天津夏季低层大气O3和NO2浓度垂直分布

利用2007年8月8-24日天津255 m气象铁塔上连续17 d的ψ(O3)和ψ(NO2)及同期气象观测数据,分析了ψ(O3)和ψ(NO2)(以小时平均值计)的日变化和垂直分布规律及其与气象因子之间的关系.结果表明:天津市近地层ψ(O3)分布具有明显的日变化和垂直分布特征,昼夜差异显著;一般情况下,ψ(O3)日均值在220 m高度处最大,120 m处次之,40 m处最小;ψ(O3)与温度和风速呈正相关,而与相对湿度呈负相关.ψ(NO2)日变化多为双峰型,白天较低;ψ(NO2)垂直差异较小,夜间稳定层使NO2产生局地积累,低层大于高层;ψ(NO2)与温度和风速呈负相关,与相对湿度的关系比较复杂,白天呈正相关,夜间呈负相关.     

主成分和回归分析方法在大气臭氧预报的应用——以北京夏季为例

利用北京市区两个典型观测站的大气臭氧(O3)及前体物浓度观测资料和气象要素观测数据,分析了影响大气O3浓度各要素的相关性,并采用主成分分析和逐步回归方法构造大气O3浓度统计预报方程.结果表明,大气O3与前体物一氧化氮(NO)、二氧化氮(NO2)和气象要素呈现较好相关性;发现由于变量间共线性问题,逐步回归方法不能给出可接受的回归方程,而采用主成分分析和逐步回归方法相结合,可避免共线性问题,由前体物浓度和气象要素给出较好的北京大气O3浓度统计预报方程,可决系数R2分别为0.78(IAPs2007)、0.88(IRSAs2007)和0.64(IAPs2005),能够有效地预报O3浓度的变化情况.     

北京气象塔夏季大气O3,NOx和CO浓度变化的观测实验

以北京325m气象塔为观测平台,于2002年夏季进行了大气污染物臭氧(O3)及其前体物氮氧化物(NOx)和气象要素加强期的同步观测.对观测资料做了详尽的分析,结果表明:边界层内存在明显的臭氧浓度(用体积分数表示)垂直差异;中午120m高度层存在O3浓度最大值;低层O3浓度呈明显的日变化,且昼夜振幅较大;夜间高层(280m)O3的湍流混合和化学消耗较弱,可维持较高的浓度;局地光化学生成是白天边界层O3的主要来源;降水天气过程可造成O3及其前体物浓度的显著变化.     

天津城市大气污染物浓度垂直分布特征

利用2007年10月10日~2008年9月30日天津边界层气象观测塔得到的PM2.5质量浓度、O3和NO2体积分数等梯度资料,对比分析了不同高度上各污染物数据统计特征,并对各污染物数据的时间变化特征及垂直分布进行了讨论.结果表明,天津市PM2.5污染严重,且易发生光化学污染事件.各高度层PM2.5浓度在12、1和2月份存在较大差异,其他月份差异较小;O3体积分数均表现出夏季高冬季低的典型特征;NO2体积分数在220m高度处变化较为复杂且全年波动较大,120m处变化平稳,40m处则表现出春夏季高、秋冬季低的特点.PM2.5体积分数和NO2体积分数日变化均呈现双峰型,峰值的出现与早晚出行高峰以及边界层的变化有关,且污染物出现峰值的时间由低到高存在2~3h的延迟.O3体积分数与太阳辐射强度关系密切,各层均在14：00前后达到最大,而夜间的还原反应使各层臭氧体积分数下降.40m和120m处NO2体积分数变化较为一致,全天波动很小,而220m处波动较大,昼夜差异明显.     

北京夏季灰霾天臭氧近地层垂直分布与边界层结构分析

后奥运时期首都北京的空气质量被更加关注,尤其是对于灰霾天与光化学复合污染的状况,而近地层数百米高度内的大气污染物与大气物理参数垂直分布观测对于空气质量变化过程评估至关重要.因此,本研究于2009年8月1-16日,在北京市325 m气象塔进行了相应的立体观测,观测平台垂直分布在距离地面高度8、47、120和280 m四层中.同时,在近地面320 m高度以内,分15层分别观测了大气温度、湿度、风速、风向.另外,使用气溶胶后向散射云高仪观测了边界层2.5 km内气溶胶后向散射系数.利用垂直分层的O3数据与边界层物理观测数据并结合天气形势、后向轨迹模式等方法,综合分析了本次观测数据之间的相互关系和内在联系.结果表明:夏季西北部低压槽控制的北京区域不利于低空大气扩散,容易形成光化学污染叠加灰霾污染,污染形成时白天地面小时最大φ(O3)可达120×10-9,280 m高度处可达155×10-9;来自西北偏西的气流一般较为干净,有利于北京污染物的清除,而来自西南和偏南的气流使北京的O3污染加重,导致区域性高浓度O3污染;在稳定天气条件下,夜间残留层与地面的φ(O3)差别越大,次日光化学生成的φ(O3)起点越高,表明残留层O3在次日混合层抬升过程中卷夹到地面,影响地面空气质量;300 m以内的近地层,在50 m高度左右存在φ(O3)变化程度剧烈层,这是城市冠层界面与大气化学反应共同作用的结果.     

2016-2020年成都市大气质量变化特征及健康风险评价

本文基于成都市2016—2020年PM2.5、PM10、SO2、NO2、CO和O3浓度监测数据,运用主成分分析(PCA)和复合污染特征分析污染物特征及来源,并采用美国环境保护署(USEPA)推荐的健康风险评价模型评估了PM2.5、PM10、SO2、NO2的健康风险,结果表明:2016-2020年成都市除O3外其余5种大气污染物浓度逐年降低,O3浓度总体呈上升趋势.相比2016年,2020年PM2.5、PM10、SO2、NO2、CO平均质量浓度降低幅度为26.79％,30.44％,50.00％,24.49％,41.18％;O3平均质量浓度上升9.03％.主成分分析和复合污染特征分析表明大气污染物来源具有同一性.2016—2020年成都市PM2.5非致癌风险指数均大于PM10非致癌风险指数.与其它年份相比,成都市2016年PM2.5和PM10的健康风险值均最高,分别为2020年的1.55倍和1.54倍.SO2和NO2的健康风险存在年龄差异,大气污染物的健康风险随年龄的增加而降低,对老人造成的健康风险最小,儿童最大.2016年男童和女童(<6岁)SO2/NO2健康风险值最高,是2020年的2.50/1.46倍.6～17岁和60岁以上人群,男性健康风险小于女性,其余年龄段男性健康风险均大于女性.成都市各人群PM2.5、PM10、SO2和NO2的健康风险均未超过USEPA推荐的1×10-6～1×10-4可接受风险范围.     

北京夏季典型臭氧污染分布特征及影响因子

为研究北京地区O3分布特征及其影响因子,利用AML-3车载式大气环境污染激光雷达系统(下称AML-3)对北京地区2011年5月7日-6月9日的ψ(O3)进行观测.通过AML-3自带的污染物地面观测系统和差分吸收激光雷达,分析近地面、高空ψ(O3)时空分布特征,并将ψ(O3)与温度、风速及风向3个气象要素进行相关分析.结果表明:近地面ψ(O3)日变化明显,06:00左右为低谷,下午14:00左右达到峰值.高空ψ(O3)的空间分布很不均匀,上层气流易使O3富集层向下输送造成污染,同时稳定边界层对大气扩散的不利影响也是形成O3污染的重要原因.ψ(O3)的日变化趋势与温度的日变化趋势呈显著正相关,R(相关系数)为0.74;上下层湍流交换使风速与近地面ψ(O3)呈正相关,而水平扩散使二者呈负相关;通过分析风向的分布规律发现,东北风易造成北京地区O3污染.     

主成分分析法在深圳大气环境质量时空特征研究中的应用

根据2006-2010年深圳市8个环境监测点大气污染物SO2、NO2、PM10和O3的监测资料,利用主成分分析技术综合评价了深圳市大气环境质量,分析了大气环境质量的时空分布特征,探讨了其发展变化趋势.结果表明,近5年来,深圳市大气环境质量在逐步改善,各种污染物浓度均具有一定程度的下降.通过主成分分析法发现,盐田区和龙岗区监测点的大气环境质量较差,而华侨城的大气环境质量较好,2006-2010年大气环境环境质量在时空分布上呈现出持续改善的趋蛰.     

辽宁辽中县城郊地区大气污染物时空变化及来源特征

以辽中县水文站为辽宁省典型城郊地区大气背景站点,针对大气污染物,ρ(PM2.5)和气象因子等进行了1年(2007年2月—2008年1月)的连续观测.研究了各污染物的浓度水平,日、季节变化以及来源特征.φ(O3),φ(CO),φ(SO2),φ(NO),φ(NO2),φ(NOx*),φ(NH3)和ρ(PM2.5)平均值分别为19.9×10-9,0.85×10-6,9.7×10-9,8.8×10-9,14.5×10-9,23.2×10-9,29.8×10-9和66.6μg/m3.除SO2外,各污染物浓度水平均优于我国《环境空气质量标准》(GB 3095—1996)的二级标准.φ(O3)在日间达到最大值,一次污染物呈现双峰分布.从季节变化来看,φ(O3)在夏季最高,春季最低.一次污染物如CO,SO2,NO以及PM2.5的浓度均在冬季达到最大值.地面监测的φ(O3)和OMI卫星反演的NO2柱浓度的变换趋势相同,但地面观测的φ(O3)在春季明显低于柱浓度.后推气流轨迹分析结果表明,在φ(O3)较高的夏、秋季,从东北地区和渤海湾起源的气流贡献最大.     

天津重污染期间大气污染物浓度垂直分布特征

利用天津气象局255 m铁塔垂直4层观测平台(高度分别为3、40、120和220 m),对各层大气中的NOx、O3、SO2浓度(均以φ计)和PM2.5浓度(以ρ计)进行了连续观测,结合同步气象要素分析了2010年10月3—11日天津发生的一次重污染事件.结果表明:在此次重污染事件期间,一次及二次污染物浓度的垂直梯度变化差异显著,φ(NO)、φ(NO2)和ρ(PM2.5)随高度上升而降低,φ(NO)在3～120和120～220 m的递减率分别为58.0%和8.5%,ρ(PM2.5)在3～220 m递减率为13.0%;而φ(O3)和φ(SO2)平均值却随高度的上升而增加,其中φ(O3)在3～40、40～120和120～220 m的增长率分别为108.0%、19.1%和56.4%,φ(SO2)在3～220 m的增长率为25.0%.NOx主要来源于局地近地面污染源的排放;SO2主要来源于高架点源的排放,O3则来源于局地光化学过程积累;PM2.5受局地排放源和光化学过程的双重影响,垂直梯度变化最不显著.不利于扩散的气象条件使以局地排放为主的污染物积累升高及其伴随的光化学反应造成了天津此次重污染事件.     

Distribution and ecological effect of mercury in Laogang landfill, Shanghai, China

Laogang landfill near Shanghai is the largest landfill in China, and receives about 10000 t of daily garbage per day, Samples of topsoil and plants were analyzed to evaluate mercury pollution from the landfill. For topsoil samples, there were significant correlations among total mercury （HgT）, combinative mercury （Hgc） and gaseous mercury （HgG）, and content of total organic carbon （TOC）, but, no significantly relationship was found between Hg content and filling time. Hg content changes in vertical profiles with time showed that the average Hgv of profiles 1992, 1996, and 2000 was similar, but their average HgG was quite different. HgT was significantly correlated with Hgc in profile 1992 and 2000, and Hgv was significantly correlated with Hg6 in profile 1996. HgG/Hgv ratio in profile samples decreased in the order of （HgG,/HgT）1992〉（HgG/HgT）1996〉〉（HgG/HgT）2000. A simple outline of Hg release in landfill could be drawn： with increasing of filling time, degradation undergoes different biodegradation, accordingly, gaseous mercury goes through small, more, and small proportion to total mercury. Distribution of Hg in plants was inhomogeneous, following the order of leaf〉root〉stem. The highest value of leaf may be associated with higher atmospheric Hg from landfill. Ligneous plants （e.g. Phyllostachys glanca, Prunus salicina and Ligustrum lucidum） are capable of enriching more Hg than herbaceous plants.     

EDTA-enhanced phytoremediation of lead contaminated soil by Bidens maximowicziana

Phytoremediation is a potential cleanup technology for the removal of heavy metals from contaminated soils.Bidens maximowicziana is a new Pb hyperaccumulator,which not only has remarkable tolerance to Pb but also extraordinary accumulation capacity for Pb.The maximum Pb concentration was 1509.3 mg/kg in roots and 2164.7 mg/kg in overground tissues.The Pb distribution order in the B. maximowicziana was:leaf>stem>root.The effect of amendments on phytoremediation was also studied.The mobility of soil Pb and the Pb concentrations in plants were both increased by EDTA application.Compared with CK(control check),EDTA application promoted translocation of Pb to overground parts of the plant.The Pb concentrations in overground parts of plants was increased from 24.23-680.56 mg/kg to 29.07-1905.57 mg/kg.This research demonstrated that B.maximowicziana appeared to be suitable for phytoremediation of Pb contaminated soil,especially,combination with EDTA.     

Decomposition of alachlor by ozonation and its mechanism

Decomposition and corresponding mechanism of alachlor, an endocrine disruptor in water by ozonation were investigated. Results showed that alachlor could not be completely mineralized by ozone alone. Many intermediates and final products were formed during the process, including aromatic compounds, aliphatic carboxylic acids, and inorganic ions. In evoluting these products, some of them with weak polarity were qualitatively identified by GC-MS. The information of inorganic ions suggested that the dechlorination was the first and the fastest step in the ozonation of alachlor.     

Enzymatic oxidation of aqueous pentachlorophenol

The influence of the nonionic surfactant Tween 80 on pentachlorophenol （PCP） oxidation catalyzed by horseradish peroxidase was studied. The surfactant was tested at concentrations below and above its critical micelle concentration （CMC）. Enhancement of PCP removal was observed at sub-CMCs. The presence of Tween 80 in the reaction mixture reduced enzyme inactivation which occurred through a combination of free radical attack and sorption by precipitated products. A simple first-order model was able to simulate time profiles for enzyme inactivation in the presence or absence of Tween 80. At supra-CMCs, the surfactant caused noticeable reductions in PCP removal, presumably through micelle partitioning of PCP which precluded the hydrophobic PCP molecule from interacting with the enzyme.     

基于综合水质标识指数和对应分析法的校园河道水质评价

以三峡大学的校园河道求索溪为研究对象,利用综合水质标识指数法确定求索溪水质类别,分析其水质时空变化规律,并利用对应分析法得出求索溪中不同监测点的主要污染因子.研究结果表明:求索溪整体的综合水质标识指数为7.423,整体水质为劣V类(地表水环境质量标准GB 3838-2002)且黑臭.从时间变化来看,求索溪4月份的水质最差,5月份次之,4、5月份所有监测点的水质都劣于V类且黑臭;8月份水质最好,水质为Ⅳ类;从空间分布来看,8个监测点综合水质标识指数均超过6.0,水质为劣V类,其中6号监测点的水质相对最好,监测点3号的水质相对最差;对应分析法得出求索溪的整体水体污染程度受总氮因子的影响最大,其次为总磷.该研究拟为求索溪及类似校园河道的水环境治理研究提供基础依据和参考.     

Effects of chitosan on growth of an aquatic plant (Hydrilla verticillata) in polluted waters with different chemical oxygen demands

Effects of chitosan on a submersed plant, Hydrilla verticillata, were investigated. Results indicated that H. venicillata could prevent ultrastructure phytotoxicities and oxidativereaction from polluted water with high chemical oxygen demand (COD). Superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity and malondialdehyde (MDA) contents in H. verticillata treated with 0.1% chitosan in wastewater increased with high COD (980 mg/L) and decreased with low COD (63 mg/L), respectively. Ultrastructural analysis showed that the stroma and grana of chloroplast basically remained normal. However, plant cells from the control experiment (untreated with chitosan) were vacuolated and the cell interval increased. The relict of protoplast moved to the center, with cells tending to disjoint. Our findings indicate that wastewater with high COD concentration can cause a substantial damage to submersed plant, nevertheless, chitosan probably could alleviate the membrane lipid peroxidization and ultrastructure phytotoxicities, and protect plant cells from stress of high COD concentration polluted water.     

Removal of cadmium using MnO2 loaded D301 resin

MnO2 loaded weak basic anion exchange resin D301 （Anion exchange resin, macroreticular weak basic styrene） as adsorbent has been prepared and applied to the removal of cadmium. The adsorption characteristics have been investigated with respect to effect of pH, equilibrium isotherms, removal kinetic data, and interference of the coexisting ions. The results indicated that the Cd^2＋ could be efficiently removed using MnO2 loaded D301 resin in the pH range of 3-8 from aqueous solutions with the co-existence of high concentration of alkali and alkaline-earth metals ions. The saturate adsorption capacity of the Cd^2＋ was 77.88 mg/g. The adsorption process followed the pseudo first-order kinetics. The equilibrium data obtained in this study accorded excellently with the Langmuir adsorption isotherm.     

Effect of coagulation pretreatment on the fouling of ultrafiltration membrane

The purpose of this study is to understand the effect and mechanism of preventing membrane fouling, by coagulation pretreatment, in terms of fractional component and molecular weight of natural organic matter （NOM）. A relatively higher molecular weight （MW） of hydrophobic compounds was responsible for a rapid decline in the ultrafiltration flux. Coagulation could effectively remove the hydrophobic organics, resulting in the increase of flux. It was found that a lower MW of neutral hydrophilic compounds, which could remove inadequately by coagulation, was responsible for the slow declining flux. The fluxes in the filtration of coagulated water and supernatant water were compared and the results showed that a lower MW of neutral hydrophilic compounds remained in the supernatant water after coagulation could be rejected by a membrane, resulting in fouling. It was also found that the coagulated flocs could absorb neutral hydrophilic compounds effectively. Therefore, with the coagulated flocs formed on the membrane surface, the flux decline could be improved.     

Penetration analysis of elements and bioleaching treatment of spent refractory for recycling

Acidithiobacillus ferrooxidans ATCC23270 and Acidithiobacillus thiooxidans TM-32 were used for bioleaching of spent refractories of aluminium and copper melting furnaces for their recycling.Firstly,penetration of elements into aluminium melting furnace refractory was investigated and it was found that up to 7 cm from surface was contaminated.Comparison on leaching efficiency by the strains ATCC23270 and TM-32 found that the strain ATCC23270 could treat larger amount of the refractories than the strain TM-32 could do.In the experiment of bioleaching of spent refractory aluminium melting furnace by the strain ATCC23270,high leaching efficiency were obtained on Al,Si,and Ca,and extremely low leaching performance was,however,shown on the rest of elements i.e.,Na,Mn,and Zn.Under the strain TM-32 use,relatively high leaching performance was recognized on Al,Si,Ca,Na,Mn,and Zn.In the experiment of bioleaching for spent refractory copper melting furnace,almost the same leaching trends were shown on Cu,Zn,Al,and Si under the strains ACTT23270 and TM-32 uses.     

Evaluation of phytoextracting cadmium and lead by sunflower, ricinus, alfalfa and mustard in hydroponic culture

Soil contaminated with heavy metals cadmium(Cd)and lead(Pb)is hard to be remediated.Phytoremediation may be a feasible method to remove toxic metals from soil,but there are few suitable plants which can hyperaccumulate metals.In this study,Cd and Pb accumulation by four plants including sunflower(Helianthus annuus L.),mustard(Brassica juncea L.),alfalfa(Medicago sativa L.), ricinus(Ricinus communis L.)in hydroponic cultures was compared.Results showed that these plants could phytocxtract heavy metals, the ability of accumulation differed with species,concentrations and categories of heavy metals.Values of BCF(bioconcentration factor)and TF(translocation factor)indicated that four species had dissimilar abilities of phytoextraction and transportation of heavy metals.Changes on the biomass of plants,pH and Eh at different treatments revealed that these four plants had distinct responses to Cd and Pb in cultures.Measurements should be taken to improve the phytoremediation of sites contaminated with heavy metals,such as pH and Eh regulations,and so forth.