基于不同接种污泥复合型厌氧氨氧化反应器的快速启动特征

为获得快速启动厌氧氨氧化的最佳污泥源及厌氧氨氧化颗粒污泥的快速形成工艺,采用本实验室自主研发复合型CAMBR反应器(厌氧折流板反应器(ABR)+膜生物反应器(MBR),分别接种厌氧颗粒污泥(R1)和絮状反硝化污泥(R2),考察不同接种污泥的厌氧氨氧化启动特征和颗粒化程度.结果表明,R1与R2反应器分别耗时45 d和60 d均成功快速启动厌氧氨氧化,其启动过程均可分为活性停滞期、活性提高期、活性稳定期3个阶段,但每个阶段氮素的去除规律略有不同,稳定运行期内,R1和R2反应器内NH_4~+-N和NO-2-N的平均去除率均高达95%以上;此外,R1反应器中形成了直径0.8~1.6mm为主的厌氧氨氧化红色颗粒污泥,R2反应器则以不规则块状和絮状为主,颗粒化程度较低,两个反应器内均可观察到红色颗粒污泥上浮现象;稳定运行期内NH_4~+-N、NO-2-N和NO_3~--N之间的定量关系分析表明:R1反应器内可能存在着硝酸盐型厌氧氨氧化,致使NH_4~+-N过量转化,R2反应器内则为典型亚硝酸盐型厌氧氨氧化.     

快速启动厌氧氨氧化工艺

为研究如何获得厌氧氨氧化的快速启动工艺,采用两种不同水力流态反应器:完全混合式膜生物反应器(MBR)和推流式厌氧折流板反应器(ABR),分别接种絮状硝化污泥,考察其厌氧氨氧化快速启动性能.结果表明:两种反应器均能成功启动厌氧氨氧化,MBR启动周期(90 d)比ABR(111 d)缩短20%;稳定运行期内,MBR总氮(NH_4~+-N+NO_2~--N)平均去除负荷[0.098 kg·(m3·d)-1]也明显高于ABR[0.089 kg·(m3·d)-1];此外,两个反应器中污泥形态差异明显,MBR中污泥呈絮状,而ABR第1隔室中以厌氧氨氧化颗粒污泥为主;NH_4~+-N、NO_2~--N和NO_3~--N之间的定量关系分析表明:相较于ABR,MBR能实现完全的生物截留,使得系统内含有更多种类的脱氮功能菌,有利于氮素的去除.MBR在厌氧氨氧化的快速启动方面表现出更明显的优势.     

制革废水的厌氧氨氧化ABR脱氮工艺研究

采用小试规模的厌氧折流板反应器(ABR)研究制革废水的厌氧氨氧化脱氮.结果表明,ABR可作为实现厌氧氨氧化的良好反应器,厌氧氨氧化ABR反应器能有效和稳定地处理制革废水.当进水NH+4-N为25.0~76.2 mg·L-1、COD为131~237 mg·L-1,NH+4-N容积负荷为0.05~0.15 kg·(m3·d)-1时,出水NH+4-N为0.20~7.12 mg·L-1、COD为35.1~69.2mg·L-1,去除率分别达到90.8%~99.6%和66.9%~74.7%.此外,厌氧氨氧化ABR反应器污泥在驯化和运行过程中形成了棕红色、棕黄色和红色的颗粒污泥.电镜扫描观察证实在厌氧氨氧化ABR反应器的4个隔室的颗粒污泥中均存在厌氧氨氧化菌.荧光原位杂交(FISH)检测结果显示厌氧氨氧化菌在驯化和运行过程中出现不同程度的增殖,厌氧氨氧化ABR反应器4个隔室的污泥中厌氧氨氧化菌所占比率分别由4%增加到9%、8%、12%和30%,呈现出前段隔室少、后段隔室多的分布规律.     

基质浓度对ABR厌氧氨氧化反硝化脱氮除碳效能影响及动力学特征

采用厌氧折流板反应器(ABR)为研究对象,以一定COD、NH+4-N和NO-2-N比例增加进水基质浓度,以明确基质负荷提高对ABR厌氧氨氧化和反硝化协同体系脱氮除碳的影响,并通过基质去除模型获得反应器对基质的耐受程度.研究表明,ABR反应器能够实现厌氧氨氧化反硝化耦合脱氮除碳,当进水基质COD、NO-2-N和NH+4-N浓度从220、168和60 mg·L~(-1)提高至420、270和110 mg·L~(-1)时,反应器脱氮效能下降,COD、NO-2-N、NH+4-N和TN去除率分别为97%、94%、30%和78%,厌氧氨氧化对TN去除的贡献率从43.08%骤降至16.49%,反硝化脱氮贡献率从53.81%增至82.07%.动力学模型拟合发现,Stover-Kincannon模型(R2=0.937,TN;R2=0.975,COD)较一级基质去除模型(R2=0.314,TN;R2=0.016,COD)更适合评价反应器对基质的承受力;Stover-Kincannon模型表明,反应器对TN和COD的最大基质利用率分别为1.43 g·L-1·d-1和3.33 g·L-1·d-1,饱和常数(KB)分别为1.2和3.79,研究认为ABR协同脱氮除碳体系理论上还有继续提升基质负荷的潜力.     

基于ASBR反应器的厌氧氨氧化启动及特性研究

采用ASBR反应器,接种消化污泥和厌氧颗粒污泥的混合污泥,在温度(35±1)℃、HRT为24h、pH为7.3～8.5的条件下经过160d的培养,获得了砖红色的厌氧氨氧化菌菌胶团.试验结果表明:进水NH+4-N和NO-2-N浓度约为180mg·L-1,平均总氮容积负荷为0.38kg·m-3·d-1时.NH4+4-N和NO-2N的去除率平均为93.2%和95.7%,TN平均去除率为86.9%.厌氧氨氧化反应过程出水pH值高于进水,稳定在7.74左右.     

基质浓度对ABR反应器SAD协同脱氮除碳效能影响

为改善厌氧氨氧化对总氮(TN)去除不完全和有机物对厌氧氨氧化胁迫的问题,采用厌氧折流板反应器(ABR),接种成熟的厌氧氨氧化污泥与城市污水处理厂厌氧污泥,通过不同基质浓度控制,构建厌氧氨氧化耦合反硝化系统(SAD),并考察不同进水基质(COD、NO-2-N、NH+4-N)浓度对耦合系统脱氮除碳效能的影响及污染物去除规律.结果表明,在ABR反应器中可实现厌氧氨氧化与反硝化的耦合反应,并缓解了有机物对厌氧氨氧化菌的抑制效应.当进水COD、NO-2-N和NH+4-N浓度为260、185和100 mg·L-1,比例为2.6∶1.85∶1时,三者出水浓度分别低于10、1.0和0.9 mg·L-1,TN去除率达到99%,实现系统的稳定运行和C、N污染物的超低排放.不同基质浓度和比例条件下,目标污染物去除基本在第1隔室完成,去除率均在75%以上,且厌氧氨氧化反应在SAD耦合系统脱氮中占主导地位.     

HRT及氮素负荷对厌氧氨氧化系统的影响

为了考察水力停留时间(HRT)、氮素负荷(NH4+-N和NO2--N)对厌氧氨氧化系统处理效果的影响,通过启动试验、HRT影响试验、NH4+-N负荷试验、NO2--N负荷试验,以好氧硝化污泥、厌氧污泥、花园土壤渗出液为接种污泥,历经114d培养厌氧氨氧化反应器成功启动.结果表明:①系统HRT过短会导致含氮污染物去除不完全,HRT过长则污泥可能已经解体,取HRT为10d是合理的;②厌氧氨氧化系统HRT、微生物总量确定的情况下,系统NH4+-N氧化能力也随之确定,以污泥负荷描述厌氧氨氧化系统NH4+-N氧化能力较为恰当,控制进水NH4+-N污泥负荷小于0.009g.g-1.d-1;③高NO2--N负荷对厌氧氨氧化系统中NH4+-N氧化步骤不产生明显抑制影响,但当NO2--N负荷大于14g.m-3.d-1后,会对厌氧氨氧化系统中NO2--N还原步骤产生抑制,所以控制进水NO2--N容积负荷小于14g.m-3.d-1或折合为污泥负荷0.018g.g-.1d-1是合适的.本研究对厌氧氨氧化系统的设计、运行、管理控制有重要参考意义.     

蚀刻液废水厌氧氨氧化脱氮性能研究

采用上流式生物膜反应器接种厌氧氨氧化污泥,研究了印制电路板行业蚀刻液废水厌氧氨氧化脱氮可行性.结果表明,蚀刻液废水作为NH4+-N源时,其所携带的物质对厌氧氨氧化污泥活性具有毒性作用.当蚀刻液废水稀释到NH4+-N浓度150mg/L进入反应器14d后,厌氧氨氧化氮去除速率从3.2kg/(m3·d)下降到1.2kg/(m3·d).但是通过驯化培养可以很好地缓解蚀刻液对厌氧氨氧化污泥的毒性影响.经过110d的驯化,蚀刻液废水稀释到NH4+-N浓度300mg/L进入反应器后并未出现明显的抑制现象.厌氧氨氧化氮去除速率从1.6kg/(m3·d)上升到6.0kg/(m3·d).说明通过驯化培养后,厌氧氨氧化工艺能够很好的运用到PCB行业高NH4+-N废水的处理.     

气升装置对厌氧氨氧化反应器脱氮效能的影响

通过接种厌氧氨氧化污泥研究了气升回流装置在提高进水基质浓度以提高反应器氮负荷过程中对反应器脱氮效能的影响.结果表明,在气升室中利用厌氧氨氧化反应产生的氮气作为动力可以实现出水自动循环.随着反应器脱氮效能的提高,气升室回流量也逐步增加,能够有效稀释进水基质浓度,缓解其对厌氧氨氧化菌的抑制.经过183 d运行,进水NH+4-N、NO-2-N质量浓度分别提高至700 mg·L-1和840 mg·L-1,出水NH+4-N和NO-2-N质量浓度最高达到46.3 mg·L-1和53.21mg·L-1,氮去除速率稳定在28.3 kg·(m3·d)-1左右.说明气升装置所形成的自回流系统能够有效改善传统厌氧氨氧化反应器运行过程中高基质浓度抑制的问题,同时减少外置回流泵的动力消耗,是一种经济有效的措施.     

基质比对ABR厌氧氨氧化工艺脱氮性能的影响

为解决厌氧氨氧化底物去除不彻底导致总氮去除偏低的问题,通过控制不同的进水基质比,对厌氧折流板反应器(ABR)的厌氧氨氧化脱氮性能进行了研究.结果表明,ABR厌氧氨氧化系统最佳进水N_2~O--N/NH+4-N为1.34,此时NH+4-N和N_2~O--N的去除率同时达到99.99%左右,总氮去除率达到峰值为87%,当进水N_2~O--N/NH+4-N从1逐渐降低至0.49和从1.34逐渐提高至1.62时,反应器对NH+4-N和N_2~O--N的绝对去除量较为稳定,NH+4-N或N_2~O--N过量对ABR厌氧氨氧化系统没有产生明显抑制;此外,不同基质比条件下,NH+4-N和N_2~O--N的去除基本在第1隔室完成,基质比变化对ABR各隔室的脱氮效果没有产生显著影响,ABR厌氧氨氧化系统对基质浓度的变化具有较好的稳定性.     

Distribution and ecological effect of mercury in Laogang landfill, Shanghai, China

Laogang landfill near Shanghai is the largest landfill in China, and receives about 10000 t of daily garbage per day, Samples of topsoil and plants were analyzed to evaluate mercury pollution from the landfill. For topsoil samples, there were significant correlations among total mercury （HgT）, combinative mercury （Hgc） and gaseous mercury （HgG）, and content of total organic carbon （TOC）, but, no significantly relationship was found between Hg content and filling time. Hg content changes in vertical profiles with time showed that the average Hgv of profiles 1992, 1996, and 2000 was similar, but their average HgG was quite different. HgT was significantly correlated with Hgc in profile 1992 and 2000, and Hgv was significantly correlated with Hg6 in profile 1996. HgG/Hgv ratio in profile samples decreased in the order of （HgG,/HgT）1992〉（HgG/HgT）1996〉〉（HgG/HgT）2000. A simple outline of Hg release in landfill could be drawn： with increasing of filling time, degradation undergoes different biodegradation, accordingly, gaseous mercury goes through small, more, and small proportion to total mercury. Distribution of Hg in plants was inhomogeneous, following the order of leaf〉root〉stem. The highest value of leaf may be associated with higher atmospheric Hg from landfill. Ligneous plants （e.g. Phyllostachys glanca, Prunus salicina and Ligustrum lucidum） are capable of enriching more Hg than herbaceous plants.     

EDTA-enhanced phytoremediation of lead contaminated soil by Bidens maximowicziana

Phytoremediation is a potential cleanup technology for the removal of heavy metals from contaminated soils.Bidens maximowicziana is a new Pb hyperaccumulator,which not only has remarkable tolerance to Pb but also extraordinary accumulation capacity for Pb.The maximum Pb concentration was 1509.3 mg/kg in roots and 2164.7 mg/kg in overground tissues.The Pb distribution order in the B. maximowicziana was:leaf>stem>root.The effect of amendments on phytoremediation was also studied.The mobility of soil Pb and the Pb concentrations in plants were both increased by EDTA application.Compared with CK(control check),EDTA application promoted translocation of Pb to overground parts of the plant.The Pb concentrations in overground parts of plants was increased from 24.23-680.56 mg/kg to 29.07-1905.57 mg/kg.This research demonstrated that B.maximowicziana appeared to be suitable for phytoremediation of Pb contaminated soil,especially,combination with EDTA.     

Decomposition of alachlor by ozonation and its mechanism

Decomposition and corresponding mechanism of alachlor, an endocrine disruptor in water by ozonation were investigated. Results showed that alachlor could not be completely mineralized by ozone alone. Many intermediates and final products were formed during the process, including aromatic compounds, aliphatic carboxylic acids, and inorganic ions. In evoluting these products, some of them with weak polarity were qualitatively identified by GC-MS. The information of inorganic ions suggested that the dechlorination was the first and the fastest step in the ozonation of alachlor.     

Enzymatic oxidation of aqueous pentachlorophenol

The influence of the nonionic surfactant Tween 80 on pentachlorophenol （PCP） oxidation catalyzed by horseradish peroxidase was studied. The surfactant was tested at concentrations below and above its critical micelle concentration （CMC）. Enhancement of PCP removal was observed at sub-CMCs. The presence of Tween 80 in the reaction mixture reduced enzyme inactivation which occurred through a combination of free radical attack and sorption by precipitated products. A simple first-order model was able to simulate time profiles for enzyme inactivation in the presence or absence of Tween 80. At supra-CMCs, the surfactant caused noticeable reductions in PCP removal, presumably through micelle partitioning of PCP which precluded the hydrophobic PCP molecule from interacting with the enzyme.     

基于综合水质标识指数和对应分析法的校园河道水质评价

以三峡大学的校园河道求索溪为研究对象,利用综合水质标识指数法确定求索溪水质类别,分析其水质时空变化规律,并利用对应分析法得出求索溪中不同监测点的主要污染因子.研究结果表明:求索溪整体的综合水质标识指数为7.423,整体水质为劣V类(地表水环境质量标准GB 3838-2002)且黑臭.从时间变化来看,求索溪4月份的水质最差,5月份次之,4、5月份所有监测点的水质都劣于V类且黑臭;8月份水质最好,水质为Ⅳ类;从空间分布来看,8个监测点综合水质标识指数均超过6.0,水质为劣V类,其中6号监测点的水质相对最好,监测点3号的水质相对最差;对应分析法得出求索溪的整体水体污染程度受总氮因子的影响最大,其次为总磷.该研究拟为求索溪及类似校园河道的水环境治理研究提供基础依据和参考.     

Effects of chitosan on growth of an aquatic plant (Hydrilla verticillata) in polluted waters with different chemical oxygen demands

Effects of chitosan on a submersed plant, Hydrilla verticillata, were investigated. Results indicated that H. venicillata could prevent ultrastructure phytotoxicities and oxidativereaction from polluted water with high chemical oxygen demand (COD). Superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity and malondialdehyde (MDA) contents in H. verticillata treated with 0.1% chitosan in wastewater increased with high COD (980 mg/L) and decreased with low COD (63 mg/L), respectively. Ultrastructural analysis showed that the stroma and grana of chloroplast basically remained normal. However, plant cells from the control experiment (untreated with chitosan) were vacuolated and the cell interval increased. The relict of protoplast moved to the center, with cells tending to disjoint. Our findings indicate that wastewater with high COD concentration can cause a substantial damage to submersed plant, nevertheless, chitosan probably could alleviate the membrane lipid peroxidization and ultrastructure phytotoxicities, and protect plant cells from stress of high COD concentration polluted water.     

Removal of cadmium using MnO2 loaded D301 resin

MnO2 loaded weak basic anion exchange resin D301 （Anion exchange resin, macroreticular weak basic styrene） as adsorbent has been prepared and applied to the removal of cadmium. The adsorption characteristics have been investigated with respect to effect of pH, equilibrium isotherms, removal kinetic data, and interference of the coexisting ions. The results indicated that the Cd^2＋ could be efficiently removed using MnO2 loaded D301 resin in the pH range of 3-8 from aqueous solutions with the co-existence of high concentration of alkali and alkaline-earth metals ions. The saturate adsorption capacity of the Cd^2＋ was 77.88 mg/g. The adsorption process followed the pseudo first-order kinetics. The equilibrium data obtained in this study accorded excellently with the Langmuir adsorption isotherm.     

Effect of coagulation pretreatment on the fouling of ultrafiltration membrane

The purpose of this study is to understand the effect and mechanism of preventing membrane fouling, by coagulation pretreatment, in terms of fractional component and molecular weight of natural organic matter （NOM）. A relatively higher molecular weight （MW） of hydrophobic compounds was responsible for a rapid decline in the ultrafiltration flux. Coagulation could effectively remove the hydrophobic organics, resulting in the increase of flux. It was found that a lower MW of neutral hydrophilic compounds, which could remove inadequately by coagulation, was responsible for the slow declining flux. The fluxes in the filtration of coagulated water and supernatant water were compared and the results showed that a lower MW of neutral hydrophilic compounds remained in the supernatant water after coagulation could be rejected by a membrane, resulting in fouling. It was also found that the coagulated flocs could absorb neutral hydrophilic compounds effectively. Therefore, with the coagulated flocs formed on the membrane surface, the flux decline could be improved.     

Penetration analysis of elements and bioleaching treatment of spent refractory for recycling

Acidithiobacillus ferrooxidans ATCC23270 and Acidithiobacillus thiooxidans TM-32 were used for bioleaching of spent refractories of aluminium and copper melting furnaces for their recycling.Firstly,penetration of elements into aluminium melting furnace refractory was investigated and it was found that up to 7 cm from surface was contaminated.Comparison on leaching efficiency by the strains ATCC23270 and TM-32 found that the strain ATCC23270 could treat larger amount of the refractories than the strain TM-32 could do.In the experiment of bioleaching of spent refractory aluminium melting furnace by the strain ATCC23270,high leaching efficiency were obtained on Al,Si,and Ca,and extremely low leaching performance was,however,shown on the rest of elements i.e.,Na,Mn,and Zn.Under the strain TM-32 use,relatively high leaching performance was recognized on Al,Si,Ca,Na,Mn,and Zn.In the experiment of bioleaching for spent refractory copper melting furnace,almost the same leaching trends were shown on Cu,Zn,Al,and Si under the strains ACTT23270 and TM-32 uses.     

Evaluation of phytoextracting cadmium and lead by sunflower, ricinus, alfalfa and mustard in hydroponic culture

Soil contaminated with heavy metals cadmium(Cd)and lead(Pb)is hard to be remediated.Phytoremediation may be a feasible method to remove toxic metals from soil,but there are few suitable plants which can hyperaccumulate metals.In this study,Cd and Pb accumulation by four plants including sunflower(Helianthus annuus L.),mustard(Brassica juncea L.),alfalfa(Medicago sativa L.), ricinus(Ricinus communis L.)in hydroponic cultures was compared.Results showed that these plants could phytocxtract heavy metals, the ability of accumulation differed with species,concentrations and categories of heavy metals.Values of BCF(bioconcentration factor)and TF(translocation factor)indicated that four species had dissimilar abilities of phytoextraction and transportation of heavy metals.Changes on the biomass of plants,pH and Eh at different treatments revealed that these four plants had distinct responses to Cd and Pb in cultures.Measurements should be taken to improve the phytoremediation of sites contaminated with heavy metals,such as pH and Eh regulations,and so forth.