外源稀土在根际与非根际土壤中的存在形态

采用根际袋法研究了稀土在春小麦根际土壤与非根际土壤中存在形态的差别.结果表明,外源稀土进入土壤后,在根际土壤与非根际土壤中主要以残渣态形式存在,各形态含量的大小顺序为:残渣态>碳酸盐结合态>可交换态>铁锰氧化物结合态>有机质结合态.小麦根系活动明显影响根际土壤中的稀土存在形态,根际土壤中的可交换态和铁锰氧化物结合态含量明显大于非根际土壤中的含量,而碳酸盐结合态有所下降,有机质结合态无明显变化.     

某电镀厂附近农田土壤中的重金属形态研究

通过连续提取法对电镀废水污染区和对照区农田土壤中的重金属元素Cu、Cr、Ni、Pb和Mn形态进行了研究.结果显示,污染区土壤中多种形态的Cu、Cr和Ni含量都显著高于对照区,尤其以它们的有机结合态差异最为显著.污染区较对照区土壤中Mn的总量虽无显著差异,但可交换态Mn的含量显著增加(分别为98.68mg/kg和40.75mg/kg).污染区与对照区土壤中的Pb的交换态、碳酸盐结合态、Fe-Mn氧化物结合态、有机结合态和残留态均无显著差异.电镀废水的污染使得农田土壤中Cu、Cr和Ni含量和生物有效性显著升高,Mn的化学形态改变,移动性和生物有效性增加.     

某冶炼厂周边土壤碳组分与铜形态的相关性

研究了浙江某冶炼污染区农田土壤有机碳组分与铜(Cu)形态的相关关系.结果表明,研究区土壤Cu形态含量为铁锰氧化物结合态残渣态碳酸盐结合态有机质结合态可交换态,其中铁锰氧化物结合态Cu和残渣态Cu含量分别占全量的39.55%和39.19%.土壤p H值和碳组分对不同形态Cu含量存在一定程度的影响,其中p H值与碳酸盐结合态Cu和铁锰氧化物结合态Cu均呈显著正相关;溶解性有机碳(DOC)含量与可交换态Cu呈极显著正相关;富里酸(FA)含量与可交换态Cu呈极显著正相关,与有机结合态Cu呈显著正相关;胡敏酸(HA)含量分别与可交换态Cu和有机结合态Cu呈极显著正相关.土壤DOC、FA、HA的动态变化对这些在移动性上存在差异的Cu形态间的相互转化会带来一定程度的影响,从而改变土壤Cu的迁移能力和生物有效性.     

用分级方法评估土壤对重金属的缓冲能力

研究了不同Cd,Zn,Cu和Pb负荷对5种土壤(油黄泥土、棕红壤、红壤、石砂土和紫砂土)中的重金属形态的影响,分析了不同土壤对重金属的缓冲作用及其影响因素.结果表明,未污染土壤中的重金属主要以残余态为主,占土壤重金属总量的51%以上.随着土壤重金属负荷的提高,土壤中交换态重金属的比例增大,残余态比例下降,有效性提高,对重金属的缓冲作用下降.由于Cd,Zn,Cu和Pb本身的特性不同,土壤中各组分与Cd,Zn,Cu和Pb的结合方式及程度不同.当外源重金属进入土壤后,土壤对重金属的缓冲性为:Pb>Cu>Zn Cd,酸性土壤和砂质土壤的缓冲能力较低.当重金属加入量较低时,重金属优先向氧化物结合态和有机质结合态转化;而当加入量较高时,向交换态和碳酸盐结合态转化的比例增加.土壤pH下降可使交换态Cd,Zn,Cu和Pb的比例递增,降低土壤对重金属的缓冲性,增加了重金属对环境影响的风险.      

施用生物炭对土壤Cd形态转化及烤烟吸收Cd的影响

采用盆栽试验模拟Cd污染土壤,研究施用烟秆炭(0、10、20 g·kg~(-1))对土壤pH、有机质含量、土壤Cd形态分布及烤烟Cd含量和Cd累积量的影响.结果表明:随着生育期的延长,土壤pH和有机质含量均呈现升高的趋势.在同一Cd污染水平下,土壤pH和有机质含量均随生物炭施用量的增加而升高.随生物炭施用量的增加,土壤有效态Cd和可交换态Cd含量显著降低,土壤碳酸盐结合态Cd、铁锰氧化物结合态Cd、有机结合态Cd和残渣态Cd含量升高.移栽后30 d,处理G2T2和G2T1的土壤有效态Cd含量的降幅分别达到45.59%和24.56%.外源添加Cd的土壤中,土壤pH和有机质含量均与土壤有效态Cd和可交换态Cd含量呈显著负相关关系(p0.01),与土壤碳酸盐结合态Cd、铁锰氧化物结合态Cd和有机结合态Cd含量呈显著正相关关系(p0.01).在Cd污染土壤上,施用生物炭能明显降低烟株各部位Cd含量,烟株各部位干物质积累量随生物炭施用量的增加显著升高,烟株各部位Cd累积量和总Cd累积量随生物炭施用量的增加呈降低的趋势.由此说明,在Cd污染的土壤上施用生物炭能够使土壤中可被植物吸收利用的有效态Cd转化为潜在的无效态Cd,从而达到修复土壤并减轻作物受Cd毒害的目的.     

土壤-小麦体系中稀土元素的形态和生物有效性研究

利用逐级提取法结合盆栽实验将外源稀土（La、Gd、Y、Ce和Sm）在土壤中的存在形态分为：水可溶解态、酸可提取态和有机质及硫化物结合态,并研究了这三种形态的稀土对小麦的生物有效性。研究结果表明：外源稀土进入土壤后主要以酸可提取态存在,不同形态的稀土浓度大小依次为：酸可提取态＞有机质及硫化物结合态＞水可溶解态。盆栽实验的结果表明,稀土元素主要富集在小麦的根部,土壤中酸可提取态、有机质及硫化物结合态的浓度和小麦中稀土的富集量有明显的相关关系。     

长江中下游河流沉积物和悬浮物中金属元素的形态特征

采集长江中下游8个样点沉积物和悬浮物样品,用连续提取方法提取金属元素的5种化学形态（可交换态、碳酸盐结合态、铁锰氧化物结合态、有机质－硫化物结合态和残渣态）,用等离子体发射光谱（ICP－AES）分析所有样品中锂、钠、钾、镁、钙、锶、钛、钒、铬、锰、钴、镍、铝、钇和锆共15种元素各化学形态的含量,并用聚类分析方法研究这些元素在形态上的分类特点。结果表明：在沉积物和县浮物中,碱金属元素（锂、钠、钾）主要以残渣态和可交换态存在;碱土金属元素（镁、钙、锶）各形态含量较为均匀,但钙的碳酸盐态含量很高;锰和钴的铁锰氧化物态含量较高;铁族元素除锰和钴以外（钛、钒、铬、镍）、铝和锆残渣态含量高、其它形态含量低。所研究元素中,钙和锰的残渣态含量最低。     

三峡水库消落区土壤理化特征及磷赋存形态研究

应用淡水沉积物中磷形态的标准测试程序(SMT)对三峡水库腹心地带(巫山-重庆主城区段)淹没消落区土壤磷的赋存形态进行了分级测定,并分析了各形态磷之间,以及各形态磷与样品理化特征(如全氮(TN)、有机质(SOM)、酸碱性(pH)、氧化还原电位(ORP))之间的相关性.结果表明,研究区域内,淹没消落区土壤全磷含量在0.28～1.32g·kg-1之间,平均值为0.63g·kg-1;无机磷和有机磷平均含量分别为0.46g·kg-1和0.13g·kg-1,占全磷百分比分别为72.3%和21.7%,淹没消落区土壤中的磷以无机磷为主,有机磷为辅,从各形态磷含量及相对含量的变化范围来看,表现为钙结合态磷>有机磷>铁铝结合态磷,土壤全磷含量增加主要来自钙结合态磷部分,其次是有机磷.淹没消落区土壤活性磷组分(铁铝结合态磷和有机磷之和)含量分布范围在0.04～0.39g·kg-1之间,平均值为0.20g·kg-1,占全磷比例达到33.0%,消落区土壤活性磷组分在适宜的环境条件下会成为水体的二次污染源,淹没消落区土壤磷对水体富营养化的潜在影响不容忽视;淹没消落区土壤全磷与无机磷和钙结合态磷,有机磷与铁铝结合态磷、全氮及有机质有显著相关性,表明钙结合态磷为无机磷和全磷的主要赋存形态,有机磷、铁铝结合态磷、全氮和有机质同源;有机磷同土壤酸碱性呈显著正相关,同氧化还原电位呈显著负相关,表明土壤酸碱性和氧化还原电位的变化可影响有机磷的含量与分布.     

珠江口桂山岛沉积物中重金属生物毒性评价和同步萃取金属形态特征

采用冷扩散法和连续萃取方法对珠江口桂山岛附近7个位点表层沉积物中酸可挥发性硫化物(AVS)、同步萃取重金属(SEM)和沉积物中重金属形态进行了研究.研究结果表明,表层沉积物中AVS含量较低,沉积物中重金属主要以残留态和硫化物结合态存在,其次为还原态、有机质结合态和少量弱酸提取态.Pearson相关分析表明,沉积物中SEM与Ca(r=0.677)、Al(r=0.668)和Fe(r=0.787)有显著正相关关系,而与有机碳(r=-0.908)有显著负相关关系,沉积物组分影响着重金属的生物毒性,SEM/AVS预测可能会过高估计重金属生态毒性.由150μmol.g-1(∑SEM-AVS)/fOC340μmo.lg-1,表层沉积物中重金属对底栖生物有潜在或慢性毒性作用.对沉积物样品中SEM结合特征研究表明,SEM-Cu主要为Cu弱酸提取态、还原态和硫化物结合态,另有部分有机质结合态和少量残留态;SEM-Pb和SEM-Ni主要为Pb和Ni残留态,同时还包括Pb和Ni全部弱酸提取态、还原态、有机质结合态和硫化物结合态;SEM-Zn主要为Zn弱酸提取态、还原态和硫化物结合态,另有少量的有机质结合态.     

添加稳定剂对尾矿土中砷形态及转换机制的影响

土壤中As的不同存在形态影响着其毒性、可移动性、生物有效性,且产生不同的环境影响.本研究以粉煤灰、干化污泥、硫酸亚铁、碎花生壳为稳定剂,探讨其对土壤As的稳定化效果以及p H、有机质和阳离子交换量与土壤As形态的关系.结果表明添加稳定剂后,土壤p H及有机质含量上升,残渣态砷含量升高.添加10%粉煤灰、10%干化污泥后,可交换态As、碳酸盐结合态As、铁锰氧化物结合态As、有机结合态As分别下降了34.2%、17.5%、19.9%、53.7%,并转化为残渣态As,其含量增长了1.14%.当同时添加10%粉煤灰、10%干化污泥和1%硫酸亚铁后,土壤中可交换态As、碳酸盐结合态As、铁锰氧化物结合态As、有机结合态As含量的降幅分别为62.3%、55.2%、29.6%、58.2%,残渣态As含量增加8.1%.添加10%粉煤灰、10%干化污泥、1%硫酸亚铁和1%粉碎花生壳后,可交换态As下降最显著,最大降幅为73.3%.施用适量的粉煤灰、干化污泥、硫酸亚铁能使土壤中的可交换态、碳酸盐结合态、铁锰氧化物结合态、有机结合态As的一部分转化为残渣态As,降低其毒性.提高p H,残渣态As含量上升,可交换态As、碳酸盐结合态As、铁锰结合态As、有机结合态As含量下降,As在接近中性的环境中稳定性最好;提高有机质含量,碳酸盐结合态As与残渣态As含量上升,可交换态As、铁锰结合态As、有机结合态As含量下降,有机结合态As含量下降明显;阳离子交换量上升,残渣态As含量上升,可交换态As、碳酸盐结合态As、铁锰结合态As、有机结合态As含量下降.     

Distribution and ecological effect of mercury in Laogang landfill, Shanghai, China

Laogang landfill near Shanghai is the largest landfill in China, and receives about 10000 t of daily garbage per day, Samples of topsoil and plants were analyzed to evaluate mercury pollution from the landfill. For topsoil samples, there were significant correlations among total mercury （HgT）, combinative mercury （Hgc） and gaseous mercury （HgG）, and content of total organic carbon （TOC）, but, no significantly relationship was found between Hg content and filling time. Hg content changes in vertical profiles with time showed that the average Hgv of profiles 1992, 1996, and 2000 was similar, but their average HgG was quite different. HgT was significantly correlated with Hgc in profile 1992 and 2000, and Hgv was significantly correlated with Hg6 in profile 1996. HgG/Hgv ratio in profile samples decreased in the order of （HgG,/HgT）1992〉（HgG/HgT）1996〉〉（HgG/HgT）2000. A simple outline of Hg release in landfill could be drawn： with increasing of filling time, degradation undergoes different biodegradation, accordingly, gaseous mercury goes through small, more, and small proportion to total mercury. Distribution of Hg in plants was inhomogeneous, following the order of leaf〉root〉stem. The highest value of leaf may be associated with higher atmospheric Hg from landfill. Ligneous plants （e.g. Phyllostachys glanca, Prunus salicina and Ligustrum lucidum） are capable of enriching more Hg than herbaceous plants.     

EDTA-enhanced phytoremediation of lead contaminated soil by Bidens maximowicziana

Phytoremediation is a potential cleanup technology for the removal of heavy metals from contaminated soils.Bidens maximowicziana is a new Pb hyperaccumulator,which not only has remarkable tolerance to Pb but also extraordinary accumulation capacity for Pb.The maximum Pb concentration was 1509.3 mg/kg in roots and 2164.7 mg/kg in overground tissues.The Pb distribution order in the B. maximowicziana was:leaf>stem>root.The effect of amendments on phytoremediation was also studied.The mobility of soil Pb and the Pb concentrations in plants were both increased by EDTA application.Compared with CK(control check),EDTA application promoted translocation of Pb to overground parts of the plant.The Pb concentrations in overground parts of plants was increased from 24.23-680.56 mg/kg to 29.07-1905.57 mg/kg.This research demonstrated that B.maximowicziana appeared to be suitable for phytoremediation of Pb contaminated soil,especially,combination with EDTA.     

Decomposition of alachlor by ozonation and its mechanism

Decomposition and corresponding mechanism of alachlor, an endocrine disruptor in water by ozonation were investigated. Results showed that alachlor could not be completely mineralized by ozone alone. Many intermediates and final products were formed during the process, including aromatic compounds, aliphatic carboxylic acids, and inorganic ions. In evoluting these products, some of them with weak polarity were qualitatively identified by GC-MS. The information of inorganic ions suggested that the dechlorination was the first and the fastest step in the ozonation of alachlor.     

Enzymatic oxidation of aqueous pentachlorophenol

The influence of the nonionic surfactant Tween 80 on pentachlorophenol （PCP） oxidation catalyzed by horseradish peroxidase was studied. The surfactant was tested at concentrations below and above its critical micelle concentration （CMC）. Enhancement of PCP removal was observed at sub-CMCs. The presence of Tween 80 in the reaction mixture reduced enzyme inactivation which occurred through a combination of free radical attack and sorption by precipitated products. A simple first-order model was able to simulate time profiles for enzyme inactivation in the presence or absence of Tween 80. At supra-CMCs, the surfactant caused noticeable reductions in PCP removal, presumably through micelle partitioning of PCP which precluded the hydrophobic PCP molecule from interacting with the enzyme.     

基于综合水质标识指数和对应分析法的校园河道水质评价

以三峡大学的校园河道求索溪为研究对象,利用综合水质标识指数法确定求索溪水质类别,分析其水质时空变化规律,并利用对应分析法得出求索溪中不同监测点的主要污染因子.研究结果表明:求索溪整体的综合水质标识指数为7.423,整体水质为劣V类(地表水环境质量标准GB 3838-2002)且黑臭.从时间变化来看,求索溪4月份的水质最差,5月份次之,4、5月份所有监测点的水质都劣于V类且黑臭;8月份水质最好,水质为Ⅳ类;从空间分布来看,8个监测点综合水质标识指数均超过6.0,水质为劣V类,其中6号监测点的水质相对最好,监测点3号的水质相对最差;对应分析法得出求索溪的整体水体污染程度受总氮因子的影响最大,其次为总磷.该研究拟为求索溪及类似校园河道的水环境治理研究提供基础依据和参考.     

Effects of chitosan on growth of an aquatic plant (Hydrilla verticillata) in polluted waters with different chemical oxygen demands

Effects of chitosan on a submersed plant, Hydrilla verticillata, were investigated. Results indicated that H. venicillata could prevent ultrastructure phytotoxicities and oxidativereaction from polluted water with high chemical oxygen demand (COD). Superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity and malondialdehyde (MDA) contents in H. verticillata treated with 0.1% chitosan in wastewater increased with high COD (980 mg/L) and decreased with low COD (63 mg/L), respectively. Ultrastructural analysis showed that the stroma and grana of chloroplast basically remained normal. However, plant cells from the control experiment (untreated with chitosan) were vacuolated and the cell interval increased. The relict of protoplast moved to the center, with cells tending to disjoint. Our findings indicate that wastewater with high COD concentration can cause a substantial damage to submersed plant, nevertheless, chitosan probably could alleviate the membrane lipid peroxidization and ultrastructure phytotoxicities, and protect plant cells from stress of high COD concentration polluted water.     

Removal of cadmium using MnO2 loaded D301 resin

MnO2 loaded weak basic anion exchange resin D301 （Anion exchange resin, macroreticular weak basic styrene） as adsorbent has been prepared and applied to the removal of cadmium. The adsorption characteristics have been investigated with respect to effect of pH, equilibrium isotherms, removal kinetic data, and interference of the coexisting ions. The results indicated that the Cd^2＋ could be efficiently removed using MnO2 loaded D301 resin in the pH range of 3-8 from aqueous solutions with the co-existence of high concentration of alkali and alkaline-earth metals ions. The saturate adsorption capacity of the Cd^2＋ was 77.88 mg/g. The adsorption process followed the pseudo first-order kinetics. The equilibrium data obtained in this study accorded excellently with the Langmuir adsorption isotherm.     

Effect of coagulation pretreatment on the fouling of ultrafiltration membrane

The purpose of this study is to understand the effect and mechanism of preventing membrane fouling, by coagulation pretreatment, in terms of fractional component and molecular weight of natural organic matter （NOM）. A relatively higher molecular weight （MW） of hydrophobic compounds was responsible for a rapid decline in the ultrafiltration flux. Coagulation could effectively remove the hydrophobic organics, resulting in the increase of flux. It was found that a lower MW of neutral hydrophilic compounds, which could remove inadequately by coagulation, was responsible for the slow declining flux. The fluxes in the filtration of coagulated water and supernatant water were compared and the results showed that a lower MW of neutral hydrophilic compounds remained in the supernatant water after coagulation could be rejected by a membrane, resulting in fouling. It was also found that the coagulated flocs could absorb neutral hydrophilic compounds effectively. Therefore, with the coagulated flocs formed on the membrane surface, the flux decline could be improved.     

Penetration analysis of elements and bioleaching treatment of spent refractory for recycling

Acidithiobacillus ferrooxidans ATCC23270 and Acidithiobacillus thiooxidans TM-32 were used for bioleaching of spent refractories of aluminium and copper melting furnaces for their recycling.Firstly,penetration of elements into aluminium melting furnace refractory was investigated and it was found that up to 7 cm from surface was contaminated.Comparison on leaching efficiency by the strains ATCC23270 and TM-32 found that the strain ATCC23270 could treat larger amount of the refractories than the strain TM-32 could do.In the experiment of bioleaching of spent refractory aluminium melting furnace by the strain ATCC23270,high leaching efficiency were obtained on Al,Si,and Ca,and extremely low leaching performance was,however,shown on the rest of elements i.e.,Na,Mn,and Zn.Under the strain TM-32 use,relatively high leaching performance was recognized on Al,Si,Ca,Na,Mn,and Zn.In the experiment of bioleaching for spent refractory copper melting furnace,almost the same leaching trends were shown on Cu,Zn,Al,and Si under the strains ACTT23270 and TM-32 uses.     

Simultaneous removal of ammonium and phosphate by zeolite synthesized from coal fly ash as influenced by acid treatment

Zeolite synthesized from fly ash （ZFA） without modification is not efficient for the purification of NH4＋ and phosphate at low concentrations that occur in real effluents, despite the high potential removal capacity. To develop an effective technique to enhance the removal efficiency of ammonium and phosphate at low concentrations, ZFA was modified with acid treatment and the simultaneous removal of ammonium and phosphate in a wide range of concentration was investigated. It was seen that when compared with untreated ZFA, only the treatment by 0.01 mol/L of H2SO4 significantly improved the removal efficiency of ammonium at low initial concentrations. The behavior was well explained by the pH effect. Treatment by more concentrated H2SO4 led to the deterioration of the ZFA structure and a decrease in the cation exchange capacity. Treatment by 0.01 mol/L H2SO4 improved the removal efficiency of phosphate by ZFA at all initial P concentrations, while the treatment by concentrated H2SO4 （≥0.9 mol/L） resulted in a limited maximum phosphate immobilization capacity （PIC）. It was concluded that through a previous mild acid treatment （e.g. 0.01 mol/L of H2SO4）, ZFA can be used in the simultaneous removal of NH4＋ and P at low concentrations simulating real effluent.