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1.
The treatment of organics present in the lower reaches of a major river system(the Murray–Darling Basin, Australia) before(March–July 2010), during(December 2010–May 2011) and after(April–December 2012) a major flood period was investigated. The flood period(over 6 months)occurred during an intense La Nia cycle, leading to rapid and high increases in river flows and organic loads in the river water. Dissolved organic carbon(DOC) increased(2–3 times) to high concentrations(up to 16 mg/L) and was found to correlate with river flow rates. The treatability of organics was studied using conventional jar tests with alum and an enhanced coagulation model(mEnCo). Predicted mean alum dose rates(per mg DOC) were higher before(9.1 mg alum/mg DOC) and after(8.5 mg alum/mg DOC) than during the flood event(8.0 mg alum/mg DOC),indicating differences in the character of the organics in raw waters. To assess the character of natural organic matter present in raw and treated waters, high performance size exclusion chromatography with UV and fluorescence detectors were used. During the flood period, high molecular weight UV absorbing compounds(〉2 kDa) were mostly detected in waters collected,but were not evident in waters collected before and afterwards. The relative abundances of humic-like and protein-like compounds during and following the flood period were also investigated and found to be of a higher molecular weight during the flood period. The treatability of the organics was found to vary over the three climate conditions investigated.  相似文献   

2.
The removal of algal organic matter(AOM) is a growing concern for the water treatment industry worldwide. The current study investigates coagulation of non-proteinaceous AOM(AOM after protein separation), which has been minimally explored compared with proteinaceous fractions. Jar tests with either aluminum sulphate(alum) or polyaluminium chloride(PACl) were performed at doses of 0.2–3.0 mg Al per 1 mg of dissolved organic carbon in the p H range 3.0–10.5. Additionally, non-proteinaceous matter was characterized in terms of charge, molecular weight and carbohydrate content to assess the treatability of its different fractions. Results showed that only up to 25% of non-proteinaceous AOM can be removed by coagulation under optimized conditions. The optimal coagulation p H(6.6–8.0 for alum and 7.5–9.0 for PACl) and low surface charge of the removed fraction indicated that the prevailing coagulation mechanism was adsorption of non-proteinaceous matter onto aluminum hydroxide precipitates. The lowest residual Al concentrations were achieved in very narrow p H ranges, especially in the case of PACl. High-molecular weight saccharidelike organics were amenable to coagulation compared to low-molecular weight( 3 k Da)substances. Their high content in non-proteinaceous matter(about 67%) was the reason for its low removal. Comparison with our previous studies implies that proteinaceous and nonproteinaceous matter is coagulated under different conditions due to the employment of diverse coagulation mechanisms. The study suggests that further research should focus on the removal of low-molecular weight AOM, reluctant to coagulate, with other treatment processes to minimize its detrimental effect on water safety.  相似文献   

3.
Water samples collected from early March 2001 to the end of April 2002 at the branch of Pearl River around the Guangzhou City were analyzed for its micro-polluted characteristics. The coagulation behavior of polyaluminum chlorides(PACIs) was then examined focusing on the effect of primary water quality and speciation distribution. The results showed that PACIs exhibit better coagulation efficiency than alum in accordance with the different speciation.The turbidity removal property of PACIs is evidently better than alum at low dosage. While in neutral zone(about 6.5--7.5), the turbidity removal of PACIs decreases owing to the restabilization of particles at higher dosage. The organic matters in raw water exhibit marked influence on coagulation. In acidic zone, organic matters complex with polymer species and promote the formation of flocs. With an increase in pH, the complexation of organics with polymer species gradually decreases, and the removal of organics mainly depends on adsorption. The effect is evidently improved with the raise of B value.  相似文献   

4.
It is very important to identify the dominant precursors for N-nitrosamine formation from bulk organic matter, to enhance the understanding of N-nitrosamine formation pathways in water treatment plants and allow the development of practical treatment technologies. In this study, dissolved organic matter (DOM) from two source waters was fractionated with XAD resins and ultra- filtration membranes. The N-nitrosamine formation potential (FP) (ng of N-nitrosamines formed per mg of dissolved organic carbon (DOC)) from raw water and each fraction were measured and correlated with the fluorescence excitation-emission matrix (EEM), molecular weight (MW) and other assays. The results showed that the hydrophilic fraction had N-nitrosamine FP 1.3 to 3.5 times higher than the hydrophobic fraction from both source waters. The DOM fraction with low MW was the dominant fraction in these two source waters and contributed more precursors for N-nitrosamine formation than the larger MW fraction. The EEM spectra indicated there were notable amounts of soluble microbial products (SMPs) and aromatic proteins in the two studied rivers, which probably originated from wastewater discharge. The SMPs tended to be more closely correlated with N-nitrosodimethylamine formation potential than the other DOM components. Higher N-nitrosamine FP were also related to fractions with lower DOC/DON ratios and lower SUVA 254 values.  相似文献   

5.
This study examined the associations between dissolved organic matter(DOM) characteristics and potential nitrification occurrence in the presence of chloramine along a drinking water distribution system. High-performance size exclusion chromatography(HPSEC) coupled with a multiple wavelength detector(200–280 nm) was employed to characterise DOM by molecular weight distribution, bacterial activity was analysed using flow cytometry, and a package of simple analytical tools, such as dissolved organic carbon, absorbance at 254 nm, nitrate,nitrite, ammonia and total disinfectant residual were also applied and their applicability to indicate water quality changes in distribution systems were also evaluated. Results showed that multi-wavelength HPSEC analysis was useful to provide information about DOM character while changes in molecule weight profiles at wavelengths less than 230 nm were also able to be related to other water quality parameters. Correct selection of the UV wavelengths can be an important factor for providing appropriate indicators associated with different DOM compositions. DOM molecular weight in the range of 0.2–0.5 k Da measured at210 nm correlated positively with oxidised nitrogen concentration(r = 0.99), and the concentrations of active bacterial cells in the distribution system(r = 0.85). Our study also showed that the changes of DOM character and bacterial cells were significant in those sampling points that had decreases in total disinfectant residual. HPSEC-UV measured at210 nm and flow cytometry can detect the changes of low molecular weight of DOM and bacterial levels, respectively, when nitrification occurred within the chloraminated distribution system.  相似文献   

6.
When adding sufficient chlorine to achieve breakpoint chlorination to source water containing high concentration of ammonia during drinking water treatment, high concentrations of disinfection by-products(DBPs) may form. If N-nitrosamine precursors are present, highly toxic N-nitrosamines, primarily N-nitrosodimethylamine(NDMA), may also form. Removing their precursors before disinfection should be a more effective way to minimize these DBPs formation. In this study, zeolites and activated carbon were examined for ammonia and N-nitrosamine precursor removal when incorporated into drinking water treatment processes.The test results indicate that Mordenite zeolite can remove ammonia and five of seven N-nitrosamine precursors efficiently by single step adsorption test. The practical applicability was evaluated by simulation of typical drinking water treatment processes using six-gang stirring system. The Mordenite zeolite was applied at the steps of lime softening, alum coagulation, and alum coagulation with powdered activated carbon(PAC) sorption. While the lime softening process resulted in poor zeolite performance, alum coagulation did not impact ammonia and N-nitrosamine precursor removal. During alum coagulation, more than67% ammonia and 70%–100% N-nitrosamine precursors were removed by Mordenite zeolite(except 3-(dimethylaminomethyl)indole(DMAI) and 4-dimethylaminoantipyrine(DMAP)). PAC effectively removed DMAI and DMAP when added during alum coagulation. A combination of the zeolite and PAC selected efficiently removed ammonia and all tested seven N-nitrosamine precursors(dimethylamine(DMA), ethylmethylamine(EMA), diethylamine(DEA), dipropylamine(DPA), trimethylamine(TMA), DMAP, and DMAI) during the alum coagulation process.  相似文献   

7.
This study investigated the removal of dissolved organic matter(DOM) from real dyeing bio-treatment effluents(DBEs) with the use of a novel magnetic anion exchange resin(NDMP).DOMs in two typical DBEs were fractionized using DAX-8/XAD-4 resin and ultrafiltration membranes. The hydrophilic fractions and the low molecular weight(MW)(〈3 kDa) DOM fractions constituted a major portion(〉50%) of DOMs for the two effluents. The hydrophilic and low MW fractions of both effluents were the greatest contributors of specific UV254absorbance(SUVA254),and the SUVA254 of DOM fractions decreased with hydrophobicity and MW. Two DBEs exhibited acute and chronic biotoxicities. Both acute and chronic toxicities of DOM fractions increased linearly with the increase of SUVA254 value. Kinetics of dissolved organic carbon(DOC) removal via NDMP treatment was performed by comparing it with that of particle active carbon(PAC). Results indicated that the removal of DOC from DBEs via NDMP was 60%,whereas DOC removals by PAC were lower than 15%. Acidic organics could be significantly removed with the use of NDMP. DOM with large MW in DBE could be removed significantly by using the same means. Removal efficiency of NDMP for DOM decreased with the decrease of MW. Compared with PAC,NDMP could significantly reduce the acute and chronic bio-toxicities of DBEs. NaCl/NaOH mixture regenerants,with selected concentrations of 10% NaCl(m/m)/1%NaOH(m/m),could improve desorption efficiency.  相似文献   

8.
This research was aimed at investigating the reduction of DOM fractions and their trihalomethane formation potential (THMFP) by in-line coagulation with 0.1 μm ceramic membrane filtration. The combination of ceramic membrane filtration with a coagulation process is an alternative technology which can be applied to enhance conventional coagulation processes in the field of water treatment and drinking water production. The Ping River water (high turbidity water) was selected as the raw surface water because it is currently the main raw water source for water supply production in the urban and rural areas of Chiang Mai Province. From the investigation, the results showed that the highest percent reductions of DOC, UV-254, and THMFP (47.6%, 71.0%, and 67.4%, respectively) were achieved from in-line coagulation with ceramic membrane filtration at polyaluminum chloride dosage 40 mg/L. Resin adsorption techniques were employed to characterize the DOM in raw surface water and filtered water. The results showed that the use of a ceramic membrane with in-line coagulation was able to most efficiently reduce the hydrophobic fraction (HPOA) (68.5%), which was then followed by the hydrophilic fraction (HPIA) (49.3%). The greater mass DOC reduction of these two fractions provided the highest THMFP reductions (55.1% and 37.2%, respectively). Furthermore, the in-line coagulation with ceramic membrane filtration was able to reduce the hydrophobic (HPOB) fraction which is characterized by high reactivity toward THM formation. The percent reduction of mass DOC and THMFP of HPOB by in-line coagulation with ceramic membrane filtration was 45.9% and 48.0%, respectively.  相似文献   

9.
Anion exchange resins (AERs) with different properties were evaluated for their ability to remove dissolved organic matter (DOM) and bromide, and to reduce disinfection by-product (DBP) formation potentials of water collected from a eutrophic surface water source in Japan. DOM and bromide were simultaneously removed by all selected AERs in batch adsorption experiments. A polyacrylic magnetic ion exchange resin (MIEX) showed faster dissolved organic carbon (DOC) removal than other AERs because it had the smallest resin bead size. Aromatic DOM fractions with molecular weight larger than 1600 Da and fluorescent organic fractions of fulvic acid- and humic acid-like compounds were efficiently removed by all AERs. Polystyrene AERs were more effective in bromide removal than polyacrylic AERs. This result implied that the properties of AERs, i.e. material and resin size, influenced not only DOM removal but also bromide removal efficiency, MIEX showed significant chlorinated DBP removal because it had the highest DOC removal within 30 rain, whereas polystyrene AERs efficiently removed brominated DBPs, especially brominated trihalomethane species. The results suggested that, depending on source water DOM and bromide concentration, selecting a suitable AER is a key factor in effective control of chlorinated and brominated DBPs in drinking water.  相似文献   

10.
The cyanobacteria-bloom in raw waters frequently causes an unpredictable chemical dosing of preoxidation and coagulation for an effective removal of algal cells in water treatment plants. This study investigated the effects of preoxidation with NaOCl and ClO_2 on the coagulation-flotation effectiveness in the removal of two commonly blooming cyanobacteria species, Microcystis aeruginosa(MA) and Cylindrospermopsis raciborskii(CR), and their corresponding trihalomethane(THM) formation potential. The results showed that dual dosing with NaOCl plus ClO_2 was more effective in enhancing the deformation of cyanobacterial cells compared to single dosing with Na OCl, especially for CR-rich water.Both preoxidation approaches for CR-rich water effectively reduced the CR cell count with less remained dissolved organic carbon(DOC), which benefited subsequent coagulation–flotation. However, preoxidation led to an adverse release of algogenic organic matter(AOM) in the case of MA-rich water. The release of AOM resulted in a poor removal in MA cells and a large amount of THM formation after oxidation-assisted coagulation-flotation process. The reduction in THM formation potential of CR-rich waters is responsible for effective algae and DOC removal by alum coagulation. It is concluded that the species-specific characteristic of cyanobacteria and their AOM released during chlorination significantly influences the performance of coagulation–flotation for AOM removal and corresponding THM formation.  相似文献   

11.
强化混凝去除黄浦江水有机物的试验研究   总被引:11,自引:0,他引:11  
强化混凝去除有机物的效果与水源的分子量分布特性有着密切的关系.由于黄浦江水中低分子量的溶解性有机物占多数,因此,强化混凝处理有机物效果有限.对于<1k分子量区间的有机物.增加混凝剂投量可有效去除紫外吸光值(UV254),但去除溶解性有机碳(DOC)的效果很差.尽管增加混凝剂投量和降低pH都能有效地去除有机物,但决定强化混凝效果的主要因素是pH,去除黄浦江水有机物的最佳pH范围为6~5.  相似文献   

12.
Correlations between raw water characteristics and pH after enhanced coagulation to maximize dissolved organic matter (DOM) removal using four typical coagulants (FeCl3, Al2(SO4)3, polyaluminum chloride (PACl) and high performance polyaluminum chloride (HPAC)) without pH control were investigated. These correlations were analyzed on the basis of the raw water quality and the chemical and physical fractionations of DOM of thirteen Chinese source waters over three seasons. It was found that the final pH after enhanced coagulation for each of the four coagulants was influenced by the content of removable DOM (i.e. hydrophobic and higher apparent molecular weight (AMW) DOM), the alkalinity and the initial pH of raw water. A set of feed-forward semi-empirical models relating the final pH after enhanced coagulation for each of the four coagulants with the raw water characteristics were developed and optimized based on correlation analysis. The established models were preliminarily validated for prediction purposes, and it was found that the deviation between the predicted data and actual data was low. This result demonstrated the potential for the application of these models in practical operation of drinking water treatment plants.  相似文献   

13.
混凝去除垃圾渗滤液中DOM的实验研究   总被引:1,自引:1,他引:1  
选取氯化铁(FeCl3.6H2O)为混凝剂,以经0.45μm膜和1nm膜分子切割的垃圾渗滤液为研究对象,通过混凝剂投加量和混凝pH值实验,研究了垃圾渗滤液中DOM的去除情况,并比较了两种不同分子量水平的渗滤液中DOM的混凝去除特点。研究表明,pH值是影响渗滤液DOM去除的主要因素,氯化铁在pH=5、投加量为4g/L的条件下混凝效果最佳。混凝pH值对大分子量渗滤液中DOC去除的影响较大;而两种分子量水平的渗滤液UV254的去除差异不大。  相似文献   

14.
不同水体溶解性有机物的混凝去除特性   总被引:3,自引:1,他引:3  
采用硫酸铝、工业氯化铁、无机高分子絮凝剂(PAC)3种无机混凝剂,对广州珠江、北京密云、天津滦河不同原水进行了混凝实验,分析了不同混凝剂去除水体有机物的特性以及不同水体溶解性有机物(DOM)的内在分级特征与其混凝去除率的关系.实验结果表明,①珠江水体由于碱度低,pH较易下降,高投药浓度下此水体DOM更易被氯化铁去除;中低投药下,在南方水体中,PAC与盐类絮凝剂对去除DOM的混凝性能差别不如在北方水体中明显,表明南北方水体DOM的内在特性存在一定差异,即北方水体DOM中可混凝去除部分的有机物易发生电中和作用,带有较多负电基团,南方珠江水体DOM含带电基团的有机物相对较少,而中性有机物含量相对较高,这与进一步分级结果一致.②所有水体从混凝收敛点看,总溶解性有机碳(DOC)去除率都是工业PAC最高,显示电中和(憎水化)-沉淀(吸附)可能为这些水体DOM的主要去除机理.③从不同水体的DOC平均去除率看,珠江水体高于密云水体,它们又明显高于滦河水体.对水体DOM进一步的化学分级研究结果表明,DOC去除率越高的水体,其中的憎水中性物质(HoN)含量也越高.这表明,除了碱度、总有机碳(TOC)外,原水DOM的内在化学分级特征也是影响水体DOC混凝去除率的重要因素.  相似文献   

15.
预压力混凝沉淀除藻工艺中DOC变化规律研究   总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1       下载免费PDF全文
为了探讨预压力混凝沉淀除藻工艺是否会使藻细胞破裂,导致水中溶解性有机物(DOC)增加,进而优化压力作用方式,得到安全、高效的预压力除藻工艺,实验研究了预压力、预氧化技术处理含藻水时DOC的变化,以及水中相对分子质量分布,并研究了混凝沉淀后藻类、浊度、DOC的去除效果.结果表明,在0.5~0.8 MPa压力作用后,水中DOC没有增加,反而减少,且有机物相对分子质量减小.而高锰酸钾与次氯酸钠预氧化均会导致DOC增加,相对分子质量分布没有明显变化.预压力混凝沉淀后藻类去除率96.23%;DOC去除率29.11%,高于预氧化混凝沉淀工艺10%~30%.  相似文献   

16.
Four magnetic anion exchange resins (MAERs) were used as adsorbents to purify drinking water. The effect of water quality (pH, temperature, ionic strength, etc.) on the performance of MAER for the removal of dissolved organic matter (DOM) was also investigated. Among the four studied MAERs, the strong base resin named NDMP-1 with high water content and enhanced exchange capacity exhibited the highest removal rate of dissolved organic carbon (DOC) (48.9% removal rate) and UV-absorbing substances (82.4% removal rate) with a resin dose of 10 mL/L after 30 min of contact time. The MAERs could also effectively remove inorganic matter such as sulfate, nitrate and fluoride. Because of the higher specific UV absorbance (SUVA) value, the DOM in the raw water was found to be removed more effectively than that in the clarified water by NDMP resin. The temperature showed a weak influence on the removal of DOC from 6 to 26℃, while a relatively strong one at 36℃. The removal of DOM by NDMP was also affected to some extent by the pH value. Moreover, increasing the sulfate concentration in the raw water could decrease the removal rates of DOC and UV-absorbing substances.  相似文献   

17.
磁性离子交换树脂对原水中有机物去除效能的研究   总被引:7,自引:1,他引:6       下载免费PDF全文
采用磁性离子交换树脂(MIEX)预处理原水中有机物的中试试验结果表明,MIEX技术可有效地去除原水中的有机物,对UV254,DOC和CODMn的去除率分别稳定在82%、66%和50%,MIEX预处理可以有效强化混凝沉淀对有机物、藻细胞和浊度的去除.与常规工艺相比,在混凝剂聚合氯化铝投加量降低56%时,该工艺对UV254和CODMn的去除率分别为90%和71%,对藻细胞数和浊度的去除率分别为99%和95%.对溶解性有机物分级和分子量分布的测定表明,MIEX预处理主要去除混凝沉淀无法有效去除的小分子区间的亲水性和疏水性有机物,可以有效控制消毒副产物的产生,MIEX预处理与混凝沉淀联用工艺出水的三卤甲烷生成势(THMFP)和卤乙酸生成势(HAAFP)比原水降低了88%和87%.  相似文献   

18.
臭氧-生物活性炭对南方河网典型污染物的去除特性   总被引:3,自引:3,他引:0       下载免费PDF全文
林涛  陈卫  王磊磊 《环境科学》2009,30(5):1397-1401
以我国南方河网原水中有机物和季节性溴化物(Br-)为对象,研究臭氧-生物活性炭(BAC)工艺净化过程中有机物相对分子质量(Mr)分布变化及溴酸盐(BrO-3)和消毒副产物(THMs)的形成规律.结果表明,原水中Mr在103以下的有机物(DOC)约占总量的80%,常规工艺主要表现为对Mr >100×103有机物的去除,出水DOC去除率为8%、 SUVA(UV254/DOC)值下降14%;臭氧-活性炭工艺主要去除103<Mr<5×103的有机物,但亲水性小分子有机物抑制生物降解作用,出水DOC去除率仅提高至30%、SUVA值下降31%.当臭氧投加量高于2 mg/L时,臭氧氧化出水中BrO-3增加明显,氧化过程原水中Br-浓度升高BrO-3生成量增大;生物活性炭对BrO-3的去除率平均仅为13%,且波动较大.与常规处理相比,臭氧-生物活性炭处理后各类THMs均有减少,总量减少40%;但氯量和Br-对溴代副产物影响大,主要为CHBr3生成量增加.  相似文献   

19.
刘成  陈卫  李磊  盛誉 《环境科学》2009,30(6):1639-1643
利用烧杯试验研究了磁性离子交换树脂(magnetic ion exchange resin,MIEX)预处理对长江原水中有机物的去除效能,以总溶解有机碳(DOC)、254 nm紫外吸收值(UV254)、有机物相对分子质量分布、有机物分级、紫外扫描以及消毒副产物生成量等指标进行表征.结果表明,长江水源水中的有机物主要为小分子亲水性有机物,其含量占有机物总量的50%以上;MIEX预处理可以有效降低水中有机物的含量,投加量为10 mL/L、接触时间为15 min时,DOC的去除率超过35%,相对分子质量和分级的测定结果表明,小分子亲水性部分有机物的去除导致了DOC去除效果的改善;从紫外扫描结果可看出,MIEX预处理对在190~250 nm波长时有强吸收的有机物去除效果非常明显,但对在高于250 nm波长处有吸收的有机物去除效果与混凝阶段的效果相近.  相似文献   

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