珠江三角洲表层沉积物中丁基锡的初步测定

以正己烷和正己烷∶乙酸乙酯(1∶1)序列萃取沉积物中的丁基锡,以气相色谱-原子发射光谱联用仪(GC-AED)对珠江三角洲表层沉积物中的丁基锡进行了检测。结果表明,在珠江三角洲沉积物中存在较为广泛的丁基锡污染,其中三丁基锡(TBT)的浓度范围约为20～380 ng/g(干样),其区域面源背景在n×10 ng/g(干样,n<10)水平。珠江广州河段、黄埔港水域以及澳门外港表层沉积物中三丁基锡的含量较高,与航运和船舶修造有关。      

Occurrence and distribution of hexabromocyclododecane in sediments from seven major river drainage basins in China

The concentrations and geographical distribution of hexabromocyclododecane (HBCD) were investigated in 37 composite surface sediments from seven major river drainage basins in China, including Yangtze River, Yellow River, Pearl River, Liaohe River, Haihe River, Tarim River and Ertix River. The detection frequency of HBCD was 54%, with the concentrations ranged from below limit of detection (LOD) to 206 ng/g dry weight. In general, the geographical distribution showed increasing trends from the upper reaches to the lower reaches of the rivers and from North China to Southeast China. Compared to other regions in the world, the average concentration of HBCD in sediments from Yangtze River drainage basin was at relatively high level, whereas those from other six river drainage basins were at lower or similar level. The highest HBCD concentration in sediment from Yangtze River Delta and the highest detection frequency of HBCD in Pearl River drainage basins suggested that the industrial and urban activities could evidently affect the HBCD distribution. HBCD diastereoisomer profiles showed that γ-HBCD dominated in most of the sediment samples, followed by α- and β-HBCD, which was consistent with those in the commercial HBCD mixtures. Further risk assessment reflected that the average inventories of HBCD were 18.3, 5.87, 3.92, 2.50, 1.77 ng/cm 2 in sediments from Pearl River, Haihe River, Tarim River, Yellow River and Yangtze River, respectively.     

Perfluoroalkyl substances and organochlorine pesticides in sediments from Huaihe watershed in China

Twelve perfluoroalkyl substances （PFASs） and nine organochlorine pesticides （OCPs） were quantified in surface sediments from the Huaihe River, China, along which there are intensive industrial and agricultural activities. Concentrations of PFASs ranged from 0.06 to 0.46 ng/g dry weight （dw）, and concentrations of OCPs ranged from 1.48 to 32.65 ng/g dw. Compared with other areas in China, concentrations of PFASs were lesser than the national mean value, while concentrations of OCPs were moderate. Concentrations of perfluorooctanoic acid （PFOA） and perfluorooctane sulfonate （PFOS） ranged from n.d. （not detected） to 0.03 and n.d. to 0.10 ng/g dw, respectively. Among the three groups of OCPs, mean concentrations of hexachlorocyclohexane and its isomers （HCHs）, dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane and its metabolites （DDTs） and hexachlorobenzene （HCB） were 5.62 ± 4.35, 2.43 ± 3.12 and 1.55 ± 4.17 ng/g dw, respectively. Concentrations of HCHs and DDTs decreased from upstream to downstream along the mainstream of the Huaihe River. When compared to sediment quality guidelines （SQGs）, concentrations of HCHs, DDTs and HCB would pose adverse biological effects. In general, contamination by PFASs in the upstream of the Huaihe River was more severe than that in the downstream, which was mainly caused by interception from dams, locks and industrial emissions. And OCPs from tributaries, especially the Yinghe River and Wohe River, were higher than those from Huaihe mainstream, and primarily came from historical inputs.     

Distribution patterns of octylphenol and nonylphenol in the aquatic system at Mai Po Marshes Nature Reserve, a subtropical estuarine wetland in Hong Kong

Spatial and temporal distribution of octylphenol （OP） and nonylphenol （NP） in Mai Po Marshes, a subtropical estuarine wetland in Hong Kong, were investigated. Surface water samples were collected every month from 11 sites during the period of September- December 2004. Concentrations of OP and NP ranged from 11.3 to 348 ng/L and from 29 to 2591 ng/L, respectively. The high levels of NP and OP were found in November and December than in September and October. The levels of OP and NP have no significant spatial differences except September. Total organic matter in the sediments appeared to be an important factor in controlling the fate of these compounds in the aquatic environment.     

洪季珠江三角洲水系烷基酚污染状况研究

对夏季珠江三角洲河流及珠江口表层水中溶解态的壬基酚(NPs)和辛基酚(OP)的污染状况进行了分析.结果表明,河流样品中除珠江正干平洲水道口、沙湾水道口及西江虎跳门处NPs值较高分别达98.84、129.82和164.98 ng/L外,其他地点均为<20～40ng/L;伶仃洋及近海表层水NPs含量较低为<10～14ng/L.OP值以澳门内港处最高为8.54ng/L,另外在白鹅潭、沙湾水道口和虎跳门处分别为2.89、2.44、2.12ng/L,其余采样点均低于检测限2ng/L,伶仃洋及近海表层水样OP值低于检测限1ng/L.     

夏季海河与渤海湾中壬基酚和辛基酚污染的状况

对夏季海河与渤海湾表层水中溶解态的壬基酚(NP)和辛基酚(OP)的污染状况进行了调查.结果表明,海河中NP和OP的浓度分别为160～429ng/L和18～56ng/L;渤海湾中NP和OP的浓度分别为33～132ng/L和n.d.～14ng/L.污水排放是海河中NP和OP的重要来源.渤海湾中NP和OP的浓度要远远低于海河,但是海水稀释不是造成其浓度降低的唯一原因.研究还发现该地区NP和OP与COD_Mn和TP具有显著的正相关.与珠江三角洲相比,该地区NP和OP污染情况较为严重,与国外其他类似区域相比则处于中等或较低水平.     

Nonylphenol in bivalves and sediments in the northeast coast of China

To understand nonylphenol (NP) contamination in the northeast coastal environment in China, NP was determined in 19 sediment and 20 bivalve samples collected during November 2005. NP was identified in all sediment samples in the range of 8.8 to 1.0 × 10 3 ng/g dw (dry weight), with an average of 0.12 × 10 3 ng/g dw. Most of the bivalve samples (oysters and mussels) contained detectable amounts of NP that ranged from ND (not detected) to 7.6 × 10 3 ng/g dw, with an average value of 0.79 × 10 3 ng/g dw. These results indicated that NP is ubiquitous in sediments and bivalves from the northeast coast of China, and are even present in bivalves sold as seafood. Serious contamination with NP was recorded off the coast of Bohai Strait and in semi-enclosed coastal environment such as Jiaozhou Bay and Liaodong Bay. Possible environmental and human health implications were understood in this study.     

珠江三角洲河流沉积物中的壬基酚

对珠江三角洲河流表层沉积物中的壬基酚(NP)进行了分析.结果表明,NP在所有样品中均有检出,其含量范围在110～7808ng/g之间.其中,珠江广州河段污染水平最高,狮子洋水道明显低于上游珠江广州河段,东江位居其后,西江最低.沉积物中总有机碳(TOC)的分布特征与NP相似,相关分析显示TOC与NP之间显著性相关.     

珠三角河流饮用水源中皮质激素的污染与风险

利用固相萃取联合液相色谱-质谱法对珠三角河流饮用水源中的21种糖皮质激素（GCs）和3种盐皮质激素（MCs）进行了研究.结果发现,24种目标物在水源水中均有检出,检出率在8%（可的松）~75%（地夫可特）之间,总浓度（∑CSs）（平均值/中值）为0.29~8.7ng/L（2.6ng/L/1.6ng/L）,污染以布地奈德、丙酸氯倍他索、醛固酮为主.东江东莞段和流溪河下游水源水中肾上腺皮质激素（CSs）浓度水平总体高于西江和北江,各水源地的CSs组成与浓度存在一定的季节性差异.冗余分析发现,水源水中大部分CSs与水温、电导率、pH值以及溶解氧呈负相关关系,表明这些环境因子是影响CSs含量分布的重要因素.CSs在珠三角河流水源地的危害指数（HI）（平均值/中值）在<0.1~0.65（0.25/0.29）之间,总体处于中低风险水平.     

Distribution of polybrominated diphenyl ethers and decabromodiphenylethane in surface sediments from Fuhe River and Baiyangdian Lake, North China

Nineteen surface sediment samples collected from Baiyangdian Lake and its inflowing river (Fuhe River) in North China were analyzed for polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) and decabromodiphenylethane (DBDPE). The concentrations of PBDEs and DBDPE in sediments ranged from 5.5 to 300.7 ng/g dry weight (dw) and 1.1 to 68.2 ng/g dw, respectively. Their levels in sediments in Fuhe River were significantly higher than those in Baiyandian Lake. Compared to data from other regions, the PBDE levels in surface sediments from Baiyangdian Lake and Fuhe River were in the medium to lower range. Among the PBDE congeners, BDE209 was predominant, with contributions to the total PBDEs ranging from 79.4% to 97.3% in sediment samples. For the lowly brominated congeners (tri- to hepta-BDE), BDE47 and BDE99 were the most abundant, which contributed 52.1% and 44.1% to the sum of tri- to hepta-BDEs in the sediments from Baiyangdian Lake and Fuhe River, respectively. The compositional patterns of PBDEs in Baiyangdian Lake sediments indicated that technical deca-BDE mixture was the major pollutant sources with a minor contribution of penta-BDE mixture. The present study suggested that the importance of Fuhe River as a possibly potential sources of PBDEs contamination in Baiyangdian Lake.     

Advanced treatment of dyeing wastewater towards reuse by the combined Fenton oxidation and membrane bioreactor process

The performance of combined Fenton oxidation and membrane bioreactor (MBR) process for the advanced treatment of an effluent from an integrated dyeing wastewater treatment plant was evaluated. The experimental results revealed that under the optimum Fenton oxidation conditions (initial pH 5, H 2 O 2 dosage 17 mmol/L, and Fe 2+ 1.7 mmol/L) the average total organic carbon (TOC) and color removal ratios were 39.3% and 69.5% after 35 min of reaction, respectively. Results from Zahn-Wallens Test also represented that Fenton process was effective to enhance the biodegradability of the test wastewater. As for the further purification of MBR process, TOC removal capacity was examined at different hydraulic retention times (HRT) of 10, 18 and 25 hr. Under the optimum HRT of 18 hr, the average TOC concentration and color of the final MBR effluent were 16.8 mg/L and 2 dilution time, respectively. The sludge yield coefficient was 0.13 g MLSS/g TOC and TOC degradation rate was 0.078 kg TOC/(m 3 ·day). The final effluent of MBR can meet the reuse criteria of urban recycling water-water quality standard for miscellaneous water consumption GBT18920-2002.     

Trophic transfer of mercury and methylmercury in an aquatic ecosystem impacted by municipal sewage effluents in Beijing,China

Gaobeidian Lake, located in Beijing, China, serves as a recipient lake for efluents from a large municipal sewage treatment plant (MSTP). In order to evaluate the effects of discharging MSTP efluent on the mercury contamination of the local aquatic ecosystem, sediment cores, water, plankton, fish, and turtle samples were collected from Gaobeidian Lake for mercury speciation analysis. High concentrations of total mercury (T-Hg) were detected in sediment cores (5.24–17.0 μg/g dry weight (dw), average: 10.1 μg/g). The ratio of methylmercury (MeHg) to T-Hg was less than 0.3% in sediments and ranged from 35% to 76% in biota samples. The highest level of T-Hg and MeHg were found in aquatic bryophyte and crucian carp (3673 and 437 ng/g dw, respectively). The relative contents of MeHg were significantly correlated with trophic levels (R2 = 0.5506, p 0.001), which confirmed that MeHg can be bio-transferred and biomagnified via food chain in this aquatic ecosystem.     

Trophic transfer of mercury and methylmercury in an aquatic ecosystem impacted by municipal sewage e uents in Beijing, China

Gaobeidian Lake, located in Beijing, China, serves as a recipient lake for e uents from a large municipal sewage treatment plant (MSTP). In order to evaluate the e ects of discharging MSTP e uent on the mercury contamination of the local aquatic ecosystem, sediment cores, water, plankton, fish, and turtle samples were collected from Gaobeidian Lake for mercury speciation analysis. High concentrations of total mercury (T-Hg) were detected in sediment cores (5.24–17.0 g/g dry weight (dw), average: 10.1 g/g). The ratio of methylmercury (MeHg) to T-Hg was less than 0.3% in sediments and ranged from 35% to 76% in biota samples. The highest level of T-Hg and MeHg were found in aquatic bryophyte and crucian carp (3673 and 437 ng/g dw, respectively). The relative contents of MeHg were significantly correlated with trophic levels (R2 = 0.5506, p < 0.001), which confirmed that MeHg can be bio-transferred and biomagnified via food chain in this aquatic ecosystem.     

Organochlorines in sediments and mussels collected from coastal sites along the Pearl River Delta, South China

IntroductionContaminationofthemarineenvironmentassociatedwithorganochlorineshasreceivedincreasingattentionoverthelastthirtyyears.Particularattentionhasbeenfocusedonthecoastalzoneandestuaries ,especiallynearmetropolitanregion(Sericano ,1990 ) .ThePearlRiverestuarine ,rangefromDayaBayintheeasttoChangshanIslandsinthewest,supportslargepopulationsofmarineorganismsandextensivefisheriesintheSouthChina .Sincethe 1980s ,therehasbeenrapideconomicdevelopmentinthePearlRiverDeltaresultinginexcessivedi…     

Persistent organochlorine residues in sediments of the Haihe River and Dagu Drainage River in Tianjin, China

Persistent organochlorine compounds were analyzed by means of GC-ECD in surface sediment samples from two selected rivers in Tianjin, Haihe River and Dagu Drainage River. A total of 16 surface sediment sites were selected along the both rivers. The frequency of detection of T-HCH and T-DDT in sediment samples both was up to 100%, which illustrated that the contamination of HCH and DDT was widespread in Haihe and Dagu Drainage Rivers. Results indicated that the concentrations of various pesticides in sediments from Haihe River were in the range of 3.30-75.96 ng/g dw for T-HCH and 1.57-211.57 ng/g dw for T-DDT. Compared with Haihe River, Dagu Drainage River was contaminated by HCHs and DDTs along the all locations and the values of T-HCH and T-DDT residues in sediments ranged from 2.30 to 124.61 ng/g dw and from 11.28 to 237.30 ng/g dw, respectively, The possible pollution sources were analyzed through monitoring results of organochlorine pesticides（OCPs） residues in sediments from the two rivers. The investigation also indicated that HCH was still used as pesticide in Tianjin partial area.     

珠江及南海北部海域表层沉积物中多环芳烃分布及来源

珠江三角洲河流、河口及南海北部近海区域多环芳烃(PAHs)分析表明,PAHs总量分布范围在255.9～16670.3ng/g,整体污染水平处于中偏低下水平.分布特征为珠三角河流>伶仃洋>南海;珠江广州段是高污染区;沿南海近海海域4条剖面,随离岸距离增加,浓度下降.西江、伶仃洋及珠江部分站点石油污染比重大,南海近海则受燃烧来源比重大.PAHs来源诊断指标表明,珠江三角河流及伶仃洋更多受石化燃料燃烧的影响,南海近海区则主要受木柴、煤燃烧的影响.与1997年样品的对比表明,多环芳烃污染程度无明显下降,但区域内PAHs来源从以煤燃烧为主转变为以油燃烧为主,这种近期能源结构的转变在沉积速率较快的珠三角河流及伶仃洋表层沉积物中得到反映.     

澳门南湾湖钻孔沉积物中烷基酚的初步研究

烷基酚具有环境生物体雌激素效应.澳门南湾人工湖钻孔沉积物中壬基酚的浓度垂直分布在河口沉积环境时期(1970s～1980s)为2.17～5.91μg/g(平均3.66μg/g),在湖泊沉积环境时期(1990s)为0.69～3.04μg/g(平均2.08μg/g);辛基酚浓度分布范围在湖泊沉积环境初期(1990s早期)与河口环境类似,浓度范围为14.33～39.11ng/g(平均20.59ng/g),随后浓度大幅度降低,浓度范围为2.58～6.52ng/g(平均4.25ng/g).河口环境中的烷基酚来源包括珠江三角洲上游水系来源和澳门本地来源,而湖泊环境中则只有澳门本地来源,导致河口沉积环境中烷基酚的污染程度明显重于湖泊沉积环境.烷基酚在钻孔沉积物剖面中的分布规律与区域经济发展及城市废水处理的进程都有一定的关系,同时,沉积过程中上覆泥层中烷基酚具有向填海砂层迁移的特征.     

珠江三角洲及南海北部海域表层沉积物中多溴联苯醚的分布特征

自珠江三角洲和南海北部海域采集了66个表层沉积物样品,以研究该区域中PBDEs的含量、分布、来源和在环境中的迁移.研究结果表明,东江和珠江是PBDEs的高污染区,含量为12.7～7361ng·g-1,其中BDE209平均含量为1199ng·g-1,是目前世界上已报道沉积物中含量最高的区域之一.在几乎所有被分析的样品中BDE209都是最主要的同系物.东江和珠江的PBDEs主要来自东莞和广州的本地排放,而西江的PBDEs主要通过大气的传播输入.另一个高污染区澳门水域被验证是珠江三角洲水体环境中有机污染物的“汇”.     

Determination of 4-tert-octylphenol in surface water samples of Jinan in China by solid phase extraction coupled with GC-MS

Octylphenols, considered as xenoestrogens, mainly exist as 4-tert-octylphenol (OP) in aquatic environments. The high stability and accumulation of OP in aquatic systems have caused endocrine disruption. The OP in surface water in Jinan, China was analyzed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) coupled with solid phase extraction (SPE). Water samples were extracted by SPE on a cartridge system containing C-18 as sorbent. To increase sensitivity and selectivity, OP was derivatized to 4-tert-octyl-phenoxy silane. With the use of phenanthrene-d10 as internal standard, the detection limit based on signal-to-noise ratio (S/N = 3) was 0.06 ng/mL. The average recovery was from 84.67% to 109.7%. The precision of the method given as the relative standard deviations (RSD) was within the range 6.24%-12.96%. In the target water samples, the concentrations of OP were as follows: 15.88-71.24 ng/L for Jinxiuchuan Reservoir, 3.850-26.68 ng/L for the city moat, 6.930-41.56 ng/L for Daming Lake, 66.03-474.2 ng/L for Xiaoqing River, 14.66-17.72 ng/L for the Yellow River, and 10.60-26.43 ng/L for Queshan Reservoir. The Xiaoqing River was seriously polluted due to the discharge of wastewater from Jinan. Jinxiuchuan Reservoir had a higher concentration of OP compared with the Yellow River and Queshan Reservoir, which is ascribed to the surrounding human activities. These data are reported for the first time, providing strong support for the control of OP pollution in Jinan.     

辽东湾野生四角蛤蜊性畸变调查

为揭示辽东湾近海海域环境内分泌干扰物(EDCs)的生物效应与潜在生态风险,利用组织学方法系统调查辽东湾近海海域野生四角蛤蜊性畸变发生情况,并利用GC-MS/MS分析了组织体内典型酚类污染物包括壬基酚(NP)、辛基酚(Op)和双酚A(BPA)的浓度水平.调查结果表明:5月、6月和8月野生四角蛤蜊雌雄同体发生率分别为30%,20%和14%,软体部组织中NP浓度则分别为410.70,254.95,227.15ng/g dw(干重), BPA浓度分别为7.60,4.30,7.05ng/gdw,但是没有检出OP.研究结果表明环境EDCs已经影响了辽东湾海洋生物繁殖系统、并对区域海洋生态系统造成潜在风险.