Spatial and vertical variations of perfluoroalkyl substances in sediments of the Haihe River, China

The levels of six perfluoroalkyl substances(PFASs) in surface sediment and their vertical variations in dated sediment cores from the Haihe River were investigated; studied substances included perfluorooctanoic acid(PFOA),perfluorononanoic acid(PFNA),perfluorooctane sulfonate(PFOS),perfluorodecanoic acid(PFDA),perfluoroundecanoic acid(PFUnA),and perfluorododecanoic acid(PFDoA). Results showed that the total PFAS concentration in surface sediment ranged between 0.52 and 16.33 ng/g dry weight(dw) with an average of3.47 ng/g dw,with PFOS and PFOA as the dominant PFASs. In general,the PFAS concentrations in the mainstream increased from the upper to the lower reaches,except that a drop occurred downstream of the Erdao dam. Although the PFASs in the sediment cores did not show a clear decreasing or increasing trend with depth,the three cores had a similar vertical variation.The PFAS levels were relatively low in the surface sediment,and reached the first high point at8–20 cm as a result of the wide use of PFASs from 1990 to 2000. After that the PFAS levels decreased,and then increased to a second high point at about 40–48 cm,which might be caused by the leaching of PFASs in sediment. Because PFASs have hydrophilic groups and relatively high solubility,the PFASs will transfer from the upper to lower layers of sediment when water infiltration occurs,leading to the fluctuation of PFAS levels in sediment cores. This study suggests that both the temporal variation of sources and transfer processes of PFASs in sediments are important factors influencing the vertical variation of PFASs in sediment cores.     

底泥耗氧速率的测定方法比较

在对实验室法和现场法测定底泥耗氧速度（SOD）的步骤和操作参数综述中，对于实验室测定法。从底泥采样，测定容器，实验底泥厚度，上覆水，测定培养条件，溶解氧测定方法，溶解氧测定时间和测定间隔，空白样的测定以及SOD的计算等方面作了介绍；对于现场测定法，从测定容器，测定水力条件，溶解氧测定方法，空白水样的测定，溶解氧测定时间和测定间隔，SOD的计算方法等方面作了介绍，最后在原理，技术和费用上对以上2种方法加以比较。     

北京密云水库沉积物中汞的存在形式研究

在改进Tessier方法的基础上,利用冷原子吸收对北京密云水库沉积物中汞的形态进行研究,发现密云水库沉积物的总汞含量较高,沉积物中的汞主要以气态汞、有机汞和硫化物汞的形式存在,生物可以直接利用的汞较低,但一些目前不能直接利用的汞在一定条件下可以转化为可利用的汞,需要对此加以关注。     

滇池、洱海水及沉积物中重金属元素的行为

洱海水中重金属元素的含量不同,平均值以１０＾－９计算：Ｃｕ１．６,Ｐｂ０．５９,Ｚｎ９．８,Ｃｄ０．００９,Ｃｒ０．２４,水质较好;沉积物中每一样品同一元素的含量一般均趋于平均值,以１０＾－６计算：Ｃｕ１１１,Ｐｂ６０,Ｚｎ１２７,Ｃｄ０．５９１,Ｃｒ１３０。因此,洱海至今仍是一个较清洁的湖泊。滇池水质较差,内草海段水中重金属元素含量明显上升,以１０＾－９计算：Ｃｕ５．８,Ｐｂ０．５５,Ｚｎ３２,     

苏州河底泥的耗氧量

对苏州河底泥耗氧量(SOD)的实验测定结果表明,苏州河底泥(北新泾下游)的夏季耗氧强度是冬季的6倍,最大强度发生在武宁路河段,达7500mg/m2     

滇池,洱海水及沉积物中重金属元素的行为

洱海水中重金属元素的含量不同，平均值以１０＾－９计算：Ｃｕ１．６，Ｐｂ０．５９，Ｚｎ９．８，Ｃｄ０．００９，Ｃｒ０．２４，水质较好；沉积物中每一样品同一元素的含量一般均趋于平均值，以１０＾－６计算：Ｃｕ１１１，Ｐｂ６０，Ｚｎ１２７，Ｃｄ０．５９１，Ｃｒ１３０。因此，洱海至今仍是一个较清洁的湖泊。滇池水质较差，内草海段水中重金属元素含量明显上升，以１０＾－９计算：Ｃｕ５．８，Ｐｂ０．５５，Ｚｎ３２，     

商丘市包河沉积物中正构烷烃的分析

采集了商丘市包河6个位点的表层沉积物,用色谱-质谱对正构烷烃进行了分析,利用正构烷烃碳数分布特征和CPI指标等,对该市区的正构烷烃来源进行初步探讨。结果表明,正构烷烃碳数分布范围多数在nC13-nC31之间,分布类型只有一种,即高分子碳范围,碳优势指数为nC29,1相似文献   

Effect of intermittent aeration mode on nitrogen concentration in the water column and sediment pore water of aquaculture ponds

Nitrogen in pond sediments is a major water quality concern and can impact the productivity of aquaculture. Dissolved oxygen is an important factor for improving water quality and boosting fish growth in aquaculture ponds, and plays an important role in the conversion of ammonium-nitrogen (NH₄⁺-N) to nitrite-nitrogen (NO₂^?-N) and eventually nitrate-nitrogen (NO₃^?-N). A central goal of the study was to identify the best aeration method and strategy for improving water quality in aquaculture ponds. We conducted an experiment with six tanks, each with a different aeration mode to simulate the behavior of aquaculture ponds. The results show that a 36 hr aeration interval (T_c = 36 hr: 36 hr) and no aeration resulted in high concentrations of NH₄⁺-N in the water column. Using a 12 hr interval time (T_c = 12 hr: 12 hr) resulted in higher NO₂^?-N and NO₃^?-N concentrations than any other aeration mode. Results from an 8 hr interval time (T_c = 8 hr: 8 hr) and 24 hr interval time (T_c = 24 hr: 24 hr) were comparable with those of continuous aeration, and had the benefit of being in use for only half of the time, consequently reducing energy consumption.     

香港近海沉积物中汞残留研究

研究是测定了从 2 0 0 0～ 2 0 0 1年 ,对香港近海 16个采样点所采集的沉积物中残留汞的含量。通过沉积物中汞含量对香港近海的汞污染分布状况进行研究。测量的结果中 ,沉积物中汞含量的范围是 (45 7～ 384 4ng g ,干重 )。     

麦庙港-备塘河底泥污染状况及生态风险评价

对麦庙港-备塘河6个点位的底泥重金属和有机污染物进行了监测.结果表明重金属含量分布不均,且范围波动较大,除2个测点锌超过<农用污泥中污染物控制标准>(GB4284-84),其它重金属指标均达标.4个监测点位底泥有机污染物氯仿、二氯乙烷、苯、甲苯、二甲苯、乙苯、六六六、滴滴涕含量均达相关标准.底泥重金属的潜在生态风险顺序...     

Comprehensive analysis of nitrogen distributions and ammonia nitrogen release fluxes in the sediments of Baiyangdian Lake, China

The condition of Baiyangdian Lake(BYDL) will improve as the Xiongan New Area evolves and fulfills its role of easing overcrowding and supporting economic growth. Water and sediment samples from BYDL were analyzed to provide information on nitrogen(N) contamination in BYDL. The mean ammonium N(NH_4~+-N), nitrate N, and total N concentrations in the water samples were 0.36, 0.12, and 2.22 mg/L, respectively, and the ranges were 0.003–8.38, 0.06–0.30,and 1.25–10.34 mg/L, respectively. The N concentrations in water gradually increased from the north to the south of BYDL. Sediment at 90% of the sampling sites was in or above the moderately contaminated class(1000–2000 mg/kg) defined in US Environmental Protection Agency total N pollution standards. Positive NH_4~+-N fluxes were found for 28 of the 34 sediment core samples, so the potential for NH_4~+-N being released from sediment was relatively high. The NH_4~+-N fluxes were 5.35–48.76 mg/m~2/day, and the mean and maximum fluxes were 8.71 and 48.76 mg/m~2/day, respectively. Benthic organisms will be affected more by NH_4~+-N and NH_3·H_2O in the surface sediment pore water(mean concentrations 4.93 and 0.13 mg/L, respectively) than by the other forms of N.     

水流对底泥净化作用的模拟试验

苏州河底泥中重金属的可动性模拟试验表明.沉积底泥能按照质量作用原理作为重金属的交换者起作用。霞金属Pb的交换溶出能力最低.Cd和Zh相似。苏州河是一条感潮河流,各潮期的潮流流动Re在(1.3l～j.8)×106范围,即为紊流流动.传质系数在(5.22～9.91)×10 4cm/s范围。在潮流作用下,60万m3底泥中重金属传递至河水中的量,以l天计,Cd为685.9函Pb为1505.9g,Zn为89.6kg,河水对底泥中莺金属的净化率,Cd为O.44％,Pb为0.0079％,Zn为0.05％。     

Arsenic fractionation and contamination assessment in sediments of thirteen lakes from the East Plain and Yungui Plateau Ecoregions, China

Arsenic（As） fractions in the sediments of seven lakes from East Plain Ecoregion and six lakes from Yungui Plateau Ecoregion, China, were investigated. Results indicated that the total As concentrations in sediment samples of lakes of the East Plain Lake Ecoregion are higher than those of Yungui Plateau Lake Ecoregion. Residual As is the main fraction in sediment samples of lakes from both ecoregions, followed by reducible As and soluble or oxidizable As. The total As is correlated to oxidizable As and residual As in sediment samples from both lake ecoregions. As distribution in sediment samples of lakes of the East Plain Ecoregion appears to be affected by human activity, while the As origin mainly comes from natural sources in sediment samples of lakes in the Yungui Plateau Ecoregion. The potential ecological risk index and geoaccumulation index values suggest ＂low to moderate＂ risk degree and ＂unpolluted to moderately polluted＂ for As in the studied lake sediments.     

Role of the floodplain lakes in the methylmercury distribution and exchanges with the Amazon River, Brazil

Seasonal variability of dissolved and particulate methylmercury(F-MeHg, P-MeHg) concentrations was studied in the waters of the Amazon River and its associated Curuai floodplain during hydrological year 2005–2006, to understand the MeHg exchanges between these aquatic systems. In the oxic white water lakes, with neutral pH, high F-MeHg and P-MeHg concentrations were measured during the rising water stage(0.70 ± 0.37 pmol/L, n = 26) and flood peak(14.19 ± 9.32 pmol/g, n = 7) respectively, when the Amazon River water discharge into the lakes was at its maximum. The lowest mean values were reported during the dry season(0.18 ± 0.07 pmol/L F-MeHg, n = 10 and 1.35 ± 1.24 pmol/g P-MeHg, n = 8), when water and suspended sediments were outflowing from the lakes into the River. In these lakes,the MeHg concentrations were associated to the aluminium and organic carbon/nitrogen changes. In the black water lakes, with acidic pH and reducing conditions, elevated MeHg concentrations were recorded(0.58 ± 0.32 pmol/L F-MeHg, n = 16 and 19.82 ± 15.13 pmol/g PMeHg, n = 6), and correlated with the organic carbon and manganese concentrations. Elevated values of MeHg partition coefficient(4.87 Kd 5.08 log(L/kg) indicate that MeHg is mainly transported associated with the particulate phase. The P-MeHg enrichment detected in all lakes suggests autochthonous MeHg inputs from the sediments into the water column. The MeHg mass balance showed that the Curuai floodplain is not the source of P-MeHg for the Amazon River.     

Combined and synergistic effects of climate change and urbanization on water quality in the Wolf Bay watershed, southern Alabama

This study investigated potential changes in flow, total suspended solid(TSS) and nutrient(nitrogen and phosphorous) loadings under future climate change, land use/cover(LULC)change and combined change scenarios in the Wolf Bay watershed, southern Alabama,USA. Four Global Circulation Models(GCMs) under three Special Report Emission Scenarios(SRES) of greenhouse gas were used to assess the future climate change(2016–2040). Three projected LULC maps(2030) were employed to reflect different extents of urbanization in future. The individual, combined and synergistic impacts of LULC and climate change on water quantity/quality were analyzed by the Soil and Water Assessment Tool(SWAT).Under the "climate change only" scenario, monthly distribution and projected variation of TSS are expected to follow a pattern similar to streamflow. Nutrients are influenced both by flow and management practices. The variation of Total Nitrogen(TN) and Total Phosphorous(TP) generally follow the flow trend as well. No evident difference in the N:P ratio was projected. Under the "LULC change only" scenario, TN was projected to decrease,mainly due to the shrinkage of croplands. TP will increase in fall and winter. The N:P ratio shows a strong decreasing potential. Under the "combined change" scenario, LULC and climate change effect were considered simultaneously. Results indicate that if future loadings are expected to increase/decrease under any individual scenario, then the combined change will intensify that trend. Conversely, if their effects are in opposite directions, an offsetting effect occurs. Science-based management practices are needed to reduce nutrient loadings to the Bay.     

Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon concentrations, compositions, sources, and associated carcinogenic risks to humans in farmland soils and riverine sediments from Guiyu, China

The concentrations of 16 priority polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons(PAHs) were measured in 23 farmland soil samples and 10 riverine sediment samples from Guiyu, China, and the carcinogenic risks associated with PAHs in the samples were evaluated. Guiyu is the largest electronic waste(EW) dismantling area globally, and has been well known for the primitive and crude manner in which EWs are disposed, such as by open burning and roasting. The total PAH concentrations were 56–567 ng/g in the soils and 181–3034 ng/g in the sediments.The Shanglian and Huamei districts were found to be more contaminated with PAHs than the north of Guiyu. The soils were relatively weakly contaminated but the sediments were more contaminated, and sediments in some river sections might cause carcinogenic risks to the groundwater system. The PAHs in the soils were derived from combustion sources,but the PAHs in the sediments were derived from both combustion and petroleum sources.     

苏州河底泥的耗氧特征及其与水质的关系

苏州河上海区段底泥中SOD的数据分析表明,市区河段底泥中SOD的大小,与上层河水中COD_(Mn)、DO、BOD_5、NH_3-N的含量均有密切的相关性。在流动水相作用下,研究了水温及流速等主要环境因素对底泥耗氧的影响。提出了市区河段水质模式中的底泥耗氧表达式。指出在市区河段中,底泥耗氧在总的耗氧过程中灵敏度最大,占主要地位。若河流两旁无污染源排入时,约占该河流总耗氧的51％;     

彭越浦苏州河河口底泥沉积特征与意义

在对彭越浦-东茭泾河道污染底泥分布的调查过程中，发现大部分河道底泥的垂直分布与苏州河及其支流大多数河道的底泥分布一致。而彭越浦交通路桥到中山北路桥段的河道底泥，却出现了特有的垂向分布。这种河道底泥从垂向上，其表层污染物含量较低，接近河道自然底泥的背景值。它是由于苏州河河水流入彭越浦，流速降低而形成的拥水沉积，其形成与彭越浦及苏州河的水文条件密切相关。这种特殊的河道底泥的发现，为苏州河支流及类似河道的治理提供了新思路。     

苏州河沉积物中的硅藻及其污染指示作用

阐述了苏州河的北新泾处状沉积物中的硅藻丰度、种类及其数量的变化，优势种属的相对含量的变化。整段沉积物中上、中、下层硅藻的丰度、种类相对很少，苏州河一期污水截流工程建成后，水质有所改善，有利于藻类生长和繁殖，沉积下来的硅藻也增多。结果表明，该柱状沉积物中的硅藻变化能有效地反映苏州河的污染变迁趋势；苏州河的水质污染以前极其严重，近年来有所改善，其主要污染类型为有机污染。     

有机锡污染物在海洋沉积物中的迁移和转化

有机锡是普遍存在于港口海域中的毒性化合物，沉积物是其重要的栖息地。本文综述了有机锡在部分海域沉积物中的分布，介绍了可能存在的吸附和转化机理，以及影响及附和转化的因素。