Assessment of heavy metal enrichment and its human impact in lacustrine sediments from four lakes in the mid-low reaches of the Yangtze River, China

Sediments from four lakes in the mid-low reaches of the Yangtze River, Taibai Lake, Longgan Lake, Chaohu Lake and Xijiu Lake, were chosen to evaluate their enrichment state and history. The state of heavy metal enrichment was at a low level in the sediment of Taibai Lake and Longgan Lake. The enrichment state of Co, Cr and Ni was also low in the sediment of Chaohu Lake and Xijiu Lake, while Cu, Pb and Zn enrichment reached a higher level. Mass accumulation fluxes were calculated to quantitatively evaluate the anthropogenic contribution to heavy metals in the sediment. The anthropogenic accumulation fluxes were lower in the sediment of Taibai Lake and Longgan Lake compared with the other two lakes, where heavy metals, especially Cu, Pb and Zn, were mainly from anthropogenic sources. Heavy metal accumulation did not vary greatly in the sediment of Taibai Lake and Longgan Lake, while that in Chaohu Lake and Xijiu Lake increased since the 1950s and substantially increased since the 1980s, although a decrease occurred since 2000 AD in Xijiu Lake. Heavy metal enrichment was strongly related to human activities in the catchment. The development of urbanization and industrialization was much more rapid in the catchments of Chaohu Lake and Xijiu Lake than of the other two lakes, and thus large amounts of anthropogenically sourced heavy metals were discharged into the lakes, which resulted in a higher contamination risk. However, human activities in the Longgan Lake and Taibai Lake catchments mainly involved agriculture, which contributed a relatively small portion of heavy metals to the lakes.     

Short-term e ects of drawing water for connectivity of rivers and lakes on zooplankton community structure

During 28–29, September 2005, water was drawn from Hanjiang River and Houguan Lake to the Yangzi River via Sanjiao Lake and Nantaizi Lake in Wuhan in order to provide favorable conditions for ecosystem restoration. To evaluate the feasibility and validity of drawing water as a means of ecosystem restoration, zooplankton populations were studied 3 times (before, immediately after finishing and a month after drawing water) at seven locations from 27 Sept. 2005 to 2 Nov. 2005. Water quality in the lakes was mostly improved and zooplankton species richness decreased as soon as drawing water had finished but increased a month after drawing water. Zooplankton density and biomass was reduced in the lakes by drawing water but was increased at the entrance to Sanjiao Lake because of landform geometry change. Before drawing water, most species in Sanjiao Lake e.g., Brachionus sp. and Keratella sp. were tolerant of contamination. After drawing water oligotrophic-prone species such as Lecane ludwigii and Gastropus stylifer emerged. We conclude that drawing water could be important for improving water quality and favour ecosystem restoration. Dilution of nutrient concentrations may be an important role in the e ect.     

Assessing high resolution oxidation-reduction potential and soluble reactive phosphorus variation across vertical sediments and water layers in Xinghu Lake: A novel laboratory approach

To understand the transfer process of soluble reactive phosphorus (SRP) on the lake sediment-water interface in a mesotrophic shallow lake in South China, the SRP concentrations and the oxidation-reduction potential (ORP) across the sediment-water interfaces were continually monitored. Sediment samples were collected from Xinghu Lake in Guangdong Province. The ORP dynamics at di erent layers of overlying water was similar for six experimental systems, whereas those in porewater were significantly di erent. The ORP in overlying water was 200–300 mV higher than those in sediments. The oxygen penetration depth ranged from 2 to 10 mm in Xiannu Lake sediments. The variation amplitudes of ORP increased with sediment depth, but the mean ORP values were all about 218 mV. The SRP concentrations in porewater maintained at a low level of about 0.049 mg/L because of high atom ratio of total iron and total manganese to total phosphorus. The SRP concentrations and variation amplitudes in porewater increased with sediment depth. The SRP in overlying water mainly originated from SRP transference of the porewater of middle and bottom sediments (3–15 cm). The ORP variation and SRP transfer in porewater played important roles in changing SRP concentrations. A distinct SRP concentration gradient appeared in overlying water when intense exchange occurred at the sediment-water interface; therefore, it was necessary to monitor the SRP concentration profiles to accurately estimate the internal loading.     

Influence of Chironomid Larvae on oxygen and nitrogen fluxes across the sediment-water interface (Lake Taihu, China)

The microscale distribution of oxygen,the nitrogen flux and the denitrification rates in sediment inhabited by chironomid larvae(Tanypus chinensis) were measured in eutrophic Lake Taihu,China.The presence of the chironomids in the sediment increased the oxygen diffusional flux from 10.4 ± 1.4 to 12.7 ± 2.5 mmol O 2 /(m 2 ·day).The burrows of the larvae represented "hot spots" and strongly influenced the nitrogen cycles and diagenetic activity in the sediment.The results indicate that the bioturbation effects of Tanypus chinensis chironomid larvae increased the capacity of the sediment as a sink for nitrate and a source for ammonium.Nitrate influx and ammonium outflux were increased 8.8 and 1.7 times,respectively.Under bioturbation,the amount of nitrate consumed was greater than the amount of ammonium released.The total denitrification rate was also enhanced from 0.76 ± 0.34 to 5.50 ± 1.30 mmol N/(m 2 ·day).The net effect was that the bioturbated sediments acted as a net sink for inorganic nitrogen under direct and indirect bioturbation effects compared to the control.     

Effect of land-use and land-cover change on nutrients in soil in Bashang area,China

The Bashang area is a water-source area and ecological barrier zone for Beijing and Tianjin. The area is located at 200 km from Beijing and Tianjin and is a typical agriculture-pasture-interlacing zone, in which theis vulnerable and hence it is sensitive to anvironmental change. The area is relatively lagged in social and economic development, where the traditional cultivation mode is predominatedin agriculture and animal husbandry, but the disturbance by human activity is relatively small. Therefore, in order to reveal the interrelation between eco-environmental change in the area and environmental change in Beijing and Tianjin area, it is fairly necessary to study the effect of land-use and land-cover change on nutrients in soil in this area. According to the actual situation of changed land use for the limited time period, five series of changed land plots were selected and 4 samples were collected from each series for the study. The samples were collected from different soil-forming levels at the same site in different time. Analysis of the collected samples indicates that in the process of change of land use and land cover, the nutrients in soil, such as organic matter, total N, total P, total K, and available N, P, K, and B, Mo, Mn,Zn, Cu, and Fe, have regularly changed. When the land had changed from grassland and non-irrigated farmland into woodland, and from non-irrigated farmland into irrigated field, the nutrients in soil totally increased. But there exists some exception, i.e. quick-acting N, P, K, and some micreelements have appeared to be inconsistent with the mentioned above regularity in some cases.     

Water and matter dynamic balance in the rite field and its overflow estimate model

The rice field is the main Iand use type in the watershed of Chaohu Lake．Because of the water dryness alternative farming applied there，the paddy soil has a unique quality regarding soil profile as well as special water and nutrient dynamms．Through the analysis of water and matter dynamics in rice fields．the field water level(H)and the concentrations of total nitrogen(TN)and total phosphorus(TP)in flood water layers of the fields were chosen to estimate the nonpoint pollution from rice fields．A simple model was built and used to calculate the quantRy of N and P pollutants from rice field overflow．it shows the po．tential effects of rice fields on Chaohu Lake eutrophication．     

Human impact recorded in the sediment of Honghu Lake, Hubei, China

Vertical profiles of the total organic carbon （TOC）, total nitrogen （TN）, phosphorus, susceptibilities, elements and partical size were analyzed in a short ^137Cs-dated sediment core collected from Honghu Lake, China. The average sedimentation rate was 1.55 mm/a. The results indicated that trophic status of Honghu Lake in the historical period had experienced three stages. Before 1840 the lake was characterized with lower productivity, TOC was less than 9.92 g/kg; TN was 0.902 to 1.24 g/kg. During about 1840-1950, population increased quickly, there was an obvious change in TOC with an average of 13.0 g/kg. Since 1950, human impacts have accelerated the lake eutrophication and nutrients enriched in the sediment with TOC of 21.7 to 93.1 g/kg, TN of 1.77 to 8.78 g/kg. The heavy metal concentration profiles presented similar distribution trends except Pb .and Mn. The results from elements analyses indicated that Honghu Lake had not been polluted by heavy metals except lead.     

Organic carbon stock in topsoil of Jiangsu Province, China, and the recent trend of carbon sequestration

Data collection of soil organic carbon(SOC) of 154 soil series of Jiangsu, China from the second provincial soil survey and of recent changes in SOC from a number of field pilot experiments across the province were collected. Statistical analysis of SOC contents and soil properties related to organic carbon storage were performed. The provincial total topsoil SOC stock was estimated to be O. 1 Pg with an extended pool of 0.4 Pg taking soil depth of 1 m, being relatively small compared to its total land area of lOl?00 km^2. One quarter of this topsoil stock was found in the soils of the Taihu Lake region that occupied 1/6 of the provincial arable area. Paddy soils accounted for over 50% of this stock in terms of SOC distribution among the soil types in the province. Experimental data from experimental farms widely distributed in the province showed that SOC storage increased consistently over the last 20 years despite a previously reported decreasing tendency during the period between 1950--1970. The evidence indicated that agricultural management practices such as irrigation, straw return and rotation of upland crops with rice or wheat crops contributed significantly to the increase in SOC storage. The annual carbon sequestration rate in the soils was in the range of 0.3-3.5 tC/(hm^2. a), depending on cropping systems and other agricultural practices. Thus, the agricultural production in the province, despite the high input, could serve as one of the practical methods to mitigate the increasing air CO2.     

Dynamic phosphorus budget for lake-watershed ecosystems

Lake eutrophication caused by excess phosphorus （P） loading from point sources （PS） and nonpoint sources （NPS） is a persistent and serious ecological problem in China. A phosphorus budget, based on material flow analysis（MFA） and system dynamic （SD）, is proposed and applied for the agriculture-dominated Qionghai Lake watershed located in southwestern China. The MFA-SD approach will not only cover the transporting process of P in the lake-watershed ecosystems, but also can deal with the changes of P budget due to the dynamics of watershed. P inflows include the fertilizer for agricultural croplands, soil losses, domestic sewage discharges, and the atmospheric disposition such as precipitation and dust sinking. Outflows are consisted of hydrologic export, water resources development, fishery and aquatic plants harvesting. The internal P recycling processes are also considered in this paper. From 1988 to 2015, the total P inflows for Lake Qionghai are in a rapid increase from 35.65 to 78.73 t/a, which results in the rising of P concentration in the lake. Among the total P load 2015, agricultural loss and domestic sewage account for 70.60% and 17.27% respectively, directly related to the rapid social-economic development and the swift urbanization. Future management programs designed to reduce P inputs must be put into practices in the coming years to ensure the ecosystem health in the watershed.     

Responses of protists with different feeding habits to the changes of activated sludge conditions: A study based on biomass data

Changes of protists, which were categorized into different functional groups primarily according to their feeding habits, in two full-scale municipal wastewater treatment systems experiencing sludge bulking were investigated over a period of 14 months. Protist biomass represented 3.7% to 5.2% of total biomass on average under normal sludge conditions, and the percentage increased significantly (p < 0.05) under sludge bulking conditions. The biomass of Chilodonella spp., capable of eating filamentous bacteria, tended to decrease in both systems when sludge bulking occurred, showing that the abnormal growth of filamentous bacteria did not lead to a biomass bloom of this group of protists. On the other hand, the bactivorous protists represented more than 96% of total protist biomass, and the biomass of this group, particularly the attached ciliates, increased significantly (p < 0.05) when sludge bulking occurred. The significant increase of the attached ciliates may have possibly facilitated the growth of filamentous bacteria through selectively preying on non-filamentous bacteria and further exacerbated sludge bulking. The redundancy analysis and correlation analysis results showed that the biomass changes of the attached ciliates were primarily related to the sludge volume index and to some extent related to five-day biochemical oxygen demand loading and hydraulic retention time.     

Present status and changes of the phytoplankton community after invasion of Neosalanx taihuensis since 1982 in a deep oligotrophic plateau lake, Lake Fuxian in the subtropical China

Introduction Introduction of exotic fish from the Yangtze River tolakes of Yunnan Guizhou Plateau has led to significantecological consequences of the lake ecosystem. So far, mostconcerns have been on the extinction of endemic fish species(Y…     

太湖浮游硅藻时空演化与环境因子的关系

利用1992年至2002年每月1次的监测资料,系统分析了太湖北部3个区域(河口、梅梁湾、湖心)浮游硅藻(Planktonic diatoms)生物量周年变化和空间分布情况.同时,水中磷酸盐(PO43--P)、氨氮(NH4+-N)、硝氮(NO3--N)和硅酸盐(SiO23--Si)含量等相关资料也被用于解释太湖浮游硅藻时空分布的原因.结果显示,直链硅藻(Aulacoseira sp.)是太湖浮游硅藻的优势种,其它常见种有小环藻(Cyclotella sp.)、针杆藻(Synedrasp.)等.硅藻总生物量占浮游藻类生物量百分比平均值约为20%.太湖浮游硅藻生物量在河口最大,梅梁湾其次,湖心最小,究其原因可能与河口的特殊生态环境(水流速度)有关,另外,河口丰富的营养盐,特别是磷酸盐和氨氮也是一个重要因素.温度可能是影响太湖浮游硅藻生物量季节变化的关键因素.Pearson相关分析证实,磷酸盐、氨氮和温度均与硅藻生物量显著相关(p<0.01),且蓝藻生物量百分比与硅藻生物量百分比呈显著负相关.研究结果说明,太湖浮游硅藻的生长分布受多种环境因子(磷酸盐、氨氮、温度)的影响限制,太湖浮游硅藻与蓝藻可能存在着竞争演替的趋势.     

巢湖富营养化对轮虫的影响研究

从2002年8月至2003年7月对富营养化的巢湖轮虫进行调查研究。结果表明,巢湖轮虫有48种,轮虫密度为520ind./L,生物量为0.4778mg/L;夏季种类最多,春冬季次之,秋季最少。春、夏季密度较高,生物量春季最高,冬季次之,秋季最低。西区密度是东区的5.2倍,生物量是东区的10.1倍;自东向西,随着富营养化程度的加深,轮虫种类逐渐增多,其现存量与富营养化水平密切相关。该研究将为巢湖水域的污染控制和综合治理提供科学依据。     

三峡工程截流后洞庭湖水体污染及风险分析

通过对2003-2009年的监测数据进行分析,得出:洞庭湖TN、TP污染较严重,TN在东洞庭湖污染最严重,西洞庭湖较轻,南洞庭湖最轻;TP在东洞庭湖污染较严重,南洞庭湖和西洞庭湖较轻。2009年Cu、Zn、Pb、Cd、As、Cr各重金属都达到了国家地面水环境质量Ⅰ类标准。三峡工程截流前后污染物浓度值变化情况显示,应增加城镇污水处理厂脱氮除磷的工艺,降低TN和TP给湖区带来的富营养化风险,同时还必须加强污染严重河段的底泥清淤。通过污染风险分析可知,TP仍是对洞庭湖污染风险贡献率最大的污染物,其次是Cu,其他各污染物的风险值均比较小。各监测点都属于轻微的生态危害。西洞庭湖污染风险最大,东洞庭湖、南洞庭湖相对较小。     

绿潮硬毛藻分解对天鹅湖水体氮磷水平的影响

为了解绿潮硬毛藻衰亡分解对上覆水体营养水平的影响,以荣成天鹅湖不同湖区的沉积物和暴发的硬毛藻为试材,通过室内模拟研究了藻类分解过程中水体氮磷水平及理化性质的变化,并评价了不同湖区沉积物中氮磷的释放潜力.结果表明:硬毛藻衰亡分解使上覆水体中ρ(TN)和ρ(NH₄+-N)均明显上升,并且前期(0~16 d)上升较快,ρ(TN)和ρ(NH₄+-N)最高分别可达12.40和7.98 mg/L;水体中ρ(TP)和ρ(SRP)表现为前期变化不大,19 d后大幅增加,含量变幅分别为0.02~1.14和0.01~0.40 mg/L.在试验中后期(约16 d后),不同湖区沉积物处理的水体中ρ(TN)、ρ(NH₄+-N)、ρ(TP)、ρ(SRP)均表现为有沉积物含藻处理>无沉积物含藻处理>有沉积物无藻处理.在藻分解的条件下,不同湖区沉积物的氮磷释放能力存在很大差异,氮释放量的顺序为湖中心>西北部>南部,而磷表现为西北部>湖中心>南部.在硬毛藻绿潮的衰亡阶段,由于初期藻体营养盐的直接释放和后期促进沉积物内源释放的间接影响,水体中ρ(TN)和ρ(TP)均明显增加,进而加重了天鹅湖水体的富营养化水平.      

滇池流域水环境承载力及其动态变化特征研究

为了定量分析人口增长、经济发展、资源短缺和环境污染等因素对流域水环境的综合影响,建立了湖泊水环境承载力多目标优化模型.同时,选取人口、灌溉面积、国民生产总值(GDP)、化学需氧量(COD)、总氮(TN)、总磷(TP)作为水资源和水质量承载力指标,运用层次分析法(AHP)确定各指标对湖区水环境承载力的权重,并运用指标体系评价法分别计算了2003—2010年滇池流域水环境承载力.结果表明,流域内人口承载度超标,经济承载压力显著增长,富营养化指标——TP、TN呈高负荷波动状态.滇池流域水环境承载力为负承载,水质量承载力影响程度更大.研究结果可为滇池流域的社会经济发展规划、生态环境保护和水资源可持续利用提供科学依据.     

洞庭湖生态风险评价及阶段性特征

采用“压力－响应”模式，按3个阶段评价了洞庭湖1991~2015年生态风险状况，并识别了不同阶段的主要压力源、胁迫因子及受影响较大的生态系统指标与生态系统服务.结果表明：（1）1991~2015年，洞庭湖生态风险总体呈不断增加趋势，期间造成洞庭湖生态风险增加的主要压力源发生了较大变化；主要胁迫因子和受影响大的生态系统指标也变化明显，而受影响较大的生态系统服务功能无明显变化.（2）不同阶段，洞庭湖生态风险影响因素不同，其中1991~2002年，受自然源和人为源共同影响；2003~2010年，自然源影响明显减弱，而人为源影响逐步增加；2011~2015年，自然源影响继续降低，而人为源的影响则进一步增加；（3）近年来洞庭湖生态风险增速虽有所减缓，但生态风险增加趋势尚未根本性改变，仍需加强洞庭湖保护治理，重点是进一步加强流域人为源的污染控制，同时密切关注自然源影响，尤其是水文情势变化所引起的生态风险增加问题.     

骆马湖浮游植物演替规律及驱动因子

江苏骆马湖作为南水北调工程的重要调蓄湖泊,水生态系统结构变化不容忽视.为研究骆马湖浮游植物群落结构演替规律及其与环境因子的关系,于2014~2018年进行了逐月监测.研究期间骆马湖总氮、高锰酸盐指数、电导率等参数呈逐年升高趋势,氟离子浓度呈逐年下降趋势.共鉴定有浮游植物7门71属,月均生物量变化范围0.16~5.51mg·L^-1.硅藻和绿藻为绝对优势门类,其次为甲藻及隐藻;主要优势属为针杆藻（Synedra sp.）、隐藻（Chroomonas spp.）、直链硅藻（Aulacoseira spp.）、锥囊藻（Dinobryon sp.）、栅藻（Scenedesmus spp.）、脆杆藻（Fragilaria spp.）、转板藻（Mougeotia sp.）、纤维藻（Ankistrodesmus sp.）和裸藻（Euglena spp.）.2014~2018年骆马湖浮游植物群落结构年际差异较大,其变化主要体现在浮游植物生物量的再分配,硅藻和绿藻继续保持优势外甲藻和蓝藻的优势度增加.非度量多维尺度分析显示,骆马湖浮游植物群落变化与总氮、氟离子、水温、总磷、溶解氧、pH、电导率和高锰酸盐指数等因素有关,广义可加模型同样显示总氮、氟离子浓度和水温是主导骆马湖浮游植物群落结构变化的主要因素.总氮、氟离子浓度是影响浮游植物群落年际变化的环境因子,而水温是引起浮游植物群落季节变化的主要因子.结合近几年管理部门采取的措施,浮游植物群落年际变化可能与骆马湖实行禁止采砂和拆除围网等管理修复措施有关.     

滇池流域土地利用变化对地下水水质的影响

土地利用变化影响着浅层地下水水质,以滇池流域为研究对象,综合运用遥感影像解译、马尔科夫转移矩阵和冗余分析,对近20年(2002～2020)滇池流域土地利用和浅层地下水质变化进行分析,揭示长时间尺度下土地利用变化对浅层地下水水质的影响.结果表明:2002和2020年滇池流域土地利用类型以草地、林地和耕地为主,分别占总面积20.91%和17.43%、43.21%和37.99%、22.11%和17.08%,2002～2020年间耕地向建筑用地和林地、林地向草地和耕地、草地向林地和建筑用地转移概率分别为22.59%和20.72%、13.16%和10.49%、26.30%和15.65%,耕地面积减少146km²,建筑用地面积增加279km².2002～2020年滇池流域浅层地下水化学类型由HCO₃^-·SO₄^2--Mg²⁺型转变为HCO₃^-·SO₄^2--Ca<...     

流域人类活动对鄱阳湖生态安全演变的驱动

分析了20世纪80年代到2008年鄱阳湖生态安全演变趋势及其阶段性特征,深入研究了流域人类活动与鄱阳湖生态安全之间的相关性及鄱阳湖生态安全演变的主要驱动因素. 结果表明,鄱阳湖生态安全状况经历了3个演变阶段,总体呈下降趋势:①其中20世纪80—90年代为快速下降阶段,由很安全状态下降为安全状态;流域社会经济不合理的发展模式,尤其是20世纪50—80年代大规模围垦等人类不合理开发活动,导致该阶段鄱阳湖生态安全状况快速下降. ②20世纪90年代到2002年为缓慢下降阶段,总体处于“安全”水平;伴随着1992年鄱阳湖被列入国际重要湿地以及1998年“退田还湖、移民建镇”等保护措施的实施,使该阶段鄱阳湖生态安全状况下降速度有所减缓. ③2003—2008年为反弹下滑期,总体已接近“一般安全”水平;随着2003年三峡工程试运行以来,鄱阳湖与长江江湖关系发生了较大变化,这一阶段鄱阳湖流域进入了新的发展阶段,致使其生态安全状况进一步下降. 流域社会经济不合理发展模式是鄱阳湖生态安全状况下降的重要原因,对鄱阳湖的过度无序利用直接驱动了其生态安全状况的恶化,湖区人口增长与其生态安全状况下降之间有着很好的相关性,维护鄱阳湖生态系统处于“安全”以上水平,湖区人口密度应控制在350人/km2以内. 按照保护优先的思路,坚持人湖和谐的流域可持续发展模式是保障鄱阳湖生态安全的关键.