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1.
地下水砷污染的形成机制目前尚不清楚,普遍认为,微生物对吸附于铁氧化物表面的As(Ⅴ)以及基质Fe(Ⅲ)的还原是砷释放的主要原因.本研究中以富集的混合菌群为接种微生物,以不同比例(Al∶Fe为1∶0、 1∶1、 0∶1)的铁铝氢氧化物为吸附剂,考察了微生物对吸附于这些载体上的As(Ⅴ)的还原和迁移作用.结果表明,接种微生物后,3种体系表现出不同程度的As释放,溶液中释放的As基本上是As(Ⅲ).在氢氧化铁体系中,溶解态As(Ⅲ)浓度仅为60 μg/L左右,微生物还原产生的As(Ⅲ)几乎全部存在于固相中;在Al∶Fe为1∶1的铁铝氢氧化物中,溶解态As(Ⅲ)大约为1.3 mg/L;氢氧化铝体系中,该值为7.8 mg/L,约占微生物还原总As(Ⅲ)的82%.而未接种的对照组均未检测到As(Ⅲ)以及明显的As释放.本研究还考察了吸附基质铁氧化物的还原对砷迁移的影响,结果表明,砷的还原发生在铁还原之前,铁的还原并没有引起砷的明显释放.因此,根据本实验结果推断,氢氧化铁吸附的As(Ⅴ)的还原及Fe(Ⅲ)的还原很可能不是造成地下水系统中砷释放的主要原因,而吸附于铝氧化物或其它矿物表面的As(Ⅴ)的还原可能引起了砷向水相迁移.  相似文献   

2.
氢氧化铁对砷的吸附与沉淀机理   总被引:14,自引:1,他引:13       下载免费PDF全文
研究了吸附反应时间为50d和1120d时,As(V)初始浓度和pH值对氢氧化铁吸附砷的影响,并利用傅利叶红外光谱(FTIR)和粉末X射线衍射技术对吸附砷后的氢氧化铁固体进行了表征.结果表明,氢氧化铁对砷的吸附能力与pH有关,在弱酸性到弱碱性条件下,吸附砷的能力最强;在低初始砷浓度(0.01~1 mmol·L-1)和相同pH条件下,吸附率随砷浓度增高而增大.当pH=3、7和12时,吸附等温线都可用Freundlich公式来进行拟合,低初始砷浓度下(0.001~1 mmol·L-1),R2>0.99,高初始砷浓度下(5~1000 mmol·L-1),R2>0.93,吸附反应时间对吸附能力影响不大.红外光谱分析表明,在pH=3条件下,初始砷浓度为50mmol·L-1和500mmol·L-1时,吸附后氢氧化铁固体的红外光谱图上As-O键的伸缩振动谱带分别位于806.11cm-1和821.54cm-1;表明吸附后的氢氧化铁表面有少量的砷酸铁晶体沉淀存在,砷在氢氧化铁表面的平均密度对砷在氢氧化铁表面存在形态有影响.X射线衍射分析表明.在中性和酸性条件下,砷可能是以双配位表面络合的质子化的=FeO2As(O)(OH)-和非质子化的=FeO2As(O)2-形态存在于氢氧化铁表面.  相似文献   

3.
以壳聚糖为黏合剂,采用包覆法制备了一种新型除砷吸附剂——颗粒状铁铜锰复合氧化物(GFCM). GFCM吸附剂为不完全球状,直径0.7~1.0 mm,可以有效地将As(Ⅲ)氧化成As(V),并对形成的As(V)具有良好的吸附效果. GFCM对As(Ⅲ)的最大吸附容量(pH 7.0)为56.5 mg·g~(-1),显著优于目前已报道的多数颗粒状除砷吸附剂.溶液pH在5.0~9.0范围内, GFCM对As(Ⅲ)均有较好的吸附效果,离子强度则对砷吸附效果影响较小.共存阴离子对As(Ⅲ)吸附具有抑制作用,影响的大小顺序为:PO■ SiO■ CO■ Cl~- SO■.吸附As(Ⅲ)后的GFCM可用NaOH溶液进行有效脱附再生,可重复使用.在As(Ⅲ)的去除过程中,吸附剂中锰氧化物的主要作用是氧化As(Ⅲ),铁氧化物与铜氧化物的主要作用是吸附As(Ⅲ)与氧化形成的As(V),且铜氧化物有助于增强GFCM的砷吸附性能.  相似文献   

4.
铁改性赤泥吸附剂的制备及其除砷性能研究   总被引:5,自引:0,他引:5  
以氧化铝生产废渣--赤泥为原料,采用铁盐改性处理制备了新型羟基铁包覆型赤泥除砷吸附剂.研究考察了吸附剂吸附砷效能、投加量、吸附时间和pH值对吸附除砷效果的影响;采用扫描电镜(SEM)、红外光谱(IR)、比表面积(BET)等仪器对吸附剂进行了表征,并探讨了吸附机制.结果表明,铁盐改性赤泥吸附剂对As(V)具有显著吸附效能,在pH为7,初始砷浓度为1 mg·L-1,铁盐改性赤泥吸附剂饱和吸附容量为50.6mg·g-1时,除砷率高达99.9%,吸附后出水砷含量可达到0.01 mg·L-1以下,吸附规律符合Langmuir等温方程式;溶液pH值显著影响砷去除效果,吸附机制主要为羟基铁的表面吸附机制;吸附后的吸附剂可通过NaOH溶液再生,脱附率达到92.1%.  相似文献   

5.
采用共沉淀法制备了铁-镧二元氢氧化物(Fe-La)吸附剂,通过吸附动力学、pH的影响和吸附等温线等吸附批实验研究了其对水溶液中砷的去除行为,并通过扫描电子显微镜-X射线能谱分析(SEM-EDS)、傅里叶红外光谱分析(FTIR)、X射线衍射分析(XRD)等方法对铁-镧二元氢氧化物进行了表征,研究其对砷的去除机制.吸附批实验表明,Fe-La二元氢氧化物对As(Ⅴ)具有较强的去除能力,而对As(Ⅲ)的去除能力较弱.吸附动力学实验表明,Fe-La二元氢氧化物对As(Ⅴ)和As(Ⅲ)在前2 h内吸附速率较快,其去除过程均符合伪二级动力学模型.溶液的pH值会显著影响Fa-La二元氢氧化物对As(Ⅴ)和As(Ⅲ)的去除效率,其中,对As(Ⅴ)的吸附量在pH=3.0~4.0时升高,在pH=5.0~11.0时随pH升高而降低;对As(Ⅲ)的吸附量在pH=3.0~6.0时升高,在pH=6.0~10.0范围内保持不变,在pH=10.0~11.0时吸附量减少.Langmuir吸附等温线拟合结果表明,pH=4.0时Fe-La二元氢氧化物对As(Ⅴ)的最大吸附量为303.03 mg·g-1,...  相似文献   

6.
铁还原菌shewanella oneidensis MR-1对根表铁膜中砷运移的影响   总被引:3,自引:0,他引:3  
水稻根表铁膜是控制砷在根际-植物体系转运的重要区域,但是其中铁还原微生物对砷运移的作用并不清楚.实验以吸附砷磷的水铁矿以及野外采集水稻根系为研究对象,分析铁还原菌Shewanella oneidensis MR-1还原铁膜内铁氧化物过程中,铁还原、砷释放和固定速率.研究表明铁还原菌Shewanella oneidensis MR-1可以将水稻根表铁膜中的Fe(Ⅲ)快速还原为Fe(Ⅱ)并释放到溶液中.溶液中的砷在48 h内达到最大值18μmol·L-1,之后逐渐下降,120 h之后,与最大值相比减少了约60%.利用吸附砷的水铁矿模拟铁膜砷释放过程发现,微生物的固定作用是造成溶液中砷含量下降的主要原因之一.本研究表明,促进根际微生物的大量生长,可能是降低土壤环境中砷风险的途径之一.  相似文献   

7.
天然菱铁矿改性及强化除砷研究   总被引:6,自引:3,他引:3       下载免费PDF全文
赵凯  郭华明  李媛  任燕 《环境科学》2012,33(2):459-468
我国高砷地下水分布广泛,经济、高效地饮用水除砷技术受到广泛关注.静态批实验采用资源丰富、价格便宜的天然菱铁矿为主要原材料,考虑灼烧温度、时间及添加黏合剂等因素确定最优改性条件使除砷效果达到最佳.结果表明,在加铝量为10 mg.g-1、350℃下恒温灼烧90 min后造粒达到强度要求并除砷效果较优.25℃、固液比为0.5 g∶50 mL、As(Ⅲ)和As(Ⅴ)初始浓度为5 mg.L-1时,吸附后溶液中残留As浓度均<10μg.L-1.静态吸附批实验结果表明,25℃时,接触反应时间为12 h可达到吸附平衡,吸附过程较好地符合Lagergren假二级吸附速率方程;最优改性天然菱铁矿对砷的吸附规律可用Langmuir和Freundlich等温吸附模型很好地描述,As(Ⅲ)、As(Ⅴ)饱和吸附容量分别可以达到1 039、1 026μg.g-1.结合XRD、SEM等研究方法和比表面及孔结构分析初步探讨天然菱铁矿改性以及除砷的主要机制.分析表明,改性后天然菱铁矿比表面积大幅度增大,孔径减小,且在表面活化生成一层圆球状的含Fe(Ⅱ)和Fe(Ⅲ)的化合物.改性天然菱铁矿是一种值得进一步研究并实际应用的除砷材料.  相似文献   

8.
张伟  陈静  张高生 《环境科学》2014,35(11):4198-4204
本研究采用共沉淀法制备了一种新型铁镧复合氧化物吸附剂(Fe-La),并对其表面特性及As(Ⅲ)吸附行为进行了系统研究.扫描电镜(SEM)和透射电镜(TEM)结果表明,铁镧复合氧化物具有纳米结构,初级粒子粒径范围为20~200 nm.X-射线衍射仪(XRD)表征结果表明,铁镧复合氧化物具有类似氢氧化镧的晶型结构.N2吸附BET法结果表明,铁镧复合氧化物的比表面积为99.3 m2·g-1.盐加入法测得吸附剂的等电点为7.8.As(Ⅲ)吸附实验结果分析表明,铁镧复合氧化物对As(Ⅲ)具有良好的吸附效果,最大吸附量(pH 7.0)为58.2 mg·g-1,Langmuir吸附等温线可较好地拟合铁镧复合氧化物对溶液中As(Ⅲ)的吸附(R2=0.95);吸附速率较快,240 min内可完成吸附容量的80%,Elovich模型能较好地描述吸附过程(R2=0.97);溶液pH对铁镧复合氧化物吸附As(Ⅲ)的影响较为明显;共存阴离子对吸附影响的大小顺序为SO2-4相似文献   

9.
硫素对氧化还原条件下水稻土氧化铁和砷形态影响   总被引:6,自引:3,他引:3       下载免费PDF全文
通过充N2和充O2的氧化还原反应装置,在添加外源砷污染的水稻土中,施用不同形态的无机硫(不施硫S0,单质硫S1和硫酸盐S2),模拟水稻田的氧化还原状况.结果表明,通N2时,土壤溶液氧化还原电位(Eh)在-100~-200 mV之间,溶液pH在7.0~8.0之间,pe+pH为4~7之间;通O2时,溶液Eh在200mV左右,溶液pH在6.5~7.5之间,pe+pH为9~12之间.无论通N2还是通O2,土壤溶出铁的浓度在1.2~1.6 mg·L-1,均有处理S0>S1>S2和AsS0>AsS1>AsS2.在通N2时,各处理HCl提取土壤氧化铁的含量比原土[(21.4±0.3)g·kg-1]低5 g·kg-1,有利于结晶态氧化铁向无定形氧化铁转化和形成Fe2+,无定形氧化铁活化度比原土活化度46.8%有所增加,且处理AsS2(49.4%)AsS2(36.1%).通N2时,土壤溶液中砷浓度变化为AsS0[(1.13±0.04)mg·L-1]>AsS1[(0.89±0.01)mg·L-1]>AsS2[(0.77±0.04)mg·L-1];通O2时,土壤溶液中砷浓度变化AsS1[(0.77±0.01)mg·L-1]>AsS0[(0.20±0.09)mg·L-1]>AsS2[(0.09±0.01)mg·L-1].通N2时,不同处理各形态砷占总砷比例变化为残渣态(34.9%~41.4%)≈专性吸附态(37.4%~39.5%)>晶态铁锰结合态(23.3%~25.6%)>非专性吸附态(2.4%~3.3%)>无定形铁锰结合态(0.5%~0.8%).通O2时,各处理形态砷占总砷比例变化为残渣态(30.8%~39.3%)≈专性吸附态(30.3%~34.7%)>晶态铁锰结合态(26.0%~28.7%)>无定形铁锰结合态(9.3%~10.7%)>非专性吸附态(0.5%~1.6%),其中,无定形铁锰氧化物结合态砷比通N2时提高了约9%,也就是无定形铁锰的老化作用对砷形态转化的影响.这表明还原条件能够使氧化铁的活化度升高,砷的移动性增强,但硫酸盐体系降低氧化铁的活化度,单质硫体系的砷移动性要大于硫酸盐体系的砷移动性.  相似文献   

10.
絮凝剂PSPAFC中铁铝共聚物的形态表征   总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2  
通过pH值、测定波长、溶液浓度、分析试剂等确定改进了经典的Fenon逐时络合比色法,使其能用于测定Fe、Al共存溶液中[Fe,A1]的含量,从而测定实际含Fe、Al共聚物的溶液中[Fe,Al]的形态分布.结果表明,在pH=5.0,波长为362 nm,铝铁总浓度在1×10-5-1×10-4mol/L范围内,Fe、Al共聚...  相似文献   

11.
Several main metabolites of benzo[a]pyrene (BaP) formed by Penicillium chrysogenum, Benzo[a]pyrene-1,6-quinone (BP 1,6- quinone), trans-7,8-dihydroxy-7,8-dihydrobenzo[a]pyrene (BP 7,8-diol), 3-hydroxybenzo[a]pyrene (3-OHBP), were identified by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). The three metabolites were liable to be accumulated and were hardly further metabolized because of their toxicity to microorganisms. However, their further degradation was essential for the complete degradation of BaP. To enhance their degradation, two methods, degradation by coupling Penicillium chrysogenum with KMnO4 and degradation only by Penicillium chrysogenum, were compared; Meanwhile, the parameters of degradation in the superior method were optimized. The results showed that (1) the method of coupling Penicillium chrysogenum with KMnO4 was better and was the first method to be used in the degradation of BaP and its metabolites; (2) the metabolite, BP 1,6-quinone was the most liable to be accumulated in pure cultures; (3) the effect of degradation was the best when the concentration of KMnO4 in the cultures was 0.01% (w/v), concentration of the three compounds was 5 mg/L and pH was 6.2. Based on the experimental results, a novel concept with regard to the bioremediation of BaP-contaminated environment was discussed, considering the influence on environmental toxicity of the accumulated metabolites.  相似文献   

12.
Sorption of chlorotoluron in ammonium sulfate, urea and atrazine multi-solutes system was investigated by batch experiments. The results showed application of nitrogen fertilizers to the soil could affect the behavior of chlorotoluron. At the same concentration of N, sorption of chlorotoluron decreased as the concentration of atrazine increased on the day 0 and 6 in soil, respectively. The sorption of chlorotoluron increased from 0 to 6 d when soils were preincubated with deionized water, ammonium sulfate and urea solution for 6 d. That indicated incubation time was one of the most important factors for the sorption of chlorotoluron in nitrogen fertilizers treatments. The individual sorption isotherms of chlorotoluron in rubbery polymer and silica were strictly linear in single solute system, but there were competition sorption between pesticides or between pesticides and nitrogen fertilizers. That indicated the sorption taken place by concurrent solid-phase dissolution mechanism and sorption on the interface of water-organic matter or water-mineral matter.  相似文献   

13.
Toxic effects of two agrochemicals on nifH gene in agricultural black soil were investigated using denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis (DGGE) and sequencing approaches in a microcosm experiment. Changes of soil nifH gene diversity and composition were examined following the application of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination. Acetochlor reduced the nifH gene diversity (both in gene richness and diversity index values) and caused changes in the nifH gene composition. The effects of acetochlor on nifH gene were strengthened as the concentration of acetochlor increased. Cluster analysis of DGGE banding patterns showed that nifH gene composition which had been affected by low concentration of acetochlor (50 mg/kg) recovered firstly. Methamidophos reduced nifH gene richness that except at 4 weeks. The medium concentration of methamidophos (150 mg/kg) caused the most apparent changes in nifH gene diversity at the first week while the high concentration of methamidophos (250 mg/kg) produced prominent effects on nifH gene diversity in the following weeks. Cluster analysis showed that minimal changes of nifH gene composition were found at 1 week and maximal changes at 4 weeks. Toxic effects of acetochlor and methamidophos combination on nifH gene were also apparent. Different nifH genes (bands) responded differently to the impact of agrochemicals: four individual bands were eliminated by the application of the agrochemicals, five bands became predominant by the stimulation of the agrochemicals, and four bands showed strong resistance to the influence of the agrochemicals. Fifteen prominent bands were partially sequenced, yielding 15 different nifH sequences, which were used for phylogenetic reconstructions. All sequences were affiliated with the alpha- and beta-proteobacteria, showing higher similarity to eight different diazotrophic genera.  相似文献   

14.
The effects of arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungus (Glomus mosseae) and phosphorus (P) addition (100 mg/kg soil) on arsenic (As) uptake by maize plants (Zea mays L.) from an As-contaminated soil were examined in a glasshouse experiment.Non-mycorrhizal and zero-P addition controls were included.Plant biomass and concentrations and uptake of As,P,and other nutrients,AM colonization,root lengths,and hyphal length densities were determined.The results indicated that addition of P significantly inhibited root colonization and development of extraradical mycelium.Root length and dry weight both increased markedly with mycorrhizal colonization under the zero-P treatments,but shoot and root biomass of AM plants was depressed by P application.AM fungal inoculation decreased shoot As concentrations when no P was added,and shoot and root As concentrations of AM plants increased 2.6 and 1.4 times with P addition,respectively.Shoot and root uptake of P,Mn,Cu,and Zn increased,but shoot Fe uptake decreased by 44.6%,with inoculation, when P was added.P addition reduced shoot P,Fe,Mn,Cu,and Zn uptake of AM plants,but increased root Fe and Mn uptake of the nonmycorrhizal ones.AM colonization therefore appeared to enhance plant tolerance to As in low P soil,and have some potential for the phytostabilization of As-contaminated soil,however,P application may introduce additional environmental risk by increasing soil As mobility.  相似文献   

15.
Earthworm toxicity tests are useful tools for terrestrial risk assessment but require a hierarchy of test designs that differ in effect levels (behavior, sublethal, lethal). In this study, the toxicity of chlorpyrifos contaminated soil on earthworms was assessed. In addition to the acute and chronic tests, an avoidance response test was applied. Earthworms were exposed to sublethal and lethal concentration of chlorpyrifos, and evaluated for acute toxicity, growth, fecundity and avoidance response after a certain exposure period. The test methods covered all important ecological relevant endpoints (acute, chronic, behavioral). Concentration of 78.91 mg/kg, chlorpyrifos caused significant toxic effects in all test methods, but at lower test concentrations, only significant chronic toxic effects could be observed. In the present study, chlorpyrifos had adverse effect on growth and fecundity in earthworm exposed to 5 mg/kg chlorpyrifos after eight weeks. The avoidance response test, however, showed significant repellent effects concentration of 40 mg/kg chlorpyrifos. For chlorpyrifos, concentration affecting avoidance response was far greater than growth and fecundity, it seemed likely that earthworms were not able to escape from pesticide-contaminated soil into the clean soil in field and hence were exposed continuously to elevated concentrations of pesticides.  相似文献   

16.
Bottled water may not be safer, or healthier, than tap water. The present studies have proved that styrene and some other aromatic compounds leach continuously from polystyrene (PS) bottles used locally for packaging. Water sapmles in contact with PS were extracted by a preconcentration technique called as "purge and trap" and analysed by gas chromatograph-mass spectrometer (GC/MS). Eleven aromatic compounds were identified in these studies. Maximum concentration of styrene in PS bottles was 29.5 μg/L. Apart from styrene, ethyl benzene, toluene and benzene were also quantified but their concentrations were much less than WHO guide line values. All other compounds were in traces. Quality of plastic and storage time were the major factor in leaching of styrene. Concentration of styrene was increased to 69.53 μg/L after one-year storage. In Styrofoam and PS cups studies, hot water was found to be contaminated with styrene and other aromatic compounds. It was observed that temperature played a major role in the leaching of styrene monomer from Styrofoam cups. Paper cups were found to be safe for hot drinks.  相似文献   

17.
In this study an effort has been made to use plant polyphenol oxidases; potato (Solanum tuberosum) and brinjal (Solanum melongena), for the treatment of various important dyes used in textile and other industries. The ammonium sulphate fractionated enzyme preparations were used to treat a number of dyes under various experimental conditions. Majority of the treated dyes were maximally decolorized at pH 3.0. Some of the dyes were quickly decolorized whereas others were marginally decolorized. The initial first hour was sufficient for the maximum decolorization of dyes. The rate of decolorization was quite slow on long treatment of dyes. Enhancement in the dye decolorization was noticed on increasing the concentration of enzymes. The complex mixtures of dyes were treated with both preparations of polyphenol oxidases in the buffers of varying pH values. Potato polyphenol oxidase was significantly more effective in decolorizing the dyes to higher extent as compared to the enzyme obtained from brinjal polyphenol oxidase. Decolorization of dyes and their mixtures, followed by the formation of an insoluble precipitate, which could be easily removed simply by centrifugation.  相似文献   

18.
UNITANK is a biological wastewater treatment process that combines the advantages of traditional activated sludge process and sequencing batch reactor, which is divided into Tank A, B and C. In this study, the sludge distribution and its impact on performance of UNITANK were carried out in Liede Wastewater Plant (WWTP) of Guangzhou, China. Results showed that there was a strong affiliation between Tank A and B of the system in sludge concentration distribution. The initial sludge concentration in Tank A could present the sludge distribution of the whole system. The sludge distribution was mainly influenced by hydraulic condition. Unsteady sludge distribution had an impact on variations of substrates in reactors, especially in decisive reactor, and this could lead to failure of system. Settler could partially remove substrates such as COD and NO3-N, but there was adventure of sludge deterioration. The rational initial sludge concentration in Tank A should be 4000-6000 mg/L MLSS.  相似文献   

19.
Laogang landfill near Shanghai is the largest landfill in China, and receives about 10000 t of daily garbage per day, Samples of topsoil and plants were analyzed to evaluate mercury pollution from the landfill. For topsoil samples, there were significant correlations among total mercury (HgT), combinative mercury (Hgc) and gaseous mercury (HgG), and content of total organic carbon (TOC), but, no significantly relationship was found between Hg content and filling time. Hg content changes in vertical profiles with time showed that the average Hgv of profiles 1992, 1996, and 2000 was similar, but their average HgG was quite different. HgT was significantly correlated with Hgc in profile 1992 and 2000, and Hgv was significantly correlated with Hg6 in profile 1996. HgG/Hgv ratio in profile samples decreased in the order of (HgG,/HgT)1992〉(HgG/HgT)1996〉〉(HgG/HgT)2000. A simple outline of Hg release in landfill could be drawn: with increasing of filling time, degradation undergoes different biodegradation, accordingly, gaseous mercury goes through small, more, and small proportion to total mercury. Distribution of Hg in plants was inhomogeneous, following the order of leaf〉root〉stem. The highest value of leaf may be associated with higher atmospheric Hg from landfill. Ligneous plants (e.g. Phyllostachys glanca, Prunus salicina and Ligustrum lucidum) are capable of enriching more Hg than herbaceous plants.  相似文献   

20.
Phytoremediation is a potential cleanup technology for the removal of heavy metals from contaminated soils.Bidens maximowicziana is a new Pb hyperaccumulator,which not only has remarkable tolerance to Pb but also extraordinary accumulation capacity for Pb.The maximum Pb concentration was 1509.3 mg/kg in roots and 2164.7 mg/kg in overground tissues.The Pb distribution order in the B. maximowicziana was:leaf>stem>root.The effect of amendments on phytoremediation was also studied.The mobility of soil Pb and the Pb concentrations in plants were both increased by EDTA application.Compared with CK(control check),EDTA application promoted translocation of Pb to overground parts of the plant.The Pb concentrations in overground parts of plants was increased from 24.23-680.56 mg/kg to 29.07-1905.57 mg/kg.This research demonstrated that B.maximowicziana appeared to be suitable for phytoremediation of Pb contaminated soil,especially,combination with EDTA.  相似文献   

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