南京2007年12月持续雾霾过程的大气消光特性

2007年南京冬季雾外场综合试验期间,雾、霾交替持续的最长时间达100 h以上。利用大气气溶胶粒子和雾滴数浓度尺度谱分布、能见度、相对湿度等同步观测资料,从Mie散射理论出发,研究了雾、霾不同阶段大气消光特征,重点分析了大气气溶胶粒子和雾滴在雾、霾持续和转化过程中的消光作用。结果表明,雾、霾过程不同阶段平均能见度的大小关系为：雾<湿霾<霾~轻雾。平均而言,雾阶段雾滴和气溶胶粒子的消光作用相当,其中,雾滴消光波动幅度大于气溶胶粒子消光,能见度的变化趋势主要由雾滴的消光决定。湿霾、霾和轻雾阶段的消光主要由气溶胶粒子造成。湿霾阶段的低能见度是由于大量积聚模态的气溶胶粒子在较高相对湿度环境中吸湿增长所致。霾阶段气溶胶粒子数浓度达到最大,核模态粒子占总数浓度的80%左右,是导致该阶段能见度较低的主要原因。轻雾阶段气溶胶粒子的消光系数最小,但雾滴可提供10%~15%的消光贡献,导致能见度与霾阶段相当。     

山西夏季气溶胶空间分布飞机观测研究

以搭载了多种气溶胶观测仪器的飞机为观测平台,在2013年夏季首次对山西中部地区霾日及晴空大气气溶胶空间分布特性进行了观测,得到气溶胶粒子数浓度和尺度的垂直分布廓线以及不同高度气溶胶粒子谱分布特征.研究发现,山西夏季非降水天气条件下气溶胶粒子以核模态和积聚模态的细粒子为主,粗粒子很少.霾日气溶胶数浓度是晴空的2~3倍,主要是核模态的小粒子;气溶胶粒子数浓度随着高度逐渐减小,低空存在气溶胶累积区,逆温层的存在是导致气溶胶累积区形成的主要原因;气溶胶粒子尺度随高度增加,大粒子主要分布在2500m以上的高空;不同高度上的气溶胶粒子谱均呈双峰或三峰分布,谱型基本一致,从近地面到5000m高空,气溶胶粒子谱随高度的增加略有展宽.观测区域气团后向轨迹模拟结果显示,4000m以上高空气溶胶粒子主要是从中国西北地区远距离输送而来,3000m以下气溶胶粒子则主要来源于近地面排放.     

南京雾过程对大气气溶胶谱分布及化学组成的影响

为探究南京地区雾过程对气溶胶粒子化学组成和尺度分布的影响,在2017年冬季的雾观测中平行收集了3级分档雾水和分粒径气溶胶样品,并对雾微物理量与气溶胶谱分布、3级分档雾水与雾前、雾中、雾后分粒径气溶胶化学组成对比分析。结果表明,2017年冬季南京第1次雾过程的雾滴液态水含量随粒径分布为不对称“V”型,最低值位于7μm处,第2次雾过程的雾滴液态水含量随粒径分布为3峰型,峰值分别位于5,15,21.5μm处。在雾形成、发展阶段,粒径<0.33μm的气溶胶质量浓度降低,粒径0.38μm气溶胶质量浓度升高,雾成熟阶段,气溶胶粒子质量浓度在全粒径段均达到最低,粒径0.38μm的气溶胶质量浓度大幅降低,与雾前相比,雾后气溶胶质量浓度峰值向大粒径方向移动。雾前,气溶胶水溶性离子组分富集在粒径<0.43μm的小粒子中,随着雾过程进行,成核作用和吸湿增长使得水溶性离子向较大粒径段富集。雾中新生成的气溶胶随着雾滴的蒸发被释放,导致雾后NO₃^-、SO₄^2-和NH₄⁺浓度升高。较小粒径的气溶胶中和率更高,雾形成初期的新生雾滴酸性较强,随着雾过程的进行逐渐中和,雾水pH值逐渐升高。     

上海一次典型雾霾过程中不同天气现象的气溶胶光学特性及转化机制

以上海市2013年冬季一次持续雾霾过程为例,根据能见度和相对湿度的地面观测资料将雾霾过程划分为干霾、湿霾、雾3种不同天气现象,对不同天气现象的气溶胶光学特性垂直分布特征进行了研究,并初步分析不同天气现象的转化机制.结果表明,3种不同天气现象的发生顺序为湿霾→干霾→湿霾及湿霾→雾→干霾→湿霾,相对湿度对能见度的影响最大,温度次之,再次是风速,而PM_(2.5)对能见度的影响最小.CALIPSO(Cloud Aerosol Lidar and Infrared Pathfinder Satellite Observation)探测期间,存在2~3 km明显气溶胶层,且不同天气现象的气溶胶层厚度不同(雾湿霾干霾);雾霾发生期间,1.0 km以下高度气溶胶消光能力最大;在干霾、湿霾到雾的转化过程中,球形、大粒径气溶胶增多,非球形、小粒径气溶胶减少.     

太原冬季PM2.5影响霾污染的关键尺度谱特征

PM_(2.5)普遍被认为是导致霾形成的主要污染物之一.利用2016年11~12月在太原市人工降雨防雹办公室观测获得的气溶胶数谱资料、小店区气象站提供的气象要素资料以及小店区环境监测站提供的PM质量浓度资料,探讨了PM_(2.5)影响霾污染的关键尺度谱特征.结果表明,观测期间霾污染频发,且程度严重,重度霾占25.35%.相对湿度高于80%、风速小于1.5 m·s~(-1)是霾频繁发生的有利条件,特别是重霾;中度霾和轻度霾在相对湿度40%~80%、风速小于1.5 m·s~(-1)时也会频繁发生;轻微霾主要发生在相对湿度20%~40%,风速为1.25~2.55 m·s~(-1)时.霾天PM_(2.5)平均质量浓度为209.45μg·m~(-3),是非霾天气的3倍,且随着霾等级增加,PM_(2.5)质量浓度和PM_(2.5)/PM_(10)比值不断增加.低湿环境下PM_1是影响霾的关键粒子;高湿环境下PM_(0.5)是影响轻微霾、轻度霾和中度霾的关键粒子,而影响重度霾的关键粒子则是PM_1.高湿环境下表面积浓度对能见度的贡献率下降,但是气溶胶吸湿增长增大了粒子尺度,导致消光效率因子增大,从而弥补了表面积浓度的不足;粒子尺度参数的增加是高湿时PM_(2.5)影响霾污染的重要因素.     

西安市两次雾霾期间气象要素和气溶胶特性分析

利用气象要素和气溶胶观测资料,分析了西安市2013年12月17~25日、2014年2月20~26日两次雾霾过程的气象要素风、温、湿变化,气溶胶质量浓度、粒子谱分布及散射系数的变化及其在雾霾天气的形成、发展、维持与变化中的作用.结果表明:APS观测的粒子谱变化表明,雾霾过程中,粒径在0.5~0.835μm之间的粒子的数浓度增加最明显,雾霾后,2μm和3.5μm粒子的数浓度下降显著;SMPS观测的粒子谱变化表明,霾过程中细粒子的数浓度主要集中在30~300nm,且具有明显的日变化特征,08:00~14:00、18:00~02:00为数浓度的大值时段,细粒子段污染物浓度的增加主要是由粒径大于140nm以上的粒子引起的.散射系数的增加与粒径小于1.0?m粒子的数浓度增加有关,也是雾霾期间能见度恶化的重要原因之一.     

徐州冬季雾-霾天颗粒物粒径及气溶胶光学特性变化特征

为研究徐州冬季雾-霾天气形成过程中颗粒物粒径及气溶胶光学特性的变化特征,分析了2014年12月1日~2015年2月28日徐州大气颗粒物质量浓度(PM_(10)、PM_(2.5)、PM_1)、数浓度(0~1μm、1~2.5μm、2.5~10μm)和气溶胶光学特性等数据.结果表明:0~1μm粒径范围细颗粒物的大量增多是引发徐州冬季雾-霾天气的主要因素,徐州冬季地面风速小(静风或轻风天气),较高的大气相对湿度对雾-霾的形成和维持起着重要影响作用.持续时间较长的雾霾天气,因颗粒物吸湿增长和水汽附着,1~10μm粒径范围大气颗粒物在雾霾时段易发生沉降而减少,后随相对湿度降低雾霾转为短时间的霾天气,1~10μm颗粒物数浓度大幅上升.徐州冬季500nm波段AOD total和AOD fine mode具有相同的变化趋势,雾-霾日AOD total和AOD fine mode显著高于非霾日.AOD fine mode与AOD coarse mode的比值雾-霾日亦明显高于非霾日,而且在雾-霾日Angstrom波长指数主要集中在1~1.6,表明徐州冬季雾-霾时段大气中细颗粒物为主控粒子.     

海洋-大气过程对南海气溶胶数浓度谱分布的影响

利用2012年8月28日至10月13日期间走航观测的气溶胶数据,分析了南海气溶胶数浓度时空分布和粒径谱分布特征,以及海洋-大气过程的影响.结果表明,南海气溶胶数浓度的时空分布和粒径谱分布受海洋和陆地源以及当地气象条件如风速、风向、相对湿度、云量、温度等的共同影响.陆地气团影响下的海域气溶胶数浓度较大,达2 300个·cm~(-3);受陆地影响较小的海域大气较为洁净,气溶胶数浓度在1 200个·cm~(-3)以下.观测得到的气溶胶粒径谱包括积聚模态和粗模态,峰值分别位于0.08~0.2μm和0.5~2μm附近.出现频率较高的谱型有3种:陆地型,海洋背景1型和海洋背景2型.陆地型与海洋2型的谱分布形状基本一致,但后者次微米粒子数浓度非常小,是洁净海洋背景下最常见的谱型;海洋1型在0.05~0.1μm粒径段数浓度显著高于海洋2型,并且在大于0.5μm的粗粒子段,海洋1型的气溶胶数浓度超过陆地型气溶胶数浓度,暗示了海洋源对这两个粒径段的粒子数浓度的贡献.0.05~0.12μm的积聚模态粒子数浓度与低云量有明显的正相关关系,且当相对湿度达90%~95%时,0.08μm附近的粒子数浓度增加显著.0.5~6μm的粗模态海洋气溶胶对风速的依赖性较强,相关性达0.7;0.05~0.12μm气溶胶数浓度与风速呈现弱正相关;0.12~0.5μm粒子数浓度与风速呈负相关.随着相对湿度的增大,0.08~0.12μm的粒子数浓度降低,而0.05~0.08μm和0.5~6μm的粒子数浓度增大.降水过程中,各粒径段粒子数浓度逐渐降低,但在降水初期,相对湿度达到90%~95%,0.05~0.12μm和0.5~6μm的粒子数浓度显著增大,随后逐渐减小.     

华北地区气溶胶数浓度和尺度分布的航测研究 ——以石家庄为例

2009年秋季利用河北省人工影响天气办公室机载气溶胶粒子探头(PCASP-100X)和前向散射滴谱探头(FSSP-100-ER)在石家庄市上空进行了多次气溶胶观测.选取2009年9~10月间的7架次雾天、1架次小雨天及1架次密卷云天观测资料,重点研究雾天气溶胶粒子数浓度和直径的垂直、水平分布特征及粒子谱分布,并与密卷云天和小雨天的探测资料进行对比分析.结果表明:石家庄地区气溶胶粒子数浓度较高,近地面最大值达11910个/cm3.气溶胶粒子数浓度主要受天气条件影响,逆温层是影响粒子垂直输送的主要因素,在逆温层下粒子累积形成粒子数浓度的高值区,逆温层以上气溶胶粒子数浓度迅速减少,雾天和密卷云天粒子数浓度随高度多呈负指数分布;雾天多伴有逆温层和较大空气湿度,有利于气溶胶粒子累积,数浓度一般可达104个/cm3以上,容易形成低能见度污染天气;气溶胶粒子数浓度在无降水日有累积效应,降雨对气溶胶粒子有明显清除作用;粒子数浓度和粒子直径在水平方向上呈不均匀分布,随着高度增加粒子数浓度和直径的水平绝对偏差减小,相对偏差往往增大;不同天气下尺度谱型类似,多呈单峰分布,在0.11μm左右处出现峰值,但在雾天、密卷云天、小雨天气下的气溶胶粒子峰值依次变小,并且随高度增加,尺度谱峰值数密度值降低,谱变窄.     

青岛市连续天气过程中不同气溶胶浓度特征对比分析

利用青岛市沙尘暴监测站GRIMM180颗粒物监测仪采集到的质量浓度和数浓度数据,结合2008年5月27～28日天气系统演变进行气溶胶定性分类,对海雾气溶胶、清洁气溶胶、浮尘气溶胶的浓度进行对比分析.结果表明,①清洁气溶胶、海雾气溶胶、浮尘气溶胶的总质量浓度有明显差异;②海雾气溶胶以1～2.5μm粒子的滞留最明显,清洁气溶胶中1μm的粒子贡献率最大,浮尘气溶胶则以2.5～10μm的颗粒物级数增加最具代表性,不同气溶胶相应大小粒子的质量浓度贡献率之比明显不同;③降水系统对0.6μm较大的粒子有明显的清除作用,对0.6μm的数浓度有增大作用;④1μm尤其是0.6μm的粒子处于天气系统前部到达潮湿空气时有特殊的活化现象;⑤不同粒径尺度的粒子数浓度随气溶胶性质的转变呈现不同的模态.     

Distribution and ecological effect of mercury in Laogang landfill, Shanghai, China

Laogang landfill near Shanghai is the largest landfill in China, and receives about 10000 t of daily garbage per day, Samples of topsoil and plants were analyzed to evaluate mercury pollution from the landfill. For topsoil samples, there were significant correlations among total mercury （HgT）, combinative mercury （Hgc） and gaseous mercury （HgG）, and content of total organic carbon （TOC）, but, no significantly relationship was found between Hg content and filling time. Hg content changes in vertical profiles with time showed that the average Hgv of profiles 1992, 1996, and 2000 was similar, but their average HgG was quite different. HgT was significantly correlated with Hgc in profile 1992 and 2000, and Hgv was significantly correlated with Hg6 in profile 1996. HgG/Hgv ratio in profile samples decreased in the order of （HgG,/HgT）1992〉（HgG/HgT）1996〉〉（HgG/HgT）2000. A simple outline of Hg release in landfill could be drawn： with increasing of filling time, degradation undergoes different biodegradation, accordingly, gaseous mercury goes through small, more, and small proportion to total mercury. Distribution of Hg in plants was inhomogeneous, following the order of leaf〉root〉stem. The highest value of leaf may be associated with higher atmospheric Hg from landfill. Ligneous plants （e.g. Phyllostachys glanca, Prunus salicina and Ligustrum lucidum） are capable of enriching more Hg than herbaceous plants.     

EDTA-enhanced phytoremediation of lead contaminated soil by Bidens maximowicziana

Phytoremediation is a potential cleanup technology for the removal of heavy metals from contaminated soils.Bidens maximowicziana is a new Pb hyperaccumulator,which not only has remarkable tolerance to Pb but also extraordinary accumulation capacity for Pb.The maximum Pb concentration was 1509.3 mg/kg in roots and 2164.7 mg/kg in overground tissues.The Pb distribution order in the B. maximowicziana was:leaf>stem>root.The effect of amendments on phytoremediation was also studied.The mobility of soil Pb and the Pb concentrations in plants were both increased by EDTA application.Compared with CK(control check),EDTA application promoted translocation of Pb to overground parts of the plant.The Pb concentrations in overground parts of plants was increased from 24.23-680.56 mg/kg to 29.07-1905.57 mg/kg.This research demonstrated that B.maximowicziana appeared to be suitable for phytoremediation of Pb contaminated soil,especially,combination with EDTA.     

Decomposition of alachlor by ozonation and its mechanism

Decomposition and corresponding mechanism of alachlor, an endocrine disruptor in water by ozonation were investigated. Results showed that alachlor could not be completely mineralized by ozone alone. Many intermediates and final products were formed during the process, including aromatic compounds, aliphatic carboxylic acids, and inorganic ions. In evoluting these products, some of them with weak polarity were qualitatively identified by GC-MS. The information of inorganic ions suggested that the dechlorination was the first and the fastest step in the ozonation of alachlor.     

Enzymatic oxidation of aqueous pentachlorophenol

The influence of the nonionic surfactant Tween 80 on pentachlorophenol （PCP） oxidation catalyzed by horseradish peroxidase was studied. The surfactant was tested at concentrations below and above its critical micelle concentration （CMC）. Enhancement of PCP removal was observed at sub-CMCs. The presence of Tween 80 in the reaction mixture reduced enzyme inactivation which occurred through a combination of free radical attack and sorption by precipitated products. A simple first-order model was able to simulate time profiles for enzyme inactivation in the presence or absence of Tween 80. At supra-CMCs, the surfactant caused noticeable reductions in PCP removal, presumably through micelle partitioning of PCP which precluded the hydrophobic PCP molecule from interacting with the enzyme.     

基于综合水质标识指数和对应分析法的校园河道水质评价

以三峡大学的校园河道求索溪为研究对象,利用综合水质标识指数法确定求索溪水质类别,分析其水质时空变化规律,并利用对应分析法得出求索溪中不同监测点的主要污染因子.研究结果表明:求索溪整体的综合水质标识指数为7.423,整体水质为劣V类(地表水环境质量标准GB 3838-2002)且黑臭.从时间变化来看,求索溪4月份的水质最差,5月份次之,4、5月份所有监测点的水质都劣于V类且黑臭;8月份水质最好,水质为Ⅳ类;从空间分布来看,8个监测点综合水质标识指数均超过6.0,水质为劣V类,其中6号监测点的水质相对最好,监测点3号的水质相对最差;对应分析法得出求索溪的整体水体污染程度受总氮因子的影响最大,其次为总磷.该研究拟为求索溪及类似校园河道的水环境治理研究提供基础依据和参考.     

Effects of chitosan on growth of an aquatic plant (Hydrilla verticillata) in polluted waters with different chemical oxygen demands

Effects of chitosan on a submersed plant, Hydrilla verticillata, were investigated. Results indicated that H. venicillata could prevent ultrastructure phytotoxicities and oxidativereaction from polluted water with high chemical oxygen demand (COD). Superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity and malondialdehyde (MDA) contents in H. verticillata treated with 0.1% chitosan in wastewater increased with high COD (980 mg/L) and decreased with low COD (63 mg/L), respectively. Ultrastructural analysis showed that the stroma and grana of chloroplast basically remained normal. However, plant cells from the control experiment (untreated with chitosan) were vacuolated and the cell interval increased. The relict of protoplast moved to the center, with cells tending to disjoint. Our findings indicate that wastewater with high COD concentration can cause a substantial damage to submersed plant, nevertheless, chitosan probably could alleviate the membrane lipid peroxidization and ultrastructure phytotoxicities, and protect plant cells from stress of high COD concentration polluted water.     

Removal of cadmium using MnO2 loaded D301 resin

MnO2 loaded weak basic anion exchange resin D301 （Anion exchange resin, macroreticular weak basic styrene） as adsorbent has been prepared and applied to the removal of cadmium. The adsorption characteristics have been investigated with respect to effect of pH, equilibrium isotherms, removal kinetic data, and interference of the coexisting ions. The results indicated that the Cd^2＋ could be efficiently removed using MnO2 loaded D301 resin in the pH range of 3-8 from aqueous solutions with the co-existence of high concentration of alkali and alkaline-earth metals ions. The saturate adsorption capacity of the Cd^2＋ was 77.88 mg/g. The adsorption process followed the pseudo first-order kinetics. The equilibrium data obtained in this study accorded excellently with the Langmuir adsorption isotherm.     

Effect of coagulation pretreatment on the fouling of ultrafiltration membrane

The purpose of this study is to understand the effect and mechanism of preventing membrane fouling, by coagulation pretreatment, in terms of fractional component and molecular weight of natural organic matter （NOM）. A relatively higher molecular weight （MW） of hydrophobic compounds was responsible for a rapid decline in the ultrafiltration flux. Coagulation could effectively remove the hydrophobic organics, resulting in the increase of flux. It was found that a lower MW of neutral hydrophilic compounds, which could remove inadequately by coagulation, was responsible for the slow declining flux. The fluxes in the filtration of coagulated water and supernatant water were compared and the results showed that a lower MW of neutral hydrophilic compounds remained in the supernatant water after coagulation could be rejected by a membrane, resulting in fouling. It was also found that the coagulated flocs could absorb neutral hydrophilic compounds effectively. Therefore, with the coagulated flocs formed on the membrane surface, the flux decline could be improved.     

Penetration analysis of elements and bioleaching treatment of spent refractory for recycling

Acidithiobacillus ferrooxidans ATCC23270 and Acidithiobacillus thiooxidans TM-32 were used for bioleaching of spent refractories of aluminium and copper melting furnaces for their recycling.Firstly,penetration of elements into aluminium melting furnace refractory was investigated and it was found that up to 7 cm from surface was contaminated.Comparison on leaching efficiency by the strains ATCC23270 and TM-32 found that the strain ATCC23270 could treat larger amount of the refractories than the strain TM-32 could do.In the experiment of bioleaching of spent refractory aluminium melting furnace by the strain ATCC23270,high leaching efficiency were obtained on Al,Si,and Ca,and extremely low leaching performance was,however,shown on the rest of elements i.e.,Na,Mn,and Zn.Under the strain TM-32 use,relatively high leaching performance was recognized on Al,Si,Ca,Na,Mn,and Zn.In the experiment of bioleaching for spent refractory copper melting furnace,almost the same leaching trends were shown on Cu,Zn,Al,and Si under the strains ACTT23270 and TM-32 uses.     

Simultaneous removal of ammonium and phosphate by zeolite synthesized from coal fly ash as influenced by acid treatment

Zeolite synthesized from fly ash （ZFA） without modification is not efficient for the purification of NH4＋ and phosphate at low concentrations that occur in real effluents, despite the high potential removal capacity. To develop an effective technique to enhance the removal efficiency of ammonium and phosphate at low concentrations, ZFA was modified with acid treatment and the simultaneous removal of ammonium and phosphate in a wide range of concentration was investigated. It was seen that when compared with untreated ZFA, only the treatment by 0.01 mol/L of H2SO4 significantly improved the removal efficiency of ammonium at low initial concentrations. The behavior was well explained by the pH effect. Treatment by more concentrated H2SO4 led to the deterioration of the ZFA structure and a decrease in the cation exchange capacity. Treatment by 0.01 mol/L H2SO4 improved the removal efficiency of phosphate by ZFA at all initial P concentrations, while the treatment by concentrated H2SO4 （≥0.9 mol/L） resulted in a limited maximum phosphate immobilization capacity （PIC）. It was concluded that through a previous mild acid treatment （e.g. 0.01 mol/L of H2SO4）, ZFA can be used in the simultaneous removal of NH4＋ and P at low concentrations simulating real effluent.