Water quality evaluation of Haihe River with fuzzy similarity measure methods

Fuzzy similarity measures, which are used to judge the closeness of two fuzzy sets, are presented to evaluate the water quality of the Haihe River. Based on the membership functions and coefficient of variation as the weights, four fuzzy similarity measures （including Lattice similarity measure, Hamming similarity measure, Euclidean similarity measure and the max-min similarity measure） are used to classify the 299 samples into the proper water quality standard ranks. The results are compared with the traditional distance discriminant methods. The calculation of two traditional distance discriminant methods （both Euclidean distance and absolute value distance） is also based on the use of coefficients of variation as the weights. Without the Lattice similarity measure, for this method loses some information, the correct assignment of samples classified into the same water quality ranks is 75.92% with the other three similarity measures and two distance discriminant methods. This result shows the reliability of the five methods. Only considering the three similarity measures, there were only 1.01% of the samples that did not classify to the same ranks, while the corresponding ratio of the two distance discriminant methods was 5.69%. The results of leave-one-out cross validation show that more than 88% of the samples are classified to the proper ranks, which demonstrates that the similarity measures are suitable to evaluate the water quality of the Haihe River.     

Objective and quantitative evaluation of environmental quality of the land for agriculture purpose

An objective and quantitative evaluation method on land environmental quality for agricultural purpose in a county range is studied in this paper. The method takes into account the quantity of heat, precipitation, meteorological disaster and soil fertility, which have close relationship to the potential productivity of land and can be expressed conveniently and accurately by taking Kai County as an example. Besides comprehensive grading assessment, assessment with Hilbert Space distance coefficiency and comprehensive judgement by fuzzy sets theory, the assessment factors are expanded to 18 parameters, and fuzzy dominance matrix and fuzzy clustering methods are adopted for regional comprehensive identification of agriculture-use land. Among these methods, each benefits from association with the other. In this paper, an all-round and objective new way for understanding of land environmental quality is put forward.     

Uncertainty analyses on the calculation of water environmental capacity by an innovative holistic method and its application to the Dongjiang River

The estimation and allocation of water environmental capacity （WEC） are essential to water quality management and social-economic interests. However, there is inevitable uncertainty in the capacity estimation due to model conceptualization, data collection and parameter calibration. An innovative holistic approach was developed, which took both independence and relevance between parameters into account to analyze the uncertainties in WEC calculation and estimate the margin of safety. The Doniang River was taken as the case to demonstrate the method, focusing on the chemical oxygen demand and NH-N that were the two major water quality problems in the river. The results showed that the proposed holistic approach is very promising and applicable compared to traditional methods of uncertainty analysis.     

Modelling of water quality of Minjiang estuary

In order to establish economic development region at Mawei districtwhich is nearby downstream of Minjiang river and to answer the question of impact of economic development on water quality of Minjiang estuary, the analyses of hydrologic and hydraulic characteristics of Mawei reach of Minjiang tidal river, a two-dimensional mathematical model has been established and simulation of water quality was studied. The results show that the flushing time of a conservative pollutant during dry and raining period are 12 and 7 days respectively from Mawei to Minjiang mouth, the decay rate constants of BOD and NH3-N are 0.1 to 0.4 and 0.18 to 0.45 d-1 respectively. The capacity of dilution and assimilation for pollutants is larger.     

Entrepreneur environment management behavior evaluation method derived from environmental economy

Evaluation system can encourage and guide entrepreneurs, and impel them to perform well in environment management. An evaluation method based on advantage structure is established. It is used to analyze entrepreneur environment management behavior in China. Entrepreneur environment management behavior evaluation index system is constructed based on empirical research. Evaluation method of entrepreneurs is put forward, from the point of objective programming-theory to alert entrepreneurs concerned to think much of it, which means to take minimized objective function as comprehensive evaluation result and identify disadvantage structure pattern. Application research shows that overall behavior of Chinese entrepreneurs environmental management are good, specially, environment strategic behavior are best, environmental management behavior are second, cultural behavior ranks last. Application results show the efficiency and feasibility of this method.     

Integrated assessment of river health based on water quality, aquatic life and physical habitat

The health conditions of Liao River were assessed using 25 sampling sites in April 2005, with water quality index, biotic index and physical habitat quality index. Based on the method of cluster analysis (CA) for water quality indices, it revealed that heavily polluted sites of Liao River are located at estuary and mainstream. The aquatic species surveyed were attached algae and benthic invertebrates. The result showed that the diversity and biomass of attached algae and benthic index of biotic integrity (B-IBI) were degrading as the chemical and physical quality of water bodies deteriorating. Physiochemical parameters, BOD5, CODCr, TN, TP, NH3-N, DO, petroleum hydrocarbon and conductivity, were statistically analyzed with principal component analysis and correlation analysis. The statistical results were incorporated into the integrated assessing water quality index, combining fecal coliform count, attached algae diversity, B-IBI and physical habitat quality score. A comprehensive integrated assessing system of river ecological health was established. Based on the systimetic assesment, the assessed sites are categorized into 9 “healthy” and “sub-healthy” sites and 8 “sub-sick” and “sick” sites.     

Changes in quality of groundwater with seasonal fluctuations： an example from Ghor Sail area, southern Dead Sea coastal aquifers, Jordan

The demand for water resources in the area south of the Dead Sea due to continued development, especially at the Arab Potash Company （APC） for production and domestic purposes necessitates that water quality in the area be monitored and evaluated based on the local geology and hydrogeology. The objective of this paper is to monitor seasonal fluctuations of groundwater and to determine how fluctuation in the water levels will affect the groundwater quality. Groundwater levels were found to be influenced by rainfall and pumping of water from the wells for domestic and industrial use. Twenty water samples were collected from different wells and analyzed for major chemical constituents both in pre- and post-seasons to determine the quality variation. Chemical constituents are significantly increased after post-season recharge. According to the overall assessment of the area, water quality was found to be useful for drinking, irrigation and industry.     

Assessment and management of the performance risk of a pilot reclaimed water disinfection process

Chlorination disinfection has been widely used in reclaimed water treatment plants to ensure water quality. In order to assess the downstream quality risk of a running reclaimed water disinfection process, a set of dynamic equations was developed to simulate reactions in the disinfection process concerning variables of bacteria, chemical oxygen demand （COD）, ammonia and monochloramine. The model was calibrated by the observations obtained from a pilot disinfection process which was designed to simulate the actual process in a reclaimed water treatment plant. A Monte Carlo algorithm was applied to calculate the predictive effluent quality distributions that were used in the established hierarchical assessment system for the downstream quality risk, and the key factors affecting the downstream quality risk were defined using the Regional Sensitivity Analysis method. The results showed that the seasonal upstream quality variation caused considerable downstream quality risk; the effluent ammonia was significantly influenced by its upstream concentration; the upstream COD was a key factor determining the process effluent risk of bacterial, COD and residual disinfectant indexes; and lower COD and ammonia concentrations in the infiuent would mean better downstream quality.     

Comparison of two methods for detection of fecal indicator bacteria used in water quality monitoring of the Three Gorges Reservoir

Scientifically sound methods to rapidly measure fecal indicator bacteria are important to ensure safe water for drinking and recreational purposes.A total of 200 water samples obtained from the Three Gorges Reservoir during three successive one-year study periods(October 2009 to September 2012) were analyzed using multiple-tube fermentation(MTF)and most probable numbers combined with polymerase chain reaction(MPN–PCR).The MPN–PCR method was found to be significantly more sensitive than the MTF method for detecting Escherichia coli and Enterococcus spp.,and of equal sensitivity for detecting total coliforms when all surface water samples were grouped together.The two analytical methods had a strong,significant relationship,but MPN–PCR took only 12–18 hr,compared with the 3–8 days needed using the MTF method.Bacterial concentrations varied per sampling site but were significantly lower in the mainstream of the Yangtze River than those in the backwater areas of tributaries.The water quality of 85.8% of water samples from the mainstream was suitable for use as a centralized potable water source,while the water quality of 52.5% of water samples from the backwater areas was unsuitable for recreational activities.Relationships between fecal indicator bacteria showed significant correlation(r = 0.636–0.909,p 0.01,n = 200),while a weak but significant correlation was found between fecal indicators and water turbidity,water temperature,daily inflow,and total dissolved solids(r = 0.237–0.532,p 0.05,n = 200).The study indicated that MPN–PCR is a rapid and easily performed deoxyribonucleic acid(DNA)-based method for quantitative detection of viable total coliforms,E.coli,and Enterococcus spp.in surface water.     

Projection pursuit cluster model and its application in water quality assessment

One of the difficulties frequently encountered in water quality assessment is that there are many factors and they cannot be assessed according to one factor, all the effect factors associated with water quality must be used. In order to overcome this issues the projection pursuit principle is introduced into water quality assessment, and projection pursuit cluster(PPC) model is developed in this study. The PPC model makes the transition from high dimension to one-dimension. In other words, based on the PPC model, multifactor problem can be converted to one factor problem. The application of PPC model can be divided into four parts: (1) to estimate projection index function Q(a) ; (2) to find the right projection direction a ; (3) to calculate projection characteristic value of the i th sample zi, and (4) to draw comprehensive analysis on the basis of zi. On the other hand, the empirical formula of cutoff radius R is developed, which is benefit for the model to be used in practice. Finally, a case study of water quality assessment is proposed in this paper. The results showed that the PPC model is reasonable, and it is more objective and less subjective in water quality assessment. It is a new method for multivariate problem comprehensive analysis.     

改进的模糊综合评价法及在河道水质评价中的应用研究

基于传统模糊综合评价法权重和最大隶属度原则的不足,建立改进的模糊综合评价法,采用超标倍数法和熵权法组合确定权重,并以加权平均得分BT作为同级别水质优劣比较和水质类别判定的依据,最后用改进的方法对苏州古城区2013年河道水质进行综合评价.结果表明:苏州古城区水质整体较好,水质以Ⅲ、Ⅳ类为主.但水质空间变异明显,呈现出城北水质比城南好,主河道水质比小河道好的特点.与传统的模糊综合评价相比,改进的模糊综合评价法弥补了传统方法的缺陷.     

湖库富营养化的改进型模糊综合评价方法研究

针对水体富营养化评价系统的非线性、模糊综合评价法过程中权重赋予的主观随意性和隶属函数的不准确性等特点,对传统模糊综合评价法进行了改进,并据此对我国24个代表性湖库的富营养化程度进行了评价.其中以SPSS16.0和Yaaph软件为载体,采用层次分析法和主成分分析法相结合来确定选取因子的权重.根据确定的评价标准作自然对数变换使之线性化,并结合由基础数据统计分布情况,生成各评价因子隶属于各营养等级的对数形式的降半梯形隶属函数,进而得到各湖库的确定度,最后依据最大确定度得到湖库富营养化级别.该法所得结果与湖库实际富营养化状况以及现有多种评价方法的结果的对比表明,该改进方法的评价结果真实、准确、计算简单,具有可行性.     

巢湖西半湖主要入湖河流水质的模糊评价及结果分析

文章对巢湖西半湖主要入湖河流采用模糊综合评价法进行评价。通过建立相应的模糊系数矩阵及确定权重并综合评价模糊运算,最终将所得结果与单因子评价指数所得结果相比较。结果表明:巢湖西半湖入湖河流大多数断面属于Ⅴ和劣Ⅴ类水,两种方法的评价结果基本吻合,个别断面存在微小分歧。通过将模糊综合评价法和单因子评价法进行比较分析,客观全面地反映出了多种因子复合影响下的水质状况,为制定环保政策和水污染防治规划起到借鉴作用。     

应用模糊数学方法评价水环境质量

模糊综合评价就是根据给出的评价标准和实测值,经过模糊变换,对待评价对象给出总的评价的一种方法。在水质评价中,确定评价因子集、评价集、隶属函数,然后通过计算确定水质级别。本文采用模糊综合评价方法,对锦州市大凌河3个断面进行模糊综合评价。     

改良模糊综合评价法在水质评价中的应用

基于传统模糊综合评价法原理,通过对评价指标选择、权重确定、模糊运算分析三个环节进行改良,建立了一种分辨率高、简便有效的地表水质量评价模型,并将其应用于辽河流域的水质评价中。改良后的模糊综合评价法能够更实际、更客观地反映多指标共同作用下的地面水环境质量状况,这为制定水环境宏观决策提供了必要的科学参考。     

Entropy method for determination of weight of evaluating indicators in fuzzy synthetic evaluation for water quality assessment

Introduction The fuzzy synthetic evaluation for water quality assessment of nature water resource has been studied and put into practice extensively in recent years (Qin, 2003; Liang and Jiang, 2002; Zhu and Lv et al., 1994). By using the fuzzy mathematic…     

模糊数学在引黄水库水质评价中的应用研究

通过构建模糊数学模型评价济南某引黄水库的进水口和出水口的水质,评价结果发现该引黄水库进水口和出水口分别属于Ⅳ和I类水;而根据单因子评价方法,进水口和出水口水质均属于V类,主要是由于化学需氧量超标导致。模糊数学评价法用隶属度来描绘模糊的水质分级界限,避免了传统水质分级不连续的缺陷,避免了在单因子评价中因某项参数超标而将水质定类的缺点,得到了较为客观的评价。     

改进模糊综合评价法在水质评价中的应用

在对水质综合评价的诸多方法中,模糊综合评价法以其评价结果合理、更接近客观实际等优点,得到越来越广泛的应用。由于某些指标其单项标准限值数少于水质总体分级,采用传统模糊评价方法计算得到的隶属度与实际情况并不相符。针对此类情况,对隶属函数加以改进,提出改进后的模糊评价方法,并将此方法应用于长江下游贵池河段2005年-2009年间水环境综合评价,与传统方法计算结果相比较,取得了较好的效果。     

典型环境条件下装备环境适应性的评估方法

系统分析了航空装备环境适应的特点及环境适应性要求的类型。在此基础上,根据装备的相关环境试验信息和外场环境故障信息,遵循确定模糊集隶属函数的原则,分别构建了描述装备对单因素环境适应性的隶属度。基于单因素评估结果,选择合适的确定权重的方法,确定模糊综合评判中各层次因素的权重。最后选择合适的合成算子采用模糊综合评估的方法分别提出了装备与下层产品的综合环境适应性评估方法。通过实例验证了模型的合理性和方法的可行性。