Water incubation-induced fluctuating release of heavy metals in two smelter-contaminated soils

The soil moisture regime can affect the release of heavy metals in soil. In the previous studies, slightly polluted soils or artificially contaminated soil samples were considered to investigate the effect of soil moisture. We used highly smelter-contaminated and aged soils to study the release of typical heavy metals(Cu, Zn, Cd and Pb) induced by water incubation in batch experiments with characterization via speciation and X-ray diffraction analyses(XRD). The results show that the leachable concentrations of the heavy metals increased slightly in the first 30 days, decreased drastically between 30 and 90 days, and immobilized relatively constant thereafter. The fluctuation was ascribed to the changes of soil Eh and pH, the reductive dissolution of crystalline iron oxides, the formation of new amorphous iron oxides, the absorption of dissolved organic matter and the precipitation of metal sulfide. Speciation analysis indicated that a proportion of the soil heavy metals was transformed from an exchangeable fraction to a less labile fraction after water incubation. And the presence of a lead iron oxide phase and the peak increasing of zinc sulfide were observed via XRD analyses. Finally, water incubation restrained the release of heavy metals after 180 days of incubation, and reduced the leachability of Cu, Zn, Cd and Pb by as much as 1.61%–7.21% for soil A and 0.43%–3.36% for soil B, respectively. The study findings have implications for the formulation of risk control and management strategies for heavy metals in smelter-contaminated soils.     

Removal of heavy metals and arsenic from a co-contaminated soil by sieving combined with washing process

Batch experiments were conducted with a heavy metals and arsenic co-contaminated soil from an abandoned mine to evaluate the feasibility of a remediation technology that combines sieving with soil washing.Leaching of the arsenic and heavy metals from the different particle size fractions was found to decrease in the order: 0.1,2–0.1,and 2 mm.With increased contact time,the concentration of heavy metals in the leachate was significantly decreased for small particles,probably because of adsorption by the clay soil component.For the different particle sizes,the removal efficiencies for Pb and Cd were75%–87%,and 61%–77% for Zn and Cu,although the extent of removal was decreased for As and Cr at 45%.The highest efficiency by washing for Pb,Cd,Zn,and As was from the soil particles 2 mm,although good metal removal efficiencies were also achieved in the small particle size fractions.Through SEM-EDS observations and correlation analysis,the leaching regularity of the heavy metals and arsenic was found to be closely related to Fe,Mn,and Ca contents of the soil fractions.The remediation of heavy metal-contaminated soil by sieving combined with soil washing was proven to be efficient,and practical remediation parameters were also recommended.     

Estimation of the accumulation rates and health risks of heavy metals in residential soils of three metropolitan cities in China

Heavy metal concentrations in urban soils are likely to increase over time because of continuous urbanization and heavy metal emissions. To estimate the accumulation rates of heavy metals in urban soils, we collected soil samples from residential areas with different building ages in the metropolitan cities of Shanghai, Shenzhen, and Beijing, China. Heavy metal concentrations in the soils varied among the cities and were primarily affected by soil parent material and the intensity of anthropogenic sources. Regression analyses revealed that the accumulation rates of Cd and Cu in the soils ranged from 0.0034 to 0.0039 mg/(kg•year) and 0.343 to 0.391 mg/(kg•year), respectively, and were similar across the three cities, while accumulation rates of Zn and Pb in Shanghai were higher than those in Shenzhen and Beijing. The higher accumulation rates of Zn and Pb in Shanghai can be explained by differences in city history and industrial structures among the cities. Residential soils with high health risks posed by the heavy metals were mostly collected from old towns of Shanghai because of high Pb content in the areas. Although recent urbanization resulted in elevated concentrations of Cd, Cu, Zn, and Pb in the residential soils, the effect on the total health risks of residents exposed to the soils was negligible.     

Risk assessment of heavy metal contaminated soil in the vicinity of a lead/zinc mine

Heavy metal contamination of soils through anthropogenic activities is a widespread and serious problem confronting scientists and regulators throughout the world. In this study we investigated the distribution, chemical species and availability of lead, zinc, cadmium and copper in nine surface（0 to 20 cm） soils from near an abandoned lead/zinc mine tailings located in Shaoxing, Zhejiang, China. Total heavy metal contents ranged from 5271 to 16369 mg/kg for Pb, 387 to 1221 mg/kg for Zn, 3.0 to 9.3 mg/kg for Cd and 65 to 206 mg/kg for Cu. In general, all heavy metals exceeded China National Standards for Soil Environmental Quality of Heavy Metals by a factor of 3-65 times. Comparison of the heavy metal concentrations（Pb, Zn, Cd and Cu） with clay content revealed a strongly significant relationship while significant relationship（ P 〈 0.001 ） was also obtained between Cd ＋ Zn and Pb ＋ Cu. Solid phase speciation of the soils using Tessier procedure showed that the heavy metals were distributed in the order： residual 〉〉 organically complexed-Fe-Mn oxides occluded 〉 carbonate bound 〉 exchangeable 〉 water soluble. In the organic matter fraction, the ratio of Pb（29.1% ） to its total concentration in the soils was higher than those of Zn（4.70% ）, Cd（3.16% ） and Cu（9.50% ）. The percentages of the water soluble and the exchangeable fractions of Pb（1.80% ） and Cd（2.74% ） were markedly greater than those of Zn（0.10% ） and Cu（0.15% ）, suggesting that Pb and Cd are relatively more mobile and hence more toxic in the contaminated soils. Strongly significant relationships between H20-Pb, H20-Zn and H20-Cu, strong positive correlations between H20-Pb, H20-Zn, H20-Cu and organic matter in soil were found. The content of H20-Pb, H20-Zn, H20-Cu was negatively correlated with pH values. The similar negative relationships between pH values and exchangeable heavy metals were also recorded. It is suggested that increasing soil pH or liming the soil could decrease bioavailability of heavy metals in the soil.     

Soil enzymatic activities and microbial community structure with di erent application rates of Cd and Pb

This study focused on the changes of soil microbial diversity and potential inhibitory effects of heavy metals on soil enzymatic activities at different application rates of Cd andor Pb. The soil used for experiments was collected from Beijing and classified as endoaquepts. Pots containing 500 g of the soil with different Cd andor Pb application rates were incubated for a period of 0, 2, 9, 12 weeks in a glasshouse and the soil samples were analyzed for individual enzymes, including catalase, alkaline phosphatase and dehydrogenase, and the changes of microbial community structure. Results showed that heavy metals slightly inhibited the enzymatic activities in all the samples spiked with heavy metals. The extent of inhibition increased significantly with increasing level of heavy metals, and varied with the incubation periods. The soil bacterial community structure, as determined by polymerase chain reaction-denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis techniques, was different in the contaminated samples as compared to the control. The highest community change was observed in the samples amended with high level of Cd. Positive correlations were observed among the three enzymatic activities, but negative correlations were found between the amounts of the heavy metals and the enzymatic activities.     

Competitive adsorption and mobility sequence of heavy metals in urban soils of southeastern China

Heavy metals can be introduced into urban soils at the same time. Therefore, their selective retention and competitive adsorption by the soils become of major importance in determining their availability and movement throughout the soil. In this study, the availability and mobility of six heavy metals in eight urban soils collected from different cities of Zhejiang Province, southeastern China were assessed using distribution coefficients（Kd） and retardation factor（Rf）. The results showed that there were great differences in the Kd and Rfamong the tested soils. The adsorption sequences were Cr〉Pb〉Cu〉Cd〉Zn〉Ni, and the Kd decreased with increasing levels of metal addition. Ni generally has the lowest Rf values followed closely by Cd, and Zn whereas Cr and Pb reached the highest values. The results suggest that Ni and Zn have the highest mobility associated to the lowest adsorption, Cr and Pb present the opposite behavior. Correlation analysis indicates that soil pH, CaCO3 content, and cation exchange capacity （CEC） are key factors controlling the solubility and mobility of the metals in the urban soils.     

Assessing availability, phytotoxicity and bioaccumulation of lead to ryegrass and millet based on 0.1 mol/L Ca(NO3)2 extraction

This study was conducted to assess availability, phytotoxicity and bioaccumulation of lead （Pb） to ryegrass （Lolium perenne L.） and millet （Echinochloa crusgalli） based on the 0.1 mol/L Ca（NO3）2 extraction. Effect of soil properties on availability, phytotoxicity and bioaccumulation of Pb to the two plants was also evaluated. Five soils with pH values varying from 3.8 to 7.3, organic carbon （OC） contents from 0.7% to 2.4%, and clay contents from 11.6% to 35.6% were selected. Soils were spiked with Pb to achieve a range of concentrations： 250, 500, 1000, 3000 and 5000 mg/kg. Pb availability in the spiked soils was estimated by extracting soil with 0.1 mol/L Ca（NO3）2. The results indicate that plants yield decreased with decreasing soil pH and increased with increasing soil clay and OC content. Negative relationship between available Pb and the relative dry matter growth （RDMG） of the two plants were significantly related. Available Pb used to assess EC20 （20% effective concentration） and EC50 （50% effective concentration） of millet was 119 and 300 mg/kg, respectively. Available Pb used to assess EC20 and EC50 of ryegrass was 63 and 157 mg/kg, respectively. Bioaccumulation, expressed as bioconcentration factors of Pb, was inversely related to soil pH, soil OC and clay content. Strong relationships were found between available lead and uptake by the two plants （P was 0.92 and 0.95 respectively）. In general, 0.1 mol/L Ca（NO3）2 available Pb may be used to assess the availability, phytotoxicity and bioaccumulation of lead to the two plants tested.     

Effects of cadium, zinc and lead on soil enzyme activities

Heavy metal （HM） is a major hazard to the soil-plant system. This study investigated the combined effects of cadium （Cd）, zinc （Zn） and lead （Pb） on activities of four enzymes in soil, including calatase, urease, invertase and alkalin phosphatase. HM content in tops of canola and four enzymes activities in soil were analyzed at two months after the metal additions to the soil. Pb was not significantly inhibitory than the other heavy metals for the four enzyme activities and was shown to have a protective role on calatase activity in the combined presence of Cd, Zn and Pb; whereas Cd significantly inhibited the four enzyme activities, and Zn only inhibited urease and calatase activities. The inhibiting effect of Cd and Zn on urease and calatase activities can be intensified significantly by the additions of Zn and Cd. There was a negative synergistic inhibitory effect of Cd and Zn on the two enzymes in the presence of Cd, Zn and Pb. The urease activity was inhibited more by the HM combinations than by the metals alone and reduced approximately 20%--40% of urease activity. The intertase and alkaline phosphatase activities significantly decreased only with the increase of Cd concentration in the soil. It was shown that urease was much more sensitive to HM than the other enzymes. There was a obvious negative correlation between the ionic impulsion of HM in soil, the ionic impulsion of HM in canola plants tops and urease activity. It is concluded that the soil urease activity may be a sensitive tool for assessing additive toxic combination effect on soil biochemical parameters.     

Assessment and mapping of environmental quality in agricultural soils of Zhejiang Province, China

Heavy metal concentrations in agricultural soils of Zhejiang Province were monitored to indicate the status of heavy metal contamination and assess environmental quality of agricultural soils. A total of 908 soil samples were collected from 38 counties in Zbejiang Province and eight heavy metal （Cd, Cr, Pb, Hg, Cu, Zn, Ni and As） concentrations had been evaluated in agricultural soil. It was found 775 samples were unpolluted and 133 samples were slightly polluted and more respectively, that is approximately 14.65% agricultural soil samples had the heavy metal concentration above the threshold level in this province by means of Nemerow＇s synthetical pollution index method according to the second grade of Standards for Soil Environmental Quality of China （GB15618- 1995）. Contamination of Cd was the highest, followed by Ni, As and Zn were lower correspondingly. Moreover, Inverse Distance Weighted （IDW） interpolation method was used to make an assessment map of soil environmental quality based on the Nemerow＇s pollution index and the soil environmental quality was categorized into five grades. Moreover, ten indices were calculated as input parameters for principal component analysis （PCA） and the principal components （PCs） were created to compare environmental quality of different soils and regions. The results revealed that environmental quality of tea soils was better than that of paddy soils, vegetable soils and fruit soils. This study indicated that GIS combined with multivariate statistical approaches proved to be effective and powerful tool in the mapping of soil contamination distribution and the assessment of soil environmental quality on provincial scale, which is beneficial to environmental protection and management decision-making by local government.     

Influence of Indian mustard （Brassicajuncea） on rhizosphere soil solution chemistry in long-term contaminated soils： A rhizobox study

This study investigated the influence of Indian mustard (Brassica juncea) root exudation on soil solution properties (pH, dissolved organic carbon (DOC), metal solubility) in the rhizosphere using a rhizobox. Measurement was conducted following the cultivation of Indian mustard in the rhizobox filled four di erent types of heavy metal contaminated soils (two alkaline soils and two acidic soils). The growth of Indian mustard resulted in a significant increase (by 0.6 pH units) in rhizosphere soil solution pH of acidic soils and only a slight increase (< 0.1 pH units) in alkaline soils. Furthermore, the DOC concentration increased by 17–156 mg/L in the rhizosphere regardless of soil type and the extent of contamination, demonstrating the exudation of DOC from root. Ion chromatographic determination showed a marked increase in the total dissolved organic acids (OAs) in rhizosphere. While root exudates were observed in all soils, the amount of DOC and OAs in soil solution varied considerably amongst di erent soils, resulting in significant changes to soil solution metals in the rhizosphere. For example, the soil solution Cd, Cu, Pb, and Zn concentrations increased in the rhizosphere of alkaline soils compared to bulk soil following plant cultivation. In contrast, the soluble concentrations of Cd, Pb, and Zn in acidic soils decreased in rhizosphere soil when compared to bulk soils. Besides the influence of pH and DOC on metal solubility, the increase of heavy metal concentration having high stability constant such as Cu and Pb resulted in a release of Cd and Zn from solid phase to liquid phase.     

铅对赤子爱胜蚓抗氧化酶活性的影响

研究了老化和未经老化土壤中Pb(NO₃)₂对赤子爱胜蚓(Eisenia fetida)体内SOD(超氧化物歧化酶)、CAT(过氧化氢酶)、POD(过氧化物酶)活性的影响. 结果表明:在测试范围(w〔Pb(NO₃)₂〕为200~1000 mg/kg)内,Pb(NO₃)₂对蚯蚓体内3种抗氧化酶的活性均有显著性影响. 暴露于未经老化土壤1、14、21d时,蚯蚓体内SOD和CAT活性均随土壤中w〔Pb(NO₃)₂〕的增加而降低,高w〔Pb(NO₃)₂〕下,与对照组相比这2种抗氧化酶活性均降低了约40%. POD活性除第1、3天在高w〔Pb(NO₃)₂〕中显著变化外,其他暴露时间、暴露水平中均无显著性变化. 暴露于老化(28d)土壤1d后,蚯蚓体内SOD、POD、CAT活性均随土壤中w〔Pb(NO₃)₂〕的增加而升高,高w〔Pb(NO₃)₂〕下,与对照组相比这3种抗氧化酶活性分别升高了359%、147%和233%;然而,随着暴露时间的延长,3种抗氧化酶活性又呈显著降低趋势. 总体上,蚯蚓体内CAT和SOD活性变化趋势基本一致. 研究显示,土壤老化对铅毒性产生了影响,因此在进行毒性试验时应予以考虑.      

Influences of phosphate nutritional level on the phytoavailability and speciation distribution of cadmium and lead in soil

IntroductionNorth-east China is one of the most importantindustrial bases and also a main agriculturalproduction area. Land disposal of wastes and irrigatingwith sewage have led to increasing heavy metalcontents in soil (Chen, 1996) and the problemsinduce…     

城市功能对贵阳市城区土壤重金属分布的影响

将贵阳市城区土壤按照不同功能区取样分析,研究贵阳市城区多种土地利用功能下土壤重金属累积(污染)程度及分异特征。结果表明:贵阳市城区校园土壤As(21.8mg/kg)、Ni(47.1mg/kg)和Pb(139mg/kg)含量最高,工业区土壤Cd(1.48mg/kg)和Zn(314mg/kg)含量最高,垃圾中转站土壤Cu(115mg/kg)含量最高,工业区、学校、垃圾中转站和交通十字路口土壤重金属累积较重,并已达到轻度污染,住宅、公园和广场土壤重金属累积程度较轻,处于清洁水平。工业区土壤主要污染金属为Cd、Zn和Pb,学校、交通路口土壤主要污染元素是Pb和Cd,垃圾中转站土壤主要污染元素是Cd和Zn。贵阳市城区土壤Cd、Zn和Pb受人类活动影响较大,其中土地利用功能导致贵阳市城区土壤Pb的分异程度最大。     

冻融对污染场地土壤重金属稳定化性能的影响

为了分析冻融对污染场地土壤重金属稳定化性能的影响,采用赤泥和硫化钠作为添加剂,对土壤中的Pb、Zn和Cd进行稳定化处理,并通过模拟冻融过程,分析冻融循环后重金属的浸出毒性、生物可给性、土壤pH和土壤结构的变化,探讨冻融循环对稳定化处理土壤中重金属长期稳定性能的影响. 结果表明:稳定化处理后土壤中Pb、Zn和Cd的浸出毒性比原始供试土壤分别降低了98.5%、99.8%和99.7%. 养护30 d后,稳定化处理土壤中Zn和Cd的生物可给性分别由28.8%、49.5%降至11.5%、21.8%,Pb的生物可给性由52.9%升至57.9%. 经过30 d冻融循环后,冻融土壤中Pb、Zn和Cd的浸出毒性比原始供试土壤中相应重金属质量分数分别增加了4.27、2.47、89.65 mg/L. 经过冻融循环后,土壤中重金属的生物可给性比未冻融土壤略有升高. 随着养护时间和冻融时间的延长,土壤pH呈升高趋势. 不同阶段土壤扫描电镜结果显示,冻融循环致使土壤空隙变大、结构松散,说明冻融循环对稳定化土壤结构有一定损伤. 分析结果表明,冻融过程增加了Pb、Zn和Cd释放的环境风险.      

华南四座固体废物综合处理产业园周边土壤重金属研究

采集了华南四座固体废物综合处理产业园周边表层土壤样品,并分析各样品中Cd、Pb、Hg、As、Cr、Cu、Ni、Zn和Co等9种重金属以及氟化物的含量,研究了重金属和氟化物的含量水平、空间分布及来源构成.结果表明,研究范围内表层土壤重金属和氟化物含量均值范围分别为Cd（0.165~1.161mg/kg）、Pb（37.8~60.7mg/kg）、Hg（0.041~0.103mg/kg）、As（3.6~26.2mg/kg）、Cr（26.4~67.7mg/kg）、Cu（19.1~54.6mg/kg）、Ni（10.4~26.8mg/kg）、Zn（70.8~109.1mg/kg）、Co（5.51~18.69mg/kg）、F（349.1~618.1mg/kg）.除四座园区周边表层土壤的Cd含量超出背景值1.9~19.7倍以及RFH周边表层土壤的As含量超出背景值1.9倍外,其余指标的含量与背景值相差不大.综合空间分布特征分析和主成分分析的结果,可以将9种重金属和氟化物分为2个大类.Cr、Ni、Cu、Co、Zn的分布特征极为相似,且相互之间有极显著相关性,结合聚类分析和主成分分析结果,其来源主要为土壤母质;Hg、Cd、Pb、As和F的与土壤母质和多种人类活动污染有关.采用各固体废物焚烧设施累积排放量和污染源周边土壤背景总量对比,构建了各污染源的指纹谱,研究结果显示Hg、Cd、Pb、As和F可以作为固体废物综合处理产业园焚烧烟气污染源的指纹谱备选因子.     

北京市土壤重金属含量背景值的系统研究

在大规模、系统取样布点的基础上,从803个土壤样品中选出其中120个的"清洁"土壤样品,分析统计后提出了北京市土壤重金属的背景值.研究结果表明,北京市土壤As含量的背景值为7.09 mg/kg、Cd为0.119 mg/kg、Cr为29.8 mg/kg、Cu为18.7 mg/kg、Ni为26.8 mg/kg、Pb为24.6 mg/kg、Zn为57.5 mg/kg.与以前研究中所提出的背景值相比,本研究新提出的土壤Cd背景值提高125%,Pb和Ni的背景值没有明显的差异,但是As、Cr、Cu、Zn的土壤背景值则降低19%～55%.     

长株潭典型污染区稻田剖面土壤重金属的累积及形态特征

为探究长株潭地区不同污染源影响下稻田土壤中重金属的分布特征,对该区有机肥施用区、沼液灌溉区、铅锌矿污染区以及工业污染区剖面土壤中重金属的总量和形态进行分析,采用单项污染指数和综合污染指数进行风险评价,并利用已知污染源区的土壤重金属形态特征对未知污染源区的土壤进行污染源解析. 结果表明:①研究区表层(0~10 cm)土壤中Cd、Pb、Cu、Zn、Cr和Ni的平均含量分别为0.8、54.5、43.6、158.6、106.2和23.3 mg/kg. 相对于长株潭地区土壤背景值,表层土壤中Cd、Pb和Zn均有累积,且Cd平均含量超过《土壤环境质量 农用地土壤污染风险管控标准(试行)》(GB 15618—2018)中农用地土壤污染风险筛选值;随着土壤深度增加,Cd、Pb、Zn和Cr在次表层(10~20 cm)土壤也有累积,其平均含量分别比当地背景值高出6.9%、19.8%、101.4%和67.0%;在深层(80~100 cm)土壤中,Zn和Cr的平均含量仍分别比当地背景值高出30.4%和48.4%. ② Cd、Pb的单项污染指数高值集中在表层土壤,部分采样点呈轻微或轻度累积,少数采样点呈中度累积;Zn以轻微累积和中度累积为主,极少数采样点为重度累积,个别采样点存在污染风险;综合污染指数显示,研究区内表层土壤为重度或中度累积. ③有机肥施用区TOC含量与可氧化态Cu、Zn含量呈显著或极显著相关;沼液灌溉区TOC含量则与可氧化态Cu、Zn含量均呈极显著相关;铅锌矿污染区可交换态Pb含量与可交换态Cd、Zn含量均呈极显著相关;而工业污染区则只有可交换态Pb含量与可交换态Cd含量呈极显著相关. 研究显示,污染源的不同造成长株潭地区稻田土壤中不同重金属的累积程度及其主要赋存形态间的相关性存在明显差异,因此,可以借助土壤中重金属的累积程度、主要赋存形态及其相关性对土壤中重金属的主要来源进行初步识别,为源头防治污染土壤提供理论依据.      

闽中某矿区县茶园土壤和茶叶重金属含量及健康风险

以闽中某矿区县茶园表层土壤（0~20cm）为研究对象,采集了25份茶园土壤样品,分析了土壤中重金属Cr、Ni、Cu、Zn、As、Pb、Cd和Co的含量,分别利用地累积指数法和潜在生态风险指数法对土壤重金属的污染现状和潜在生态风险程度进行评价;同时收集矿区茶叶企业23个商品茶样品,利用美国国家环保署（USEPA）推荐的健康风险评价模型进行人体重金属健康风险评价.结果表明：（1）矿区茶园表层土壤Cr、Ni、Cu、Zn、As、Pb、Cd和Co平均含量分别为110、23.5、23.0、107、50.7、78.0、0.23和14.3mg/kg,均明显高于福建省土壤背景值;（2）茶园土壤地累积指数（I_geo）表现为As > Cd > Cr > Pb > Zn > Co > Ni > Cu,As属于重度污染,Cd和Cr属于中度污染,其它5种重金属元素污染风险较低;（3）单项潜在生态风险系数（E）的大小顺序依次为Cd > As > Pb > Co > Ni > Cr > Cu > Zn,土壤Cd属于很强生态风险,土壤As属于较强生态风险,其余属于轻微生态风险.8种重金属综合潜在生态风险指数（RI）平均值为255.74,属于较强风险级别,Cd和As是最主要的潜在生态风险因子.（4）商品茶中重金属Cr和Cd含量均低于限量标准,个别茶样中Cu、As和Pb含量超标,说明茶叶中重金属含量总体处于安全级别;（5）健康风险评价结果表明,茶叶中重金属元素健康个人年风险总和为1.01×10^-4~9.07×10^-5,乌龙茶的个人年风险总和稍高于美国环境保护署（USEPA）推荐的最大可接受风险水平（1.0×10^-4）,红茶和绿茶低于USEPA推荐的最大可接受风险水平;茶叶中重金属元素健康风险以Cr为主,平均贡献率为90.38%,是主要的风险元素,其余重金属元素处于安全范围之内.     

重庆渝北地区土壤重金属形态特征及其有效性评价

结合渝北地区土壤重金属全量及形态分析,对区内主要土壤类型(紫色土、石灰土、黄壤、水稻土)中的As、Cd、Cr、Pb形态构成特征、影响因素及有效性进行研究. 结果表明:不同土壤类型重金属形态构成差异明显,Cr、Pb在各土壤类型中均以残渣态为主;Cd在黄壤、紫色土中以离子态、残渣态为主,其中离子态平均构成在2类土中分别高达37.44%、29.97%. w(可利用态As)和w(可利用态Cr)在紫色土中的平均值分别为0.04和0.96mg/kg,w(可利用态Cd)在水稻土和紫色土中的平均值分别为0.13和0.09mg/kg,w(可利用态Pb)在黄壤中的平均值为1.94mg/kg,表现出较高生物有效性;石灰土中各重金属可利用态总体较低. w(可利用态As)、w(可利用态Cd)分别与As全量(以w计,下同)、Cd全量呈显著正相关;w(可利用态Cd)和w(可利用态Pb)与pH,w(可利用态Cr)与w(有机质)均呈显著负相关. 紫色土中w(可利用态Cd)、w(可利用态Cr)和w(可利用态Pb)与各重金属全量、pH和w(有机质)三者显著服从多元非线性对数回归,通过该回归可对研究区紫色土这3个元素的可利用态含量进行预测.