木霉制剂对海州香薷生长和铜吸收的影响

将里氏木霉FS10-C用苜蓿粉发酵制成固体木霉制剂.采用温室盆栽试验,研究在外源铜浓度为0,100,200,400mg/kg的土壤上,施加木霉制剂对海州香薷生长和铜吸收的影响.结果表明:施加木霉制剂后,除400mg/kg外源铜浓度土壤上地上部干重外,海州香薷生物量在各外源铜浓度土壤上均呈增加趋势.施加木霉制剂的各外源铜浓度土壤NH4OAc提取态铜含量均显著高于空白组(P<0.05),且除100mg/kg外源铜土壤上地上部外,海州香薷铜积累量均呈增加趋势.其中地上部积累量在200和400mg/kg外源铜土壤上均差异显著(P<0.05),根积累量在100mg/kg外源铜土壤上差异显著(P<0.05),总积累量在100和400mg/kg外源铜土壤上均差异显著(P<0.05).可见,里氏木霉FS10-C制剂可通过促进植物生长和提高土壤铜的植物有效性而提高海州香薷对铜的吸收能力,是一种颇具研发潜力的生物修复剂.     

土壤甲苯、乙苯和二甲苯对蚯蚓及小麦的毒性效应

以赤子爱胜蚓(Eisenia fetida)和小麦(Triticum aestivum L.)为受试生物,研究了土壤中甲苯、乙苯和二甲苯等苯系物(TEX)的毒性效应.结果表明,3种污染物对赤子爱胜蚓和小麦毒性影响呈明显的剂量-效应关系,甲苯、乙苯和二甲苯对蚯蚓的24hLC50分别为583.6,346.8,192.4mg/kg;48h LC50分别为454.3,167.1,127.2mg/kg.甲苯、乙苯和二甲苯对小麦芽伸长的10%抑制率(IC10)分别为342.2,195.4,45.9mg/kg;对小麦根伸长的10%抑制率(IC10)分别为206.7,134.5,26.3mg/kg.小麦芽长、根长均可用于指示土壤被甲苯、乙苯及二甲苯污染的程度,但小麦种子根长对3种污染物胁迫的响应较芽长更为敏感,根长抑制率与芽长抑制率之间呈明显的相关关系.     

土壤溶液性质对Zn的形态变化及其微生物毒性的影响

采集了我国具有代表性的12种不同性质土壤,利用基础诱导硝化(SIN)方法测定了不同土壤中锌的微生物毒性阈值,同时利用850离子色谱仪与WHAM6.0模型,测定了溶液不同阴离子组成及自由Zn2+含量,建立了基于不同土壤性质与溶液离子的土壤中Zn毒性预测模型.结果表明,基于SIN测定的不同土壤Zn微生物毒性阈值在不同土壤间有显著差异,其中EC50从196mg/kg至1310mg/kg;EC10值从48mg/kg增加至682mg/kg,不同土壤EC50与EC10的最大值与最小值的比例分别达到了6.68及14.3倍,表明土壤性质对Zn的微生物毒性有非常显著的影响;基于SIN的Zn的毒性阈值ECx(x=10,50)与溶液自由Zn2+浓度的负对数p(Zn2+)间呈正相关关系,表明随着土壤溶液中自由Zn2+值的升高,Zn的毒性逐渐增加.土壤pH值、OC、CEC、F-、Cl-、Ca2+及Mg2+与Zn的毒性阈值ECx(x=10,50)及p(Zn2+)呈正相关关系,其中土壤pH值为最重要的影响因子,偏相关系数均达到极显著水平(P<0.01),其次为OC、CEC及F-,ECx与溶液中NO3-, SO42-呈负相关关系.基于不同主控因子的土壤中Zn毒性阈值(ECx)及P(Zn2+)的预测模型表明,pH值、OC、CEC、F- 四个变量因子分别解释了log(EC50)、log(EC10)及p(Zn2+)预测模型变异的89.9%、81.2%和92.3%.     

不同价态铬和土壤理化性质对大麦根系毒性阈值的影响

三价铬和六价铬的化学性质不同,对植物的毒性也不同,但我国土壤质量标准中铬的限值未区分三价和六价.因此,选取8种土壤,基于土壤溶液中铬的变化趋势,通过模型计算,分析8种土壤中土壤性质对大麦根部Cr(Ⅲ)和Cr(Ⅵ)毒性阈值的影响.结果表明,不同价态铬和土壤性质对大麦根长的影响均显著.同一土壤条件下,Cr(Ⅲ)的10%抑制浓度的毒性阈值(EC_(10))、半抑制浓度(EC_(50))和无观察效应浓度(no-observed-effect concentrations,NOEC)显著高于Cr(Ⅵ), Cr(Ⅲ)的EC_(50)比Cr(Ⅵ)高2.8～101.7倍.添加Cr(Ⅲ)时,EC_(50)的变化范围为298.8～2 014.1 mg·kg~(-1), 8种土壤间相差6.7倍;添加Cr(Ⅵ)时,EC_(50)的变化范围为8.0～126.6 mg·kg~(-1), 8种土壤间相差15.8倍.回归分析结果表明,土壤pH和土壤有机质是影响铬对大麦根部毒害的主要因子,而土壤阳离子交换量和土壤黏粒含量对铬的毒性无显著影响.当Cr(Ⅲ)添加量低于1 280 mg·kg~(-1)时,其土壤溶液中铬的质量浓度均低于检测限;而在Cr(Ⅵ)添加量高于40 mg·kg~(-1)时土壤溶液中能检测到铬的存在.因此,土壤固定Cr(Ⅲ)的能力显著强于Cr(Ⅵ),土壤中Cr(Ⅵ)的生物毒性显著高于Cr(Ⅲ),土壤理化性质对铬的生物毒性影响显著.     

土壤镉暴露对玉米和大豆的生态毒性评估

以中国东北黑土为培养基,通过室内急性毒性实验,采用Trimmed Spearman-Karber方法计算EC50值(半抑制浓度),并分析作物的生物累积系数(BAF),定量化评估了土壤中镉对玉米和大豆的生态毒性及生物有效性.测量终点为种子发芽率、根长和幼茎长.结果表明,土壤镉暴露给农作物带来一定的负生长效应.种子发芽率不是评估土壤镉生态毒性的敏感因子,根生长是敏感的毒性测量终点.镉在植株体内的累积及迁移与作物种类和土壤镉浓度有关.玉米植株体内累积了较大量的镉,而大豆植株体内镉由根向幼茎的迁移较为显著.     

基于生物可利用性的砷污染土壤修复目标值研究

采用IVG（In Vitro Gastrointestinal）和UBM（Unified BARGE Method）两种体外试验方法,研究了湖北省某一砷污染地块的潮土中,砷在 不同浓度梯度和深度梯度下的生物可利用性.结果表明,砷在胃相中的生物可利用性为4.50%~26.41%,在小肠中的生物可利用性为3.95%~22.39%.同时,采用Pearson相关性分析和主成分分析方法探究了人体胃肠可吸收砷的可能来源,发现人体胃肠可吸收利用的砷与土壤中非专性吸附态、专性吸附态、无定形和弱结晶铁铝氧化物结合态砷有显著相关性.通过构建土壤中砷生物可给态浓度的多元线性回归方程,发现 土壤pH、总砷含量及砂粒含量是砷生物可给态浓度的主要预测因子.将概率累积分析法获取的地块土壤砷背景浓度上限值与湖北省土壤 背景值、GB36600中附录A中潮土砷的背景值进行比较,推导出该地块基于生物可利用性的土壤砷背景浓度上限值为113 mg?kg^-1,结合该地块今后规划为生态保护绿地,可将土壤砷背景浓度上限值作为地块修复目标值制定的参考,在一定程度上可以避免修复目标值过严导致修复成本过高的问题.     

非离子表面活性剂对菲在水/土壤界面间吸附行为的影响

比较研究了不同浓度非离子表面活性剂TX 10 0存在下 ,4种土壤对菲的吸附作用 .研究表明 ,TX 10 0浓度小于 2CMC时 ,有机碳含量 (foc)分别为 5 1× 10 3 mg kg、1 2 8× 10 4 mg kg的土壤对菲的吸附作用增强 ,即K d Kd 比值大于 1,且随TX 10 0浓度的增大而增大 ;foc分别为 3 31× 10 4 mg kg、6 4 8× 10 4 mg kg的土壤 ,则降低土壤对菲的吸附作用 ,即K d Kd 比值小于 1,且随TX 10 0浓度的增大而减小 .当加入的TX 10 0浓度大于 2CMC时 ,则明显降低土壤对菲的吸附作用 .菲的K d Kd 比值随土壤有机碳含量的增加而降低 ,而表观有机碳标化的吸附系数K oc 则随TX 10 0浓度的增大而减小 .影响机理由吸附态和溶解态的TX 10 0分别对菲的吸附作用和增溶作用决定 .     

几种有机、无机钝化剂对铜污染土壤的钝化效果研究

利用石灰、棉花秆生物炭、玉米秆生物炭和阴离子聚丙烯酰胺作为钝化剂,对3种浓度梯度的铜污染土壤进行处理。采用Tessier形态分级试验对钝化能力和效果进行评价,并以此研究土壤中铜的形态变化。结果发现,石灰(0.2%)、棉花秆生物炭(1%)和玉米秆生物炭(1%)和阴离子聚丙烯酰胺2‰对Cu污染土壤治理均具有较为良好的效果。在铜浓度为50 mg/kg的试验组中,石灰、棉花秆生物炭、玉米杆生物炭和阴离子聚丙烯酰胺可分别将有效态铜含量降低为6.73%、7.92%、8.16%、8.83%。Tessier形态分级试验结果表明:1)随着时间延长,水溶态+交换态铜含量自然降低;2)加入钝化剂的试验组,有效态Cu含量明显降低,缓和态和无毒态的Cu含量有不同程度地增加。说明施用钝化剂促进Cu由有效态向缓和态和无毒态转化是土壤原位修复的重要机制。     

全氟丁基磺酸钾对小麦、水稻的毒理学研究

试验选取全氟化合物(PFOS)的典型替代品之一:全氟丁基磺酸钾(PFBSK)作为受试物,对中国2种主要粮食作物小麦和水稻进行毒理学研究。试验采用OECD标准方法测试该物质对2种植物出苗及幼苗生长的影响。结果表明,PFBSK对小麦幼苗鲜重的抑制率在100 mg/kg浓度组达到了44%(与空白组相比),在1.0 mg/kg浓度时达到了17%;对出苗的抑制率在100 mg/kg浓度组达到了80%(与空白组相比),在10 mg/kg浓度时达到了10%,1.0 mg/kg浓度时影响较小,抑制率为0%。与此同时,PFBSK对水稻幼苗鲜重的抑制率在100 mg/kg浓度时为30%,1.0 mg/kg浓度时抑制率为15%;对出苗的抑制率最高也仅达到22%,1 mg/kg浓度组出苗抑制率为0%。水稻出苗终点和鲜重终点的LC_(_(50))和EC_(50)值分别为21 376和8 624 mg/kg,而小麦的LC_(50)和EC_(50)值分别为35和262 mg/kg。一般情况下,受试物对2种植物出苗和幼苗生长的抑制随浓度的升高而增加,但模拟试验放大了受试物对植物的浓度效应影响,在真实环境中所选受试物的毒性效应及其有限。由此判断,PFBSK在真实环境中的生态毒性效应有限,可作为环境替代物使用。     

山西农田土壤交换性镁含量、分布特征及其与土壤化学性质的关系

采用田间调查与室内分析相结合的方法,研究了山西省农田土壤交换性镁(Mg)含量、分布特征及其与土壤主要化学性质的关系。结果表明,山西省主要农田土壤(0~20 cm)交换性镁含量平均为255.1 mg/kg,变幅为78.1~641.8 mg/kg,其中85%的土壤交换性镁含量在100~400 mg/kg之间,随地区不同而异。土壤剖面(0~100 cm)交换性镁含量为78.1~717 mg/kg,其含量随土壤层次加深呈现出增加的趋势。不同类型土壤交换性镁含量高低依次为潮土>褐土>栗褐土>石灰性褐土>黄绵土>褐土性土。土壤交换性镁含量与土壤pH值、EC值、有机质含量和碱解氮含量呈显著线性正相关,与K/Mg呈显著线性负相关,与全磷含量、速效磷含量、速效钾含量和Ca/Mg呈显著的曲线关系。     

Aging effect on the mobility and bioavailability of copper in soil

Aging effect on the mobility and bioavailability of copper (Cu) was investigated using a spiked soil with different incubation periods from 3 to 56 d. Wheat was planted and earthworm was cultured separately in the incubated soils. The mobility of Cu in soil was evaluated by a chemical fractionation scheme and the toxicity and bioavailability were assessed by measuring the biomass and Cu concentration in tissues. Results showed that aging had a significant effect on Cu fraction distribution, of which Cu tended to incorporate from the exchangeable into more stable fractions such as the reducible and oxidisable fractions. However, aging had little effect on Cu bioavailability to wheat and earthworms. Comparing the soil being incubated for 3 d and 56 d, Cu concentration in wheat roots decreased from 14.5 to 12.8 mg/kg, and no significant changes in Cu concentration were observed in both wheat shoots and earthworms. The Cu concentration was around 2.0 and 50 mg/kg for wheat shoots and earthworms, respectively, irrespective of soil incubation time. The CaCl2-extractable Cu had a linear relationship with Cu concentration in wheat roots (R2 = 0.65, P < 0.05), but no linear relationship can be found for wheat shoots and earthworms. Biological control may be more crucial for Cu accumulation in organism than the changes in soil Cu fraction caused by aging.     

Combined toxicity of copper and cadmium to six rice genotypes （Oryza sativa L.）

Accumulation of copper (Cu) and cadmium (Cd) in six rice cultivars (94D-22, 94D-54, 94D-64, Gui630, YY-1 and KY1360) was evaluated through exposure to heavy metal contamination (100 mg/kg Cu, 1.0 mg/kg Cd, and 100 mg/kg Cu + 1.0 mg/kg Cd) in a greenhouse. The dry weight of shoot and root, concentrations of Cu and Cd in plant tissues and the Cu, Cd, P, Fe concentrations in the root surface iron plaques were analyzed eight weeks later after treatment. The results indicated that the plant biomass was mainly determined by rice genotypes, not Cu and Cd content in soil. Separated treatment with Cu/Cd increased each metal level in shoot, root and iron plaques. Soil Cu enhanced Cd accumulation in tissues. In contrast, Cu concentrations in shoot and root was unaffected by soil Cd. Compared to single metal contamination, combined treatment increased Cd content by 110.6%, 77.0% and 45.2% in shoot, and by 112.7%, 51.2% and 18.4% in root for Gui630, YY-1 and KY1360, respectively. The content level of Cu or Cd in root surface iron plaques was not affected by their soil content. Cu promoted Fe accumulation in iron plaques, while Cd has no effect on P and Fe accumulation in it. The translocation of Cu and Cd from iron plaques to root and shoot was also discussed. These results might be beneficial in selecting cultivars with low heavy metal accumulation and designing strategies for soil bioremediation.     

水稻幼苗对纳米氧化铜的吸收及根系形态生理特征响应

以纳米氧化铜nano-Cu O(10,100mg/L)为研究对象,以微米氧化铜micron-Cu O(10,100mg/L)及铜离子Cu2+(1.4,2.3mg/L)为对照,通过水培实验,探讨水稻对nano-Cu O的吸收积累及其根系形态和生理特征响应.结果表明,各浓度(10,100mg/L)nano-Cu O处理条件下,水稻根部及地上部铜含量(根351~1444mg/kg dw;地上部9~45mg/kg dw)总体高于micron-Cu O处理(根248~817mg/kg dw;地上部1.57~1.60mg/kg dw)及Cu2+处理(根147~220mg/kg dw;地上部14~26mg/kg dw),且在水稻幼苗根及茎透射电镜图片中均观察到nano-Cu O的存在,指示水稻可通过纳米颗粒的形式吸收、转运nano-Cu O.Nano-Cu O在水稻根细胞中主要存在于核内体中,指示内吞作用是其进入根细胞的主要方式.Nano-Cu O对水稻幼苗根系有较强的毒性作用,对各根系形态指标的抑制率为28%~74%,其中总根长、根体积和比表面积为最敏感;nano-Cu O的吸收累积及纳米效应是其水稻根系毒性的主要原因.低浓度nano-Cu O(10mg/L)胁迫时,水稻幼苗根系活力显著提高,总吸收面积和活跃吸收面积无显著差异;高浓度nano-Cu O(100mg/L)胁迫时,水稻幼苗根系活力和总吸收面积显著降低.     

人工合成麝香对小麦种子发芽的生态毒性

采用土培实验,研究了佳乐麝香(HHCB)和吐纳麝香(AHTN)对小麦种子发芽的生态毒性,测定了这2种人工合成麝香对小麦种子发芽率、根伸长抑制率和芽伸长抑制率的影响.结果表明,小麦种子的发芽率与这2种人工合成麝香浓度之间剂量-效应关系不明显,低剂量条件下(佳乐麝香≤150 mg·kg-1,吐纳麝香≤200 mg·kg-1...     

不同土地利用方式对土壤铜积累的影响——以北京市为例

通过对北京市菜地、稻田、果园、绿化地、麦地以及自然土壤6种土地利用类型共609个土壤样品的调查分析,探讨了不同土地利用方式下土壤铜的积累特征。结果表明,果园土壤的平均铜浓度最高,达到29.1mg/kg,显著高于菜地、麦地和自然土壤。不同果园土壤样品之间的差别较大,铜浓度的空间分异比较明显。与北京市土壤铜的背景值相比,除自然土壤外其它5种土地利用类型的土壤铜浓度均显著高于背景值。以基线值作为评价标准,不同土地利用类型下土壤铜浓度的总体超标率为5.6%;其中,土壤铜浓度超标的果园、菜地、稻田、绿化地、麦地样品数分别占其调查样品数的29.2%、4.7%、4.2%、8.3%、4.6%。超标样点主要分布在昌平、朝阳、大兴、密云、石景山、顺义、通州7个区县,尤其以昌平和朝阳区最为集中。     

Phytotoxicity assessment of phenanthrene, pyrene and their mixtures by a soil-based seedling emergence test

Seedling emergence tests were conducted in a meadow brown soil using five plant species ( i. e., Chinese cabbage, green onion, tomato, turnip and wheat) to determine the phytotoxicity of phenanthrene, pyrene and their mixtures. The soil was amended with up to 1000mg/kg soil of phenanthrene or 600 mg/kg soil of pyrene. Seedling emergence and root growth were measured. The results indicated that root elongation was more sensitive than seedling emergence. Root length decreased with increasing phenanthrene or pyrene concentrations(p≤0.05). Phenanthrene was more phytotoxic than pyrene. The lowest observable adverse effect concentration(LOAEC) was 10mg/kg for phenanthrene when tested with green onion, and 50mg/kg for pyrene when tested with wheat. Among the five species, wheat was found to be the most sensitive. When amended jointly at or below their respective LOAEC, phenanthrene and pyrene produced a synergistic toxic effect.     

悬浮颗粒物对黄河铜的生物有效性影响的研究

利用t检验分析了悬浮颗粒物对黄河水体中铜的生物有效性的影响.结果表明,虽然过滤后水样的EC50比未过滤水样的EC50高,但是过滤前后24h-EC50和48h-EC50在统计学上没有显著差异;而过滤前后72h-EC50和96h-EC50存在显著差异.通过分析,认为造成这种现象的原因有两个:(1)未过滤的水样泥沙含量阻碍了藻类的光合作用;(2)试验过程中水样的理化性质发生改变,导致颗粒物中吸附的铜再次发生了解吸现象。     

Arsenic uptake by arbuscular mycorrhizal maize （Zea mays L.） grown in an arsenic-contaminated soil with added phosphorus

The effects of arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungus (Glomus mosseae) and phosphorus (P) addition (100 mg/kg soil) on arsenic (As) uptake by maize plants (Zea mays L.) from an As-contaminated soil were examined in a glasshouse experiment.Non-mycorrhizal and zero-P addition controls were included.Plant biomass and concentrations and uptake of As,P,and other nutrients,AM colonization,root lengths,and hyphal length densities were determined.The results indicated that addition of P significantly inhibited root colonization and development of extraradical mycelium.Root length and dry weight both increased markedly with mycorrhizal colonization under the zero-P treatments,but shoot and root biomass of AM plants was depressed by P application.AM fungal inoculation decreased shoot As concentrations when no P was added,and shoot and root As concentrations of AM plants increased 2.6 and 1.4 times with P addition,respectively.Shoot and root uptake of P,Mn,Cu,and Zn increased,but shoot Fe uptake decreased by 44.6%,with inoculation, when P was added.P addition reduced shoot P,Fe,Mn,Cu,and Zn uptake of AM plants,but increased root Fe and Mn uptake of the nonmycorrhizal ones.AM colonization therefore appeared to enhance plant tolerance to As in low P soil,and have some potential for the phytostabilization of As-contaminated soil,however,P application may introduce additional environmental risk by increasing soil As mobility.     

钙基膨润土辅助对堆肥及土壤Cu、Zn形态转化和白菜吸收的影响

通过好氧堆肥和盆栽试验,探究不同比例（0%、2.5%、5%、7.5%和10%）钙基膨润土（CB）辅助猪粪堆肥过程及盆栽土壤中Cu、Zn形态的变化,并分析CB对白菜生物量及吸收Cu、Zn的影响.结果表明,在所有处理的堆肥过程中,可交换态Cu、Zn的分布比例逐渐下降,而可氧化态和残渣态逐渐升高,与0% CB相比,2.5%~10% CB可使堆肥结束时生物可利用态（可交换态和可还原态）Cu、Zn的分布比例分别降低19.84%~48.90%和4.94%~16.39%,并以10% CB的效果最为显著.进而开展的盆栽试验显示,施用堆肥后,土壤有机质和EC显著升高,而pH有所下降;CB辅助堆肥能够促使土壤EC的降低及pH的升高,稳定土壤有机质.与纯土处理相比,施用堆肥可显著提升白菜的生物量,且10% CB处理中的生物量最大（6.51 g·盆^-1±0.34 g·盆^-1）.施用CB辅助堆肥后,种后土壤中生物可利用态Cu含量增加;但各处理中可交换态Zn含量分别降低38.91%、43.69%、46.02%、45.12%和54.65%.白菜在施用堆肥后Cu、Zn的吸收量显著降低,并且随着CB辅助比例的增加Zn的吸收量随之减少,而Cu的吸收量呈增加趋势.本研究表明,钙基膨润土能够降低堆肥过程中Cu、Zn活性,在堆肥施入土壤后仍对Zn有持续的固定作用,同时CB辅助堆肥可以提高白菜的生物量,减少重金属Zn在白菜中的累积,并以10% CB的效果最为显著.