面向循环经济的矿产资源开发利用模式

科学的发现与技术进步使一些矿物逐渐变成为人类所利用的资源。矿物的开发利用又为可持续发展的实现提供支持。论文面向循环经济,对经济发展的模式进行了探讨,分析了矿产资源开发利用的循环经济途径,针对矿业的特点,从企业、产业园区、区域3个层次确定了矿产资源的开发利用模式,提出了相应的产业政策。研究认为:①循环经济模式是矿业可持续发展的惟一途径;②矿产资源的开发利用在不同的层次应采取各自的发展模式;③煤炭是我国的主要能源,煤炭资源的循环经济模式可以提高资源的利用率和减少对环境造成的破坏与污染,促进国民经济可持续发展。     

再生资源产业内涵及其与相关产业关系

作为国民经济中较为新兴的产业，再生资源产业的界定及其构成还未达成完全一致的理解。在明确再生资源的定义及其分类的基础上，着重探讨再生资源产业的内涵及其与相关产业的关联，提出再生资源产业政策的制定，需要注意与相关产业政策之间相协调。     

Industrial ecology framework for achieving cleaner production in the mining and minerals industry

Industrial ecology (IE) is an emerging framework adopted in the manufacturing, construction, and process industries to provide innovative solutions in strategic planning, leading to cleaner operation and production. An IE framework integrates a large number of processes, economic constraints, and environmental, health and safety considerations for optimized resource utilization. This paper provides a review of environmental management practices in the mining and minerals industry, emphasizing two concepts: IE and cleaner production. The mining and minerals industry provides primary materials for industrial activities; as such, it is an important component in the “industrial ecosystem.” This industry is subject to very stringent social and environmental scrutiny, while providing society with required natural resources to meet essential sustainable development requirements. The implementation of an IE framework in the sector will contribute to sustainable development.     

华南典型废塑料循环技术综合绩效评价

我国华南地区废塑料循环利用技术种类众多,尚未形成多元循环技术综合绩效对比分析的方法体系.以华南地区废聚丙烯(PP)为例,构建了废PP循环技术的环境-经济综合绩效评价计算方法.综合绩效结果表明,改性再生技术具有最高的综合绩效.华南地区各循环技术的综合绩效对比结果表明,应对降级利用技术进行升级,减少化学裂解与焚烧发电技术的...     

长沙市再生资源回收体系建设分析及建议

再生资源的回收利用作为循环经济的重要组成部分,已成为当今的朝阳产业,它是实现人类社会可持续发展的必由之路。在分析长沙市再生资源回收体系建设取得成绩和存在问题的基础上,提出8项政策建议,为推进长沙市再生资源回收体系建设,起到积极作用。     

B2B再循环物流网络优化模型研究

行业特性和技术约束致使一些制造企业产生大量的副产品和边角废料,对环境造成巨大压力.而可持续发展要求则促使制造企业寻求一种与自然生态环境和谐共处、资源良性循环的物流模式,构建再循环物流系统.因此,为了有效解决经济发展与环境的矛盾,促进产业间或产业内工业企业进行循环经济实践,设计具有生态柔性的B2B网络下再循环物流系统的结构模型.运用环境影响分析模型,分析再循环物流系统各个业务单元的环境影响因子.基于结构模型,运用混合整数规划方法,构建再循环物流系统多目标优化模型.该模型同时考虑了再循环系统的物流成本和外部环境影响;适合于多物料、单周期、有产能限制的再循环网络设施选址-分配问题.通过算例验证了模型的有效性.      

Is European end-of-life vehicle legislation living up to expectations? Assessing the impact of the ELV Directive on ‘green’ innovation and vehicle recovery

The end-of-life vehicle (ELV) Directive in Europe aims to generate environmental gains through increased levels of vehicle recovery and a reduction in the use of hazardous substances. This paper presents an evaluation framework based on five anticipated changes that could result from the ELV Directive. These changes relate to three areas: (a) vehicle design, (b) level of ELV recovery, and (c) information provision. We evaluate the extent to which expected outcomes have materialized since the establishment of the ELV Directive. Current information provides an emerging picture of the impact of ELV legislation. We show that legislative factors and market forces have led to innovation in recycling, increased hazardous substance removal and improved information dissemination. Such actions may be sufficient to reach ELV Directive targets and could have spill-over benefits to other industries. Carmakers are also taking steps to design for recycling and for disassembly. However, movement toward design for re-use and remanufacturing seems limited. Increasing the level of re-use and remanufacturing will be a key part of moving toward sustainable vehicle production.     

Eco-efficiency in the Australian minerals processing sector

The resources sector has come to accept that the global quest for sustainable development is one of the key shapers of its future development and business success. While much uncertainty remains regarding the full ramifications of sustainable development, it is uncontested that preventive environmental and resource productivity strategies, or eco-efficiency (EE), are conditional for the minerals industry's ability to progress in sustainable development. A customised framework for EE in minerals processing is proposed. It connects five prevention practices (process design; input substitution; plant improvement; good housekeeping; and reuse, recycling and recovery) with five resource productivity themes (resource efficiency; energy use and greenhouse gas emissions; water use and impacts; control of minor elements and toxics; and by-product creation). These are illustrated with practical examples from gold, base metals, alumina, aluminium and pigment operations in Australia. This illustrates that EE is possible from technical and operational perspectives, with implementation ultimately depending on the ability of project teams to build a convincing business case. Moreover, from a technology perspective, EE can be fostered at three distinct and mutually reinforcing innovation platforms: operations; plant design; and process technology.     

Integration of standardized environmental and quality management systems audits

In the last few years, many organizations have chosen to implement standardized Management Systems (MSs), such as the ones based on ISO 14001 and ISO 9001. However, few studies exist on how firms carry out the process of auditing these MSs.Our goal is to study how companies with more than one standardized MSs conduct the audits and to which extent they integrate the audit elements in order to benefit from the advantages of having a sole, integrated audit system.We provide four case studies and confirm the idea that firms with more than one MS integrate their audits. However, the degree and specific characteristics of this integration vary in the different companies analyzed.This paper contains one of the first qualitative empirical studies regarding the integration of MSs audits. The study provides an original contribution to the understanding of whether and how the four case study organizations have integrated certain aspects of the audit systems, for instance, the human resources, time, and audit inputs and outputs.     

“Precious” metals: The case for treating metals as irreplaceable

Non-renewable resources, including metals, minerals, and fossil fuels, are being consumed at ever-increasing rates. Only a small proportion of this consumption of natural capital is being converted to other forms of durable human capital; the majority, especially of fuels, is being consumed unrecoverably. Worse is the fact that the majority of the benefits from this consumption accrue inequitably, not only between the developed and developing world, but also within these worlds where income disparity is increasing dramatically.One solution to the problem of non-renewable resource depletion is to change the valuation of these materials, such that their prices reflect fully internalized costs plus the “cost of replacement.” Given that non-renewable resources are irreplaceable, this latter cost should be set high enough to encourage extensive conservation through recycling and reuse. A place to start in revaluing non-renewable resources such as metals is through royalty rates on mined product. Currently, royalty rates are very low, and are often charged only on profits. I propose that minimum royalty rates on revenues should be set by international agreement, and that these rates should be slowly increased over several years to allow markets time to adjust. In this way, consumers would be made directly aware of the irreplaceable value of minerals and metals, leading to a change in usage patterns, and the benefits of resource extraction would be more equitably distributed to producer nations. Ensuring that these new revenues are actually invested back into society as sustainable development requires a commitment to quality governance.     

Towards a sustainable society: United Nations University's Zero Emissions Approach

The Zero Emissions approach comprises a research and action-based program, launched at the Tokyo-based headquarters of United Nations University (UNU) in 1994 and actively supported, among others. by the Japanese government as part of its security policy. Through the Zero Emissions lens, material cycles from intake to emissions should be managed as a holistic system. Thus, the primary focus is the intake of natural resources within renewable limits and final emissions within acceptable limits. This implies the optimisation through an integrated system of processes and consequently the mimicry of the hierarchy of natural ecosystems in the anthropogenic sphere. A network of industries through clustering builds integrated systems in which everything has its use. The Zero Emissions concept requires industries to re-engineer their manufacturing processes in order to fully utilise the resources within the systems—the set target of Zero Emissions. Other concepts such as cleaner production emphasise the minimisation of emissions and wastes through recycling, reuse and reduction, but mainly concentrate on the “end of pipe”.In the anticipated “Zero Emissions society”, consumers would preferentially purchase functions instead of material goods and thus, be actively involved in the creation of a new service economy where all materials are automatically sent back to the producers after they lose their function. Additionally, the design of goods should lead to eradication of the concept of waste.The UNU Zero Emissions Forum—through networking with academia, industry and governmental policy-makers—promotes international multidisciplinary research and development efforts to analyse trends in society and technology and pave paths for concrete pilot projects. Thus, the Forum has gathered concrete experience through a number of case studies all over the world.     

新时代下中国自然资源安全的战略思考

中国特色社会主义进入新时代,经济处于转型升级的攻关期,自然资源安全保障被赋予了新的使命和要求。刚成立的自然资源部为新时代中国自然资源安全保障和综合管理的发展带来了新机遇。新时代是30 a以上的大尺度,其中长期战略安排需基于对自然资源历史变化的系统总结和对未来中长期的资源供需形势的战略研判。综合来看,未来中长期中国水资源需求仍将上升,耕地的粮食供应压力增大,直接影响民生福祉;矿产资源需求整体仍处于高位,不同矿种需求由“普涨”转向“结构性分异”;森林资源木材供给压力加重,关联着现代化经济体系的建设目标。以生态文明战略为统领,践行“绿水青山就是金山银山（两山）”的理念,坚持节约资源和保护环境,是保障中国自然资源安全的关键。为缓解中国整体资源安全压力,提高自然资源综合保障能力,以更有力地支撑中国“两个百年”战略目标的实现,建议：抓紧开展面向新时代的中国自然资源战略研究及顶层规划设计;实行严格的自然资源管理和环境保护制度;优化资源供给结构,加快资源开发利用的科技创新;立足国内,提高资源利用效率,促进循环利用,加强资源领域的国际合作。     

钢铁企业工艺节水的技术途径研究

水资源短缺是中国钢铁企业发展的瓶颈,大力推广节水技术对促进企业的可持续发展具有积极意义。针对中国钢铁企业生产工艺与设备普遍落后、用水量大、水循环回用率低、水资源严重浪费的用水现状,从开发利用非常规水源、推广节水型工艺技术、强化串级用水和循环用水、废水处理技术等几方面探讨了钢铁企业工艺节水的技术途径,并对钢铁企业节水工作提出了几点建议。     

我国原镁工业发展循环经济的潜力与对策

在分析我国原镁工业整体形势的基础上,就我国皮江法炼镁的技术现状与国外先进硅热法炼镁技术进行了比较,指出我国原镁工业发展循环经济的潜力所在。根据我国主要镁产区资源及其相关产业特点,提出对皮江法炼镁工艺进行改造和革新,以原镁企业为核心,联合上下游企业,构筑生态工业园以及建立促进原镁工业循环经济发展的配套政策体系为对策,构建我国原镁工业发展循环经济的基本思路,以促进其节能减排,实现可持续发展。     

攀西地区水资源及可持续利用探讨

在分析攀西地区水资源特点的基础上,从资源开发结构调整、可持续发展和区域经济发展的角度阐述了该区水资源开发的迫切性。根据攀西地区水资源开发利用存在的问题,提出了该区水资源可持续利用的对策:统筹兼顾,综合利用;把建设全国能源基地与实现地方电气化相结合,因地制宜开发水能资源;以安宁河流域为重点,加快骨干水利工程建设;抓住机遇,多渠道、多途径开发水资源。     

基于利益相关者的郊野型风景名胜区可持续发展评价研究——以湖北省为例

风景名胜区涉及的利益相关者来自不同的行业和部门,这些各有其目标和利益指向的组织或群体共同构成了一个错综复杂的利益网络。他们之间的利益均衡是风景名胜区可持续发展的根本保障。论文尝试构建了以利益均衡为目标的郊野型风景名胜区可持续发展评价系统,在指标体系建立的基础上,通过主成分分析和标准差法进行子系统发展水平评价、整体系统协调度与综合发展指数评价,并对湖北省郊野型风景名胜区进行了实践。结果显示,该评价系统能够帮助我们了解区域范围内各郊野型风景名胜区的可持续发展现状及利益相关者子系统发展水平,提出发展建议,对我国风景名胜区的规划、管理体制和政策制定等都具有一定的指导意义。     

Mapping the movement to achieve sustainable production and consumption in North America

The paper reviews some of the many initiatives and efforts to build networks and institute policies promoting sustainable production and consumption (SPAC) values and practices in North America since the 1992 UN Conference on Environment and Development. It analyzes a selection of SPAC initiatives in Canada and USA from the NASCA/CEC database, drawing also on interviews with representatives from government, businesess, consumer and environmental organizations on their experience and efforts to “take the lead” in influencing public opinion and behavior as well as government and corporate policy towards SPAC.     

研究建立再生资源回收利用数据库

回顾近年来再生资源回收利用发布的数据,对国家和行业制定法律、法规、政策、规划和计划起了一定的参谋作用,但缺乏权威性、规范化和准确度,数据相互矛盾的现象时常发生。提供准确数据,既为制定法律、法规、规划和计划提供科学依据,又是相关行业为政府机关和企业服务的重要内容。建立再生资源回收利用数据库迫在眉睫。并提出研究和建立再生资源回收利用数据库的建议。     

生命周期评价在高科技园区环境管理中的应用研究

借鉴产品生命周期评价 、行业生命周期评价的基本方法,将"生命周期评价"作为方法论,运用于多行业聚集的高科技园区环境管理.以北京中关村电子城科技园发展模式为例,从景观、建筑、交通、通讯、能源和资源等6个方面,分别从原材料、设计、生产建设、运营使用和回收再利用等生命周期的5个阶段进行了分析,探讨高科技园区企业组织环境管理及资源设施环境管理问题,以解决都市日趋严峻的生态环境保护和资源节约问题,提出建设绿色、创新的高科技园区的举措.     

可达性对资源枯竭城市经济转型发展成效的作用机制

对外交通联系是资源枯竭城市转型和可持续发展的主要因素。以我国69座资源枯竭城市为研究对象,使用日常可达性指数表征城市对外交通联系水平,利用工业替代产业产值反映经济转型发展程度,通过面板数据模型和地理探测器等方法分析可达性对城市经济转型发展成效的作用机制,揭示不同可达性水平下资源枯竭城市经济转型规律与特征。研究表明：我国资源枯竭城市可达性整体处于中等水平,可达性水平对资源枯竭城市工业替代产业规模与效率具有积极的正向作用,可达性通过影响民营经济、工业园区经济、固定资产投资和高技术产业等因素间接地推进或阻碍资源枯竭城市经济转型发展。鉴于此,各地结合可达性水平差异,适宜采取不同的转型模式和差别化的扶持政策。