膜-生物反应器中活性污泥沉降性能与膜污染相关性研究

结合连续流小试，对膜．生物反应器运行过程中，活性污泥沉降性能的变化及其对膜污染的影响进行了研究．结果表明，随着运行时间的增长，该系统内丝状菌大量繁殖，活性污泥沉降性能变差，SVI值升高．随之，膜过滤压差(过滤阻力)平均上升速率有所增加，膜过滤周期缩短．膜过滤压差的“两阶段性(平缓上升期和加速上升期)”变化规律趋于明显，平缓上升期和加速上升期的膜过滤压差上升速率随污泥SVI值的升高分别呈现下降和上升的趋势．污泥沉降性能的变化对膜污染过程产生明显影响．电镜观察表明，污泥沉降性能对膜过滤压差的影响与膜面污染层的结构和厚度有关．     

A/O系统中不同缺氧/好氧体积比对活性污泥沉降性能的影响

为探究A/O系统中不同的缺氧与好氧体积比与活性污泥沉降性能的关系,以实际生活污水为进水水质,考察了不同的A/O比(2/6,4/4,6/2)对污泥沉降性能和丝状菌生长的影响.结果表明,当A/O比为2/6时,系统能够维持良好的沉降性能,优势丝状菌为Type 0041;当A/O比为4/4时,系统的沉降性能恶化,SVI最高达到357mL/g,优势丝状菌为Type 0041,Type 1701;当A/O比为6/2时,系统发生了微膨胀现象并实现了稳定的短程硝化反硝化,优势丝状菌为Thiothrix.nivea.可见不同的A/O比对活性污泥沉降性能影响较大,同时污泥胞内胞外贮存特性及系统的脱氮除磷性能也受到严重影响.     

臭氧投量对SBR系统污泥沉降性能及脱氮除磷的影响

以污水厂冬季膨胀期污泥（SVI=280 mL·g^-1）为对象,研究了臭氧投量对SBR系统污泥沉降性能及脱氮除磷效果的影响.结果表明,低浓度投加臭氧（0.085 g·g^-1,以O₃/MLSS计）20 d后,菌丝体被打断,SVI降至125 mL·g^-1,消除了污泥膨胀,且硝化、除磷效果不受影响.高浓度投加臭氧,污泥的沉降性能反而开始恶化,除磷效率也降至60%左右.进一步研究表明,PS/PN与SVI呈正相关关系（R²=0.9381）,可表征污泥的沉降性能;臭氧除打断菌丝体外,还通过改变EPS的含量及组分影响着污泥的沉降性能.     

温度对活性污泥沉降性能与微生物种群结构的影响

为探究运行温度与活性污泥沉降性能之间的关系,采用5个带有自控设备的序批式反应器考察了不同的运行温度(15,20,25,30和35℃)对活性污泥沉降性能及微生物种群结构的影响.结果表明,采用短时进水,由于运行温度对污泥沉降性能的影响远远弱于底物浓度的影响,且系统中的优势丝状菌以Type 0041和Type 0092为主,所以5个系统均未发生污泥膨胀现象;采用长时进水,5个系统均发生了丝状膨胀现象,温度与低底物浓度的相互作用导致污泥的SVI值随运行温度(15~30℃)的增加而升高,而运行温度为35℃时污泥的SVI值要低于30℃的情况.同时不同的运行温度下污泥胞内胞外贮存特性及优势丝状菌的种类差异较大.     

Performance of bioferric-submerged membrane bioreactor for dyeing wastewater treatment

Adding iron salt or iron hydroxide to sludgemixed liquor in an aeration tank of a conventional activated sludge processes (bioferric process) can simultaneously improve the sludge’s filterability and enhance the system’s treatment capacity. In view of this, Fe(OH)₃ was added to a submerged membrane bioreactor (SMBR) to enhance the removal efficiency and to mitigate membrane fouling. Bioferric process and SMBR were combined to create a novel process called Bioferric-SMBR. A side-by-side comparison study of Bioferric-SMBR and common SMBR dealing with dyeing wastewater was carried out. Bioferric-SMBR showed potential superiority, which could enhance removal efficiency, reduce membrane fouling and improve sludge characteristic. When volumetric loading rate was 25% higher than that of common SMBR, the removal efficiencies of Bioferric-SMBR on COD, dye, and NH₄ ⁺-N were 1.0%, 9.5%, and 5.2% higher than that of common SMBR, respectively. The trans-membrane pressure of Bioferric-SMBR was only 36% of that in common SMBR while its membrane flux was 25% higher than that of common SMBR. The stable running period in Bioferric-SMBR was 2.5 times of that in common SMBR when there was no surplus sludge discharged. The mixed liquor suspended solids concentration of Bioferric-SMBR was higher than that of common SMBR with more diversified kinds of microorganisms such as protozoans and metazoans. The mean particle diameter and specific oxygen uptake rate of Bioferric-SMBR were 3.10 and 1.23 times the common SMBR, respectively. Translated from Environmental Science, 2005, 26(6): 65–70 [译自: 环境科学]     

丝状菌污泥致密过程的强化条件研究

利用强化条件促使丝状菌污泥致密,是控制丝状菌污泥膨胀的一种新途径.分别采用提高溶解氧、加大表面流体流速、增加进水钙离子浓度、延长饥饿时间等方法从污泥的沉降性能方面探讨了丝状菌污泥在何时致密及怎样致密等问题.结果表明,加大表面气体流速能够短期内改善污泥的沉降性能,并且形成丝状菌颗粒污泥,污泥的SVI从膨胀时的800 mL/g降低为350 mL/g,但长期作用不明显,SVI在保持了一段时间较低值后,再次升高到800 mL/g以上.增加进水钙离子浓度能够通过形成簇状污泥群落来提高污泥的沉降性能,SVI值逐渐降低到300 mL/g,但是没有形成丝状菌颗粒.提高溶解氧和延长曝气时间在改善污泥沉降性能和丝状菌颗粒化两方面皆无明显效果,污泥的SVI并没有降低.另外,通过研究网眼椭圆度与污泥SVI的关系,发现具有高椭圆度(椭圆度O约为1.5)的成簇生长丝状菌菌群,能够改善污泥沉降性能.浸泡实验发现酸性条件对菌丝的凝聚具有破坏作用,碱性条件和二价阳离子对其影响不显著.     

污泥性质对动态膜形成和膜污染的影响

以一体式尼龙筛网动态膜生物反应器（DMBR）为研究体系,探讨了正常污泥、膨胀污泥和解体污泥的动态膜形成和膜污染特点,并从胞外聚合物（EPS）、相对疏水性（RH）、污泥混合液粘度（μ）、接触角这些物化性质角度定量研究膜污染机理.研究结果表明,膨胀污泥由于丝状菌累积导致严重的泥饼层污染;解体污泥由于胶体颗粒和可溶性物质沉积...     

膜生物反应器中进水组成对膜污染的影响

研究了膜生物反应器中进水组成对膜污染的影响. 结果表明, 相对于正常组成来说进水中限氮或限磷引起的膜污染程度更重, 尤以进水中限氮时更为严重. 系统缺氮或缺磷时, 污泥絮体的相对憎水性和膜的憎水性增加, 使得膜和污泥之间的憎水相互作用增强, 加速了污染物在膜表面的沉积和/或吸附. 另外, 进水中限氮或限磷时, 污泥中丝状菌的数量增加, 把颗粒污泥捆扎、束缚在其立体网状结构中, 滤层结构更加致密, 孔隙度减小, 增加了膜污染阻力; 丝状菌的作用还在于它们能够将污染物牢牢地缠绕、固定在膜表面, 加强了膜表面污染物抵御曝气的水力冲刷作用的能力, 从而也加速了膜污染.     

低温时污泥膨胀对MBR中膜污染的影响

通过一体式膜生物反应装置考察了在低温条件下发生污泥膨胀过程中反应器的运行效果和膜污染的情况,并从微生物角度分析了引起膜污染的因素.结果表明,低温时COD上清液和出水平均去除率分别为85%和92%,发生丝状菌污泥膨胀后去除率变化不大.MBR中丝状菌污泥膨胀形成的过程中,污泥沉降性变差,丝状菌丰度（FI）由2增加到5,丝状菌伸出絮体形成网状结构.低温时膜操作压力随时间呈直线变化,膜组件的水力清洗周期为15 d.在丝状菌大量繁殖时缩短到7 d,膜污染严重.通过测定活性污泥的特性,发现膨胀污泥的胞外聚合物（EPS）总量是正常污泥的3倍,污泥絮体相对疏水性（RH）随FI的提高而增大.EPS和RH增大后会引起更多物质沉积到膜表面,使膜污染速率提高,膜的运行周期变短.进一步的分析表明,混合液粘度、Zeta电位、污泥絮体形态也是影响膜污染的因素.     

SMBR系统活性污泥性质对膜污染特征的影响

采用浸没式膜生物反应器(Submerged membrane bioreactor,SMBR),在曝气量300 L·h-1、膜通量15 L·m-2·h-1、抽吸/间歇时间为8 min/2 min的工况下,在缺氧区采用不同搅拌强度运行,研究了活性污泥特性及其对滤饼层特征的影响.试验结果表明,搅拌强度对系统主要水质指标的去除没有明显的影响.但随着搅拌强度的突然增加,会导致活性污泥上清液胶体态物质升高,胞外聚合物由(28.94±9.61)mg·g-1(以VSS计,下同)增加到(52.57±7.98)mg·g-1,膜污染速率增加2.13倍;滤饼层污染引起的跨膜压差(Trans-membrane pressure,TMP)占到总TMP的93.64%以上.     

进水中碳水化合物分子大小对污泥沉降性能的影响

为弄清楚碳水化合物分子大小和污泥沉降性能之间的影响关系,在3个序批式系统中,分别以颗粒型淀粉、溶解型淀粉和葡萄糖为碳源,考察了长期运行中系统的污泥沉降性能和处理能力.结果证明:碳水化合物分子越小,活性污泥对环境的变化越敏感,当运行条件不利时越容易引发污泥膨胀问题;大分子碳源吸附于絮体内部能够提高污泥的沉降性能;糖类作碳源时,活性污泥的PHA贮存量约为0.6mmol C/L,但系统SVI仍然能够维持在150mL/g以下;胞外聚合物中多糖与蛋白质(C/P)的比值与污泥的SVI呈正相关性,SVI从100mL/g增长到600mL/g,C/P比从0.248增长到1.201;以颗粒型淀粉、溶解型淀粉和葡萄糖为碳源时,系统的优势丝状菌分别为Type 0041、M. parvicella和S. natans;进水以葡萄糖作单一碳源时,系统的除磷能力能达到80%以上.     

营养失衡下的分层分质EPS对异型膨胀污泥及其沉降性差异影响

为探索EPS对膨胀污泥沉降性的影响,通过减少进水P源、N源的方式培养异型膨胀活性污泥,分析不同层、不同组分EPS对异型膨胀污泥沉降性影响.结果表明：异型膨胀（非丝状菌粘性膨胀、丝状菌膨胀）活性污泥EPS多糖组分Total-PS、中层组分（L-PS）含量均高于正常污泥.非丝状菌粘性膨胀污泥EPS各层多糖含量高于丝状菌膨胀污泥,而各层蛋白质（PN）含量均低于丝状菌膨胀污泥.非丝状菌粘性膨胀污泥Total-EPS（（229±94）mg/g MLSS）、PS/PN值不仅显著高于正常活性污泥（（86±16）mg/g MLSS）,也高于丝状菌膨胀污泥（（108±30）mg/g MLSS）.非丝状菌粘性膨胀污泥EPS多糖总量Total-PS、蛋白质总量Total-PN越高,SVI值越大,污泥沉降性越差,越易膨胀,且EPS蛋白质组分对污泥膨胀作用大于多糖;从不同层EPS看,松散外层（S层）EPS对非丝状菌粘性膨胀作用最大（S-PN与SVI值相关性最大,r为0.881,P<0.05）,是主要影响因子.丝状菌膨胀污泥,除了内层紧密型T-PN对SVI值影响较大外,其他各层、各组分EPS含量与SVI均呈微弱负相关.     

Type 0092丝状菌污泥微膨胀在短程硝化中的实现

利用Type 0092丝状菌不易引发污泥恶性膨胀的特点,本实验采用实际生活污水,以SBR反应器接种短程硝化污泥,考察了短程硝化状态下启动Type 0092丝状菌污泥微膨胀的特性,研究了系统启动与维持期间的污泥沉降性能、亚硝酸盐积累率(NAR)、污染物去除特性以及污泥菌群结构变化情况.结果表明控制DO为0. 3～0. 8 mg·L~(-1),F/M(以COD/MLSS计)=0. 24 kg·(kg·d)~(-1),按照交替缺氧/好氧模式运行(单周期3次,缺氧∶好氧=20 min∶60 min),能够启动Type 0092丝状菌污泥微膨胀与短程硝化耦合,系统SVI值维持在180 m L·g~(-1)左右,NAR一直维持在99%左右,COD和TN去除率能够分别提高约13%和5%,相较于传统全程硝化非微膨胀状态曝气量能节省约62. 5%.当交替缺氧/好氧模式变为单周期交替6次,缺氧∶好氧=10 min∶30 min,亚硝酸盐氧化菌(NOB)的活性会恢复,使短程硝化被破坏;低溶解氧、交替缺氧/好氧、低负荷是实现Type 0092丝状菌污泥微膨胀的关键因素,当负荷(以COD/MLSS计)大于0. 25 kg·(kg·d)~(-1)时,仅靠低溶解氧和间歇曝气无法维持污泥微膨胀状态.     

Effect of sludge retention time on sludge characteristics and membrane fouling of membrane bioreactor

Three identical membrane bioreactors (MBRs) were operated over 2 years at different sludge retention time (SRT) of 10 d, 40 d and no sludge withdrawal (NS), to elucidate and quantify the effect of SRT on the sludge characteristics and membrane fouling. The hydraulic retention times of these MBRs were controlled at 12 h. With increasing SRT, the sludge concentrations in the MBRs increased, whereas the ratio of volatile suspended solid to the total solid decreased, and the size of sludge granule diminished in the meantime. A higher sludge concentration at long SRT could maintain a better organic removal efficiency, and a longer SRT was propitious to the growth of nitrifiers. The performance of these MBRs for the removal of COD and NH₄⁺-N did not change much with different SRTs. However, the bioactivity decreased as SRT increase. The measurement of specific oxygen uptake rates (SOUR) and fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) with rRNA-targeted oligonucleotide probes testified that SOUR and the proportion of the bacteria-specific probe EUB338 in all DAPI-stainable bacteria decreased with increasing SRT. The concentrations of total organic carbon, protein, polysaccharides and soluble extracellular polymeric substance (EPS) in the mixed liquor supernatant also decreased with increasing SRT. The membrane fouling rate was higher at shorter SRT, and the highest fouling rate appeared at a SRT of 10 d. Both the sludge cake layer and gel layer had contribution to the fouling resistance, but the relative contribution of the gel layer decreased as SRT increase.     

污泥浓缩过程下膜生物反应器的生物特性与膜渗透性评估

采用中试规模的好氧膜生物反应器(MBR)工艺处理城市污水,考查了在浓缩过程下膜生物反应器的生物特性对膜渗透性及渗透性恢复的的影响.在试验中通过投加蔗糖溶液使系统维持恒定污泥负荷(food to microorganisms, F/M)在0.13,测定了活性污泥的一系列的生化与理化参数,并通过SPSS软件对污泥性质与动态变化的膜渗透性及渗透性恢复水平的相关性做了进一步的评估.结果表明,混合液悬浮固体(MLSS)浓度对膜渗透性的影响最大(rp=-0.958,P=0.000);溶解性微生物产物(SMP)浓度、溶解性化学需氧量(sCOD)浓度、污泥粒径(PSD)及毛细吸水时间(CST)对膜渗透性的影响属于同一个水平(|rp|=0.82~0.85,P=0.000);而污泥沉降性能与丝状菌指数对膜渗透性的影响不大.并且发现随着MLSS浓度的增大,膜丝廊道内积累的堵塞固体(ACS)的质量以及膜渗透性的绝对恢复量(ΔL)也有增加的趋势,表明MLSS浓度直接影响着膜生物反应器的堵塞性能,也进一步证明了膜堵塞是除膜污染之外影响膜渗透性的另一个重要因素.在低通量[5~6L/(m2·h)] 的操作条件下离线清堵联合强化化学反洗(CEB)的方式可以保证膜生物反应器工艺在高MLSS浓度运行下实现膜渗透性的可持续恢复.     

有机物特性对AAO系统污泥沉降性能的影响

研究了不同进水混合型有机物组成下AAO系统中活性污泥菌群结构演替规律以及微生物胞内、胞外聚合物的变化对污泥沉降性能的影响.结果表明,当进水中有机物全部为溶解态时,污泥沉降性能最佳,污泥体积指数(sludge volume index,SVI)为70 m L·g-1,且优于进水有机物以溶解态为主(SVI=120 m L·g-1)和以颗粒态为主(SVI=280 m L·g-1)的系统.根据菌群结构分析可知Thiothrix、Chryseolinea和Trichococcus这3种菌属对污泥沉降性能的影响至关重要.其中颗粒态有机物可促进Trichococcus的生长,而溶解态有机物可促进Thiothrix和Chryseolinea的生长.此外,菌群结构的改变也对胞内及胞外聚合物的变化有重要影响,从而加剧污泥沉降性能改善或恶化的进程.较高的溶解态有机物含量可提高胞内聚合物贮存能力,并改善污泥沉降性能.同时,污泥沉降性能也与松散附着胞外聚合物(loosely bound extracellular polymeric substances,LB-EPS)中多糖、蛋白质和Zeta电位呈显著负相关关系.     

营养物质对污泥沉降性能的影响及污泥膨胀的控制

采用序批式活性污泥工艺(SBR)处理啤酒废水,研究了N、P营养物质的不同缺乏程度对污泥沉降性能的影响,同时考察了污泥絮体性状和微生物的变化.结果表明,原水BOD₅/N/P为100/5/1、100/5/0.8和100/4/0.8时,污泥沉降性能良好,没有发生膨胀;BOD₅/N/P为100/0.94/0.31、100/2/0.4、100/3/0.6时发生丝状菌污泥膨胀;BOD₅/N/P为100/0.94/1、100/5/0.31、100/5/0.4、100/5/0.6时发生非丝状菌污泥膨胀.缺乏营养物质引起的污泥膨胀,多数情况下补充足够的营养物质后,膨胀可得到控制.提高有机负荷有助于改善污泥的沉降性能.进水N、P营养物质同时缺乏时,可形成直径为2mm～6mm的颗粒污泥.     

好氧颗粒污泥膜生物反应器污泥性状研究

采用厌氧-好氧运行方式的颗粒污泥膜生物反应器（GMBR）,连续运行近120　d表现出良好的有机物去除及同步硝化反硝化能力.对GMBR中污泥粒径分布变化研究表明,GMBR中污泥浓度的增加主要是由于粒径0.18～0.45　mm的小颗粒污泥及小于0.18　mm的絮状污泥的增加造成的,粒径大于0.45　mm的颗粒污泥能够基本稳定维持其颗粒形态,反应器运行末期,GMBR中颗粒污泥（粒径大于0.18　mm的污泥）含量稳定在污泥总量的60％～65％以上.污泥表面电荷量随着污泥组成形态的变化电负性逐渐增加,80　d后稳定在-0.42～-0.80　meq·g^-1之间.污泥表面电荷的负电性增加主要是由小于0.45　mm的污泥造成的,其中小于0.18　mm的絮状污泥对其影响最大.并且,污泥粒径越大污泥表面负电荷量越少,两者具有较好的线性关系.另外,GMBR中SVI稳定在60～90 mL/g之间,并且随着污泥表面电荷负电性的增加污泥SVI值增加,两者之间具有一定的相关性.     

Bulking sludge for PHA production:Energy saving and comparative storage capacity with well-settled sludge

Two acetate-fed sequencing batch reactors (SBR) were operated under an aerobic dynamic feeding (ADF) model (SBR #2) and with anaerobic phase before aerobic phase (SBR #1) to select mixed cultures with a high polyhydroxyalkanoates (PHA) storage response. Although kinetic selection based on storage response should bring about a predominance of floc-formers, a bulking sludge with storage response comparable to well-settled sludge was steadily established. An anaerobic phase was introduced before the aerobic phase in the ADF model to improve the sludge settleability (SBR #1), however, due to the consequent increased feast/famine ratio, the performance of SBR #1, in terms of both the maximum PHB (polyhydroxybutyrate) cell content and ΔPHB, was lower than that of SBR #2. SBR #2 gradually reached a steady state while SBR #1 failed suddenly after 50 days of operation. The maximum specific substrate uptake rate and storage rate for the selected bulking sludge were 0.4 Cmol Ac/(Cmol X.hr) and 0.18 Cmol Ac/(Cmol PHB.hr), respectively, resulting a yield of 0.45 Cmol PHB/(Cmol Ac) in SBR #2 in the culture enrichment phase. A maximum PHB content of 53% of total suspended solids and PHB storage rate of 1.36 Cmol Ac/(Cmol PHB.hr) was achieved at 10.2 hr in batch accumulation tests under nitrogen starvation. The results indicated that it was feasible to utilize filamentous bacteria to accumulate PHA with a rate comparable to well-settled sludge. Furthermore, the lower dissolved oxygen demand of filamentous bacteria would save energy required for aeration in the culture enrichment stage.     

Effect of components in activated sludge liquor on membrane fouling in a submerged membrane bioreactor

Introduction The membrane bioreactors (MBRs) have shown many advantages over conventional activated sludge processes, which apply membrane modules instead of the secondary settle tank to make a better separation of the solids and liquid and have been grea…