量分别由未经PBX处理时的3540 mg·kg^-1和387mg·kg^-1降至3085 mg·kg^-1和100mg·kg^-1.无论是否添加PBX,土壤对Pb²⁺和Cd²⁺的吸附动力学过程可用准二级动力学模型拟合,表明Pb²⁺和Cd²⁺在土壤上的吸附是以化学吸附为主.PBX与Pb²⁺、Cd²⁺形成疏水性难溶络合物以及在土壤表面存在竞争吸附是降低土壤Pb²⁺和Cd²⁺吸附量的主要原因,表明PBX能增加Pb²⁺和Cd²⁺在土壤中的迁移性.PBX对土壤Pb²⁺和Cd²⁺吸附的抑制作用随初始Pb²⁺和Cd²⁺浓度的增大而减弱,随初始PBX浓度及溶液pH值的增大而加强,Freundlich方程能较好描述其等温吸附特征.低含量PBX （100mg·kg^-1）下土壤中可交换态和可还原态镉含量有所增加,可导致土壤中镉的活化;但PBX可降低土壤中可交换态和可还原态铅含量,且随PBX含量升高,铅活性降低效果越显著,这与Pb （C₄H₉OCS₂）₂的络合能力比Cd （C₄H₉OCS₂）₂强有关.研究结果表明应加强选矿废水中残留药剂对土壤中铅镉等重金属潜在生态风险的防控.     

硅藻土基纳米TiO2降解甲醛的实验研究

对比研究了硅藻土和硅藻土基纳米二氧化钛光催化剂对甲醛的吸附降解特点.通过改变反应器内甲醛的初始浓度、反应温度、光照强度和相对湿度,研究了涂覆量为62.5 g·m^-2的硅藻土基纳米TiO₂光催化剂对甲醛气体的降解效果.研究结果表明,硅藻土只对甲醛有一定的吸附作用,而硅藻土基纳米TiO₂对甲醛具有持续的吸附和降解作用.反应器内甲醛初始浓度越高,降解时间越长;初始浓度为6.0×10^-3 mg·L^-1的甲醛气体,经过150 h降解率才能达到99%以上,而初始浓度为2.0×10^-3 mg·L^-1和4.0×10^-3 mg·L^-1的甲醛气体分别在14 h和32 h内就可以达到相同的降解率.反应温度越高,硅藻土基纳米TiO₂降解甲醛所需要时间越短;15 ℃时将初始浓度为2.0×10^-3 mg·L^-1的甲醛完全降解需要50 h,而45 ℃时仅需12 h.光照是硅藻土基纳米TiO₂降解甲醛的直接动力,光照强度为0时,甲醛几乎不能被降解,只被硅藻土基纳米TiO₂光催化剂吸附;在8100 lx的照度下,浓度为2.0×10^-3 mg·L^-1的甲醛在14 h内能被完全降解.环境相对湿度越大,该催化剂对甲醛的降解越彻底;相对湿度50%时, 硅藻土基纳米TiO₂光催化剂14 h内能将2.0×10^-3 mg·L^-1的甲醛降解到3.72×10^-5 mg·L^-1,在相对湿度80%时,甲醛能被降解到1.0×10^-5 mg·L^-1.     

柠檬酸及刈割强化象草修复镉污染土壤的效应

为研究低分子有机酸柠檬酸与农艺措施刈割强化象草修复镉（Cd）污染土壤的效应,开展象草盆栽种植试验.试验中柠檬酸设置单次1.25、2.5和5 mmol·kg^-1施用水平;刈割设置0、1和2次.结果表明：①在柠檬酸施用量为1.25 mmol·kg^-1且刈割1次时,象草地上部生物量增幅最大达39.11%,高剂量柠檬酸施用和多次刈割不利于生物量的增长;②柠檬酸施用和刈割均有增大象草茎和叶Cd含量的效应,刈割措施中最后一茬收获的象草茎Cd含量较大,且在m_B（柠檬酸）5 mmol·kg^-1施用下可将茎ω（Cd）增大到18.53 mg·kg^-1,相比第一茬增大约6倍;③柠檬酸施用和刈割措施能够降低象草根际土壤pH和有机质,对土壤总Cd含量和Cd的TCLP含量也能分别最大幅度降低14.29%和10.17%;④在m_B（柠檬酸）施用量为1.25 mmol·kg^-1且刈割1次时,象草植物提取Cd的效果最佳,地上部位Cd提取量达到6.95 mg·株^-1,占盆栽试供土壤Cd总量的9.38%.未来利用象草修复Cd污染土壤时,可考虑将1.25 mmol·kg^-1柠檬酸施用和刈割1次相结合,以提高修复效率.     

北京市典型土著沉水植物对水体中硝酸盐和正磷酸盐的耐受性研究

以北京市3种典型土著沉水植物轮叶黑藻、狐尾藻和金鱼藻为研究对象,构建模拟水生生态系统,研究3种沉水植物对水体中NO₃^-和PO₄^3-的耐受性并确定其耐受范围.同时,对植物体内过氧化氢酶、丙二醛、叶绿素和蛋白质4种指标进行检测.结果表明,轮叶黑藻对NO₃^-具有较强的耐受性,耐受浓度可达8 mg·L^-1,金鱼藻和狐尾藻次之,耐受浓度为3~5 mg·L^-1;狐尾藻对PO₄^3-的耐受性最差,耐受浓度约为0.2 mg·L^-1,轮叶黑藻和金鱼藻的耐受性相当,当PO₄^3-浓度达到0.4 mg·L^-1时开始出现显著胁迫.因此,在本研究的实验条件下,当水体NO₃^-浓度<5 mg·L^-1、PO₄^3-浓度<0.2 mg·L^-1时,建议3种沉水植物同时种植;当NO₃^-浓度>5 mg·L^-1时,建议种植轮叶黑藻;当PO₄^3-浓度为0.2~0.4 mg·L^-1时,建议种植轮叶黑藻和金鱼藻.研究结果可为北京市再生水补给河湖水库的水生态修复及其沉水植物群落的构建提供一定的理论指导.     

曝气-电解生态浮床的净化效果与机理分析

为强化生态浮床对重污染河道水体的净化能力,采用曝气-电解生态浮床联合技术增强生态浮床的净化功能.试验考察了电流密度、曝气量和处理时间对模拟的高氮磷重污染水体的净化潜力,分析了电解反应对填料细菌群落结构组成和浮床水生植物黄菖蒲（Iris pseudacorus）生长的影响.结果表明：在进水NH₃-N浓度为10 mg·L^-1,PO₄^3--P浓度为0.8 mg·L^-1,电流密度为0.74 mA·cm^-2,水力停留时间为3 d的条件下,相比于电解生态浮床和传统的生态浮床,曝气-电解生态浮床有利于水体中NH₃-N的去除（p<0.001）,其NH₃-N浓度下降至（0.92±0.24）mg·L^-1,而电解生态浮床处理的水体NH₃-N浓度为（6.85±0.17）mg·L^-1,传统生态浮床处理水体中NH₃-N浓度高达（8.09±0.40）mg·L^-1,曝气促进了水体中NH₃-N向NO₂^--N和NO₃^--N的转化.电解有利于水体中PO₄^3--P的去除,电解生态浮床处理水体中的PO₄^3--P浓度下降至（0.43±0.02）mg·L^-1,曝气-电解生态浮床处理的水体中PO₄^3--P下降至（0.46±0.02）mg·L^-1,可见,电解促进了PO₄^3--P的去除.从对I.pseudacorus生理生化指标变化分析可知,曝气有利于减弱电解反应对I.pseudacorus的损伤;对基质生物膜的16S rDNA分析可知,电解反应增加了浮床基质中自养反硝化微生物数量.因此,曝气-电解生态浮床是一种有效的净化重污染水体的方法.     

外源甜菜碱投加增强高盐废水厌氧氨氧化脱氮性能

废水因含盐量高而导致其生物处理效率降低,对于如何提高高盐环境下的生物处理效率已成为目前的研究热点.采用厌氧氨氧化工艺处理高盐废水,以不同甜菜碱浓度对厌氧氨氧化脱氮效能为研究对象,探讨了甜菜碱对厌氧氨氧化脱氮效能的影响.结果表明：①投加甜菜碱对系统脱氮效能有明显的改善作用,甜菜碱浓度为0.1~0.4 mmol·L^-1时,添加甜菜碱缓解了盐胁迫对厌氧氨氧化菌生长的抑制,也促进了反硝化菌的生长;甜菜碱浓度为0.4~0.5 mmol·L^-1时,推测反硝化菌为优势菌群,但对总氮去除表现为促进作用.甜菜碱浓度大于0.5 mmol·L^-1后,添加甜菜碱已无法缓解盐胁迫对反应器脱氮效能的抑制,最终在甜菜碱浓度0.8 mmol·L^-1时对反应器产生完全抑制.②甜菜碱的添加浓度为0.3 mmol·L^-1时,反应去除效能达到最佳,NH₄⁺-N和NO₂^--N分别提升了16%和32%,NRR提升了26.8%.③在最后的恢复试验中,随着甜菜碱浓度的降低反应器脱氮效能得到快速恢复,NH₄⁺-N恢复到50.6%,NO₂^--N平均去除率为63.7%,NRR恢复到0.65 kg·（m³·d）^-1,这说明甜菜碱对反应器的影响是可逆的.     

白洋淀夏季入淀区沉积物间隙水-上覆水水质特征及交换通量分析

为揭示白洋淀夏季入淀区上覆水-间隙水氮磷营养盐相互作用,本研究于2019年7月对白洋淀主要6条入淀河流取样,通过分析上覆水、间隙水水质特征以及营养盐在沉积物-水界面的扩散通量,评估了营养盐扩散对沉积物与上覆水的影响.结果表明白洋淀水质呈弱碱性;溶解氧（DO）含量较低,为沉积物内源污染物的释放提供了厌氧环境;氨氮（NH₄⁺-N）浓度在0.35~1.76mg·L^-1,作为主要给水来源的潴龙河淀区最高;硝氮（NO₃^--N）浓度在0.75~1.97mg·L^-1;溶解性总氮（TDN）浓度在0.99~2.70mg·L^-1,位于自然区的S2瀑河含量最高;溶解性总磷（TDP）浓度在0.03~0.15mg·L^-1,靠近居民区的白沟引河含量最高.间隙水氨氮浓度在5.24~10.64mg·L^-1,是上覆水体的10倍,内源污染严重;硝氮浓度在0.36~0.79mg·L^-1;溶解性总氮浓度在5.36~12.02mg·L^-1,是上覆水体的5倍;溶解性总磷浓度在0.03~0.3mg·L^-1.应用综合污染指数法对水质进行评价发现间隙水污染程度远高于上覆水,各采样点呈现出严重污染状态.对NH₄⁺-N、TDN和TDP进行交换通量分析显示,NH₄⁺-N的扩散通量在1.71~7.43mg·（m²·d）^-1,作为保定市纳污河流的府河采样点内源氨氮向上覆水扩散速率最快;TDN的扩散通量除白沟引河较低,其余5个采样点均值达到9.11mg·（m²·d）^-1,夏季水体中溶解氧含量较低且沉积物-水界面TDN浓度差较大,导致沉积物中含氮营养盐在厌氧条件下大量释放到上覆水中,对水质造成严重污染;萍河采样点TDP的扩散通量是负值表示上覆水体的磷污染物向沉积物聚集的状态,剩余5个采样点的扩散通量范围在0.03~0.16mg·（m²·d）^-1,表现出磷营养盐向上覆水释放的状态.扩散通量显示内源污染物是上覆水污染物的重要来源,为有效治理入淀区水质,沉积物氮磷营养盐的清淤处理迫在眉睫.     

改性污泥基生物炭的性质与重金属吸附效果

为提高污泥基生物炭在高钙溶液体系中对重金属阳离子的吸附能力,将Fe₂O₃、MnO₂、ZnO与市政污泥以质量比1 ∶10（以过渡金属元素质量计）混合共热解,制备改性生物炭;表征改性生物炭的组成、官能团分布和表面性质,考察其对典型重金属阳离子Cd²⁺的吸附效果.过渡金属氧化物可促进污泥的热解,改性生物炭的H/C原子比均低于0.31,碳链裂解脱氢更彻底.改性生物炭中Fe、Mn保留较好,分别主要以单质和氧化物形态存在;而Zn流失较多.改性生物炭中的孔隙以介孔为主,平均孔径约3.8 nm,比表面积在50 m²·g^-1以上.初始浓度约200 mg·L^-1的Cd²⁺溶液中,Ca²⁺初始浓度从0 mg·L^-1升高到约200 mg·L^-1,Fe改性生物炭对Cd²⁺的吸附容量从43.17 mg·g^-1降至27.88 mg·g^-1,但仍较未改性生物炭高10 mg·g^-1以上,在含钙溶液体系中表现出了对Cd²⁺更强的吸附性能.Fe₂O₃较MnO₂和ZnO对市政污泥基生物炭吸附重金属的强化效果更好.     

基于沉积物中总氮和总磷垂向分布与吸附解吸特征的白洋淀清淤深度

针对白洋淀清淤示范区2种主要水体类型：开阔淀和鱼塘,采用沉积物总氮（TN）和总磷（TP）的垂向分布拐点法和吸附解吸平衡浓度法,开展了清淤深度确定研究.根据沉积物TN和TP含量垂向分布拐点法与吸附解吸平衡浓度分别确定的清淤深度是一致的.南刘庄示范区淀水体清淤深度为（50±10）cm,南刘庄示范区鱼塘水体清淤深度为（30±10）cm,采蒲台示范区鱼塘水体清淤深度为（30±10）cm.沉积物对NH₄⁺-N吸附/解吸平衡浓度（ENC₀）与交换态NH₄⁺-N含量和TN含量显著正相关;沉积物对溶解态活性磷（SRP）吸附/解吸平衡浓度（EPC₀）与沉积物交换态SRP含量和TP显著正相关.沉积物TN和TP含量可以预测沉积物对上覆水体释放氮、磷的风险.南刘庄和采蒲台清淤示范区沉积物有向上覆水释放氮、磷的趋势,沉积物是水体营养的来源.建议判别清淤深度TN控制值为750mg·kg^-1、TP控制值为500mg·kg^-1,沉积物剖面TN含量大于750mg·kg^-1、TP含量大于500mg·kg^-1,可设计为清淤层.     

Distribution and ecological effect of mercury in Laogang landfill, Shanghai, China

Laogang landfill near Shanghai is the largest landfill in China, and receives about 10000 t of daily garbage per day, Samples of topsoil and plants were analyzed to evaluate mercury pollution from the landfill. For topsoil samples, there were significant correlations among total mercury （HgT）, combinative mercury （Hgc） and gaseous mercury （HgG）, and content of total organic carbon （TOC）, but, no significantly relationship was found between Hg content and filling time. Hg content changes in vertical profiles with time showed that the average Hgv of profiles 1992, 1996, and 2000 was similar, but their average HgG was quite different. HgT was significantly correlated with Hgc in profile 1992 and 2000, and Hgv was significantly correlated with Hg6 in profile 1996. HgG/Hgv ratio in profile samples decreased in the order of （HgG,/HgT）1992〉（HgG/HgT）1996〉〉（HgG/HgT）2000. A simple outline of Hg release in landfill could be drawn： with increasing of filling time, degradation undergoes different biodegradation, accordingly, gaseous mercury goes through small, more, and small proportion to total mercury. Distribution of Hg in plants was inhomogeneous, following the order of leaf〉root〉stem. The highest value of leaf may be associated with higher atmospheric Hg from landfill. Ligneous plants （e.g. Phyllostachys glanca, Prunus salicina and Ligustrum lucidum） are capable of enriching more Hg than herbaceous plants.     

EDTA-enhanced phytoremediation of lead contaminated soil by Bidens maximowicziana

Phytoremediation is a potential cleanup technology for the removal of heavy metals from contaminated soils.Bidens maximowicziana is a new Pb hyperaccumulator,which not only has remarkable tolerance to Pb but also extraordinary accumulation capacity for Pb.The maximum Pb concentration was 1509.3 mg/kg in roots and 2164.7 mg/kg in overground tissues.The Pb distribution order in the B. maximowicziana was:leaf>stem>root.The effect of amendments on phytoremediation was also studied.The mobility of soil Pb and the Pb concentrations in plants were both increased by EDTA application.Compared with CK(control check),EDTA application promoted translocation of Pb to overground parts of the plant.The Pb concentrations in overground parts of plants was increased from 24.23-680.56 mg/kg to 29.07-1905.57 mg/kg.This research demonstrated that B.maximowicziana appeared to be suitable for phytoremediation of Pb contaminated soil,especially,combination with EDTA.     

Decomposition of alachlor by ozonation and its mechanism

Decomposition and corresponding mechanism of alachlor, an endocrine disruptor in water by ozonation were investigated. Results showed that alachlor could not be completely mineralized by ozone alone. Many intermediates and final products were formed during the process, including aromatic compounds, aliphatic carboxylic acids, and inorganic ions. In evoluting these products, some of them with weak polarity were qualitatively identified by GC-MS. The information of inorganic ions suggested that the dechlorination was the first and the fastest step in the ozonation of alachlor.     

Enzymatic oxidation of aqueous pentachlorophenol

The influence of the nonionic surfactant Tween 80 on pentachlorophenol （PCP） oxidation catalyzed by horseradish peroxidase was studied. The surfactant was tested at concentrations below and above its critical micelle concentration （CMC）. Enhancement of PCP removal was observed at sub-CMCs. The presence of Tween 80 in the reaction mixture reduced enzyme inactivation which occurred through a combination of free radical attack and sorption by precipitated products. A simple first-order model was able to simulate time profiles for enzyme inactivation in the presence or absence of Tween 80. At supra-CMCs, the surfactant caused noticeable reductions in PCP removal, presumably through micelle partitioning of PCP which precluded the hydrophobic PCP molecule from interacting with the enzyme.     

基于综合水质标识指数和对应分析法的校园河道水质评价

以三峡大学的校园河道求索溪为研究对象,利用综合水质标识指数法确定求索溪水质类别,分析其水质时空变化规律,并利用对应分析法得出求索溪中不同监测点的主要污染因子.研究结果表明:求索溪整体的综合水质标识指数为7.423,整体水质为劣V类(地表水环境质量标准GB 3838-2002)且黑臭.从时间变化来看,求索溪4月份的水质最差,5月份次之,4、5月份所有监测点的水质都劣于V类且黑臭;8月份水质最好,水质为Ⅳ类;从空间分布来看,8个监测点综合水质标识指数均超过6.0,水质为劣V类,其中6号监测点的水质相对最好,监测点3号的水质相对最差;对应分析法得出求索溪的整体水体污染程度受总氮因子的影响最大,其次为总磷.该研究拟为求索溪及类似校园河道的水环境治理研究提供基础依据和参考.     

Effects of chitosan on growth of an aquatic plant (Hydrilla verticillata) in polluted waters with different chemical oxygen demands

Effects of chitosan on a submersed plant, Hydrilla verticillata, were investigated. Results indicated that H. venicillata could prevent ultrastructure phytotoxicities and oxidativereaction from polluted water with high chemical oxygen demand (COD). Superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity and malondialdehyde (MDA) contents in H. verticillata treated with 0.1% chitosan in wastewater increased with high COD (980 mg/L) and decreased with low COD (63 mg/L), respectively. Ultrastructural analysis showed that the stroma and grana of chloroplast basically remained normal. However, plant cells from the control experiment (untreated with chitosan) were vacuolated and the cell interval increased. The relict of protoplast moved to the center, with cells tending to disjoint. Our findings indicate that wastewater with high COD concentration can cause a substantial damage to submersed plant, nevertheless, chitosan probably could alleviate the membrane lipid peroxidization and ultrastructure phytotoxicities, and protect plant cells from stress of high COD concentration polluted water.     

Removal of cadmium using MnO2 loaded D301 resin

MnO2 loaded weak basic anion exchange resin D301 （Anion exchange resin, macroreticular weak basic styrene） as adsorbent has been prepared and applied to the removal of cadmium. The adsorption characteristics have been investigated with respect to effect of pH, equilibrium isotherms, removal kinetic data, and interference of the coexisting ions. The results indicated that the Cd^2＋ could be efficiently removed using MnO2 loaded D301 resin in the pH range of 3-8 from aqueous solutions with the co-existence of high concentration of alkali and alkaline-earth metals ions. The saturate adsorption capacity of the Cd^2＋ was 77.88 mg/g. The adsorption process followed the pseudo first-order kinetics. The equilibrium data obtained in this study accorded excellently with the Langmuir adsorption isotherm.     

Effect of coagulation pretreatment on the fouling of ultrafiltration membrane

The purpose of this study is to understand the effect and mechanism of preventing membrane fouling, by coagulation pretreatment, in terms of fractional component and molecular weight of natural organic matter （NOM）. A relatively higher molecular weight （MW） of hydrophobic compounds was responsible for a rapid decline in the ultrafiltration flux. Coagulation could effectively remove the hydrophobic organics, resulting in the increase of flux. It was found that a lower MW of neutral hydrophilic compounds, which could remove inadequately by coagulation, was responsible for the slow declining flux. The fluxes in the filtration of coagulated water and supernatant water were compared and the results showed that a lower MW of neutral hydrophilic compounds remained in the supernatant water after coagulation could be rejected by a membrane, resulting in fouling. It was also found that the coagulated flocs could absorb neutral hydrophilic compounds effectively. Therefore, with the coagulated flocs formed on the membrane surface, the flux decline could be improved.     

Penetration analysis of elements and bioleaching treatment of spent refractory for recycling

Acidithiobacillus ferrooxidans ATCC23270 and Acidithiobacillus thiooxidans TM-32 were used for bioleaching of spent refractories of aluminium and copper melting furnaces for their recycling.Firstly,penetration of elements into aluminium melting furnace refractory was investigated and it was found that up to 7 cm from surface was contaminated.Comparison on leaching efficiency by the strains ATCC23270 and TM-32 found that the strain ATCC23270 could treat larger amount of the refractories than the strain TM-32 could do.In the experiment of bioleaching of spent refractory aluminium melting furnace by the strain ATCC23270,high leaching efficiency were obtained on Al,Si,and Ca,and extremely low leaching performance was,however,shown on the rest of elements i.e.,Na,Mn,and Zn.Under the strain TM-32 use,relatively high leaching performance was recognized on Al,Si,Ca,Na,Mn,and Zn.In the experiment of bioleaching for spent refractory copper melting furnace,almost the same leaching trends were shown on Cu,Zn,Al,and Si under the strains ACTT23270 and TM-32 uses.     

Simultaneous removal of ammonium and phosphate by zeolite synthesized from coal fly ash as influenced by acid treatment

Zeolite synthesized from fly ash （ZFA） without modification is not efficient for the purification of NH4＋ and phosphate at low concentrations that occur in real effluents, despite the high potential removal capacity. To develop an effective technique to enhance the removal efficiency of ammonium and phosphate at low concentrations, ZFA was modified with acid treatment and the simultaneous removal of ammonium and phosphate in a wide range of concentration was investigated. It was seen that when compared with untreated ZFA, only the treatment by 0.01 mol/L of H2SO4 significantly improved the removal efficiency of ammonium at low initial concentrations. The behavior was well explained by the pH effect. Treatment by more concentrated H2SO4 led to the deterioration of the ZFA structure and a decrease in the cation exchange capacity. Treatment by 0.01 mol/L H2SO4 improved the removal efficiency of phosphate by ZFA at all initial P concentrations, while the treatment by concentrated H2SO4 （≥0.9 mol/L） resulted in a limited maximum phosphate immobilization capacity （PIC）. It was concluded that through a previous mild acid treatment （e.g. 0.01 mol/L of H2SO4）, ZFA can be used in the simultaneous removal of NH4＋ and P at low concentrations simulating real effluent.