高浓度苯酚的MFC降解及产电性能

以铁氰化钾溶液作为电子受体,在阴阳两极室中分别填充石墨颗粒的基础上构建了填料型微生物燃料电池(Microbial Fuel cell,MFC),研究了苯酚为单一燃料和苯酚 葡萄糖为混合燃料条件下MFC的产电特性以及对苯酚和COD的去除效果.在1OOOΩ外电阻条件下,1000mg·L-1苯酚为单一燃料运行时,MFC在苯酚去除率达到约90%时输出电压达到最大值,最大输出电压为540mV,产电曲线存在单一极大值;以1000 mg·L-1苯酚 500 mg·L-1葡萄糖为混合燃料运行时,最大输出电压可达657mV,产电曲线存在2个峰值,第1峰值和第2峰值出现时对应的苯酚去除率分别约为20%和90%.混合燃料运行条件下,前后2个产电峰值出现时MFC的最大体积(面积)功率密度分别为28.3w·m-3(342.OmW·m-2)和12.6 w·m-3(152.2mW·m-2),内阻分别为194Ω和246Ω.在2种燃料情形下,MFC对苯酚和COD的去除率均可在60h之内分别达到95%和90%以上.试验结果表明,MFC能够利用高浓度苯酚作为燃料,在实现高效降解的同时稳定地向外输出电能,这为酚类难降解有机物的高效低耗处理提供了新的研究思路.     

降解喹啉的微生物燃料电池的产电特性研究

通过构建双极室微生物燃料电池(Microbial fuel cell,MFC),对喹啉的降解及MFC的产电性能进行了研究.试验结果表明,当喹啉初始浓度为500 mg·L-1,葡萄糖与喹啉浓度之比为1:1,3:5,1:5时,MFC的最大输出电压分别为558 mV、469 mV、328 mV,运行周期分别为56.4 h、70h、82.5 h;最大功率密度分别为173 mW·m-2、122 mW·m-2、60 mW·m-2(按阳极截面积计算)或者35 W·m-3、24 W·m-3、12 W·m-3(按阳极室有效容积计算).MFC可实现对喹啉的高效降解,但葡萄糖的浓度对喹啉的降解速率有较大影响.当葡萄糖浓度分别为500 mg.L-1、300mg·L-1和100 mg·L-1时,使500 mg·L-1喹啉完全降解的时间分别为6 h、24 h和72 h.MFC闭路条件下对喹啉的降解速率高于开路厌氧条件下的喹啉降解速率约10%.MFC对喹啉的降解与产电速率之间存在差距,喹啉被快速降解至较低浓度(<5rag·L-1)后,MFC的产电性能才达到最优.MFC以用喹啉和葡萄糖作为混合燃料时,可以在实现高效降解喹啉的同时可稳定地向外输出电能,这为杂环芳烃类难降解有机物的高效低耗处理提供了新的途径.     

以吲哚为燃料的微生物燃料电池降解和产电特性

以铁氰化钾为电子受体,在两极阴阳室内使用碳毛刷纤维为电极材料构建了循环式微生物燃料电池(MFC),研究了以吲哚为单一燃料和吲哚+葡萄糖为混合燃料条件下MFC的产电特性以及对吲哚和COD的去除效果.结果表明,以1000mg/L葡萄糖+250mg/L吲哚为混合燃料时,MFC的最高电压和最大功率密度分别为660mV和51.2W/m3(阳极),MFC运行10h对吲哚和COD的去除率分别为100%和89.5%;分别以250,500mg/L吲哚为单一燃料时,MFC的平均最高电压分别为115,118mV,最大功率密度分别为2.1,2.3W/m3(阳极).在MFC中,250,500mg/L吲哚被完全降解的时间分别为6,30h.MFC能够利用吲哚为燃料,在实现高效降解吲哚的同时对外产生电能,可用于处理含有毒且难降解有机物的焦化工业废水.     

以吡啶和葡萄糖为燃料的MFC产电特性研究

不同类型的有机物对MFC的产电性能有不同的影响,通过构建填料型MFC,以吡啶和葡萄糖为混合燃料,以铁氰化钾为电子受体,对有机物在MFC中的降解以及产电性进行研究.结果表明,外阻为1 000Ω的条件下,MFC的最大输出电压随着葡萄糖浓度的降低而降低,当吡啶初始浓度为500 mg/L,葡萄糖浓度分别为500、250、100 mg/L时,运行周期逐渐缩短,分别为49.5、25.7、25.2 h;最大体积功率密度为48.5、36.2、15.2 W/m3,最高电压为623 mV.MFC可实现对吡啶的高效降解,24h内吡啶去除率高达95%,但葡萄糖的浓度对吡啶的降解速率影响不大;高浓度吡啶存在的条件下对MFC利用葡萄糖产电的性能影响不大.利用500 mg/L单一吡啶作为MFC的燃料时,无明显产电现象.MFC利用吡啶和葡萄糖作为混合燃料时,可以在实现吡啶降解的同时稳定地向外输出电能.     

厌氧流化床微生物燃料电池处理废水的产电特性

在内径40mm、高600mm的液固厌氧流化床空气阴极单室微生物燃料电池(MFC)中,分别以污水和椰壳活性炭为液相和固相,采用间歇运行方式,考察了接种厌氧污泥条件下流化状态对电池产电性能的影响.实验结果表明,固定床条件下,电池启动迅速.初始电压为200mV,80h后电压急剧上升,100h后电池开路电压稳定在700～900mV之间.对比电压和功率密度随电流强度变化的曲线知,电池启动成功后,固定床状态下,电池最大输出功率密度随污水循环流速的增加而增大.床层颗粒由固定状态转变为流化状态后,电池最大输出功率密度由初始值120mW·m-3增加至220mW·m-3,说明流化床可以改善MFC阳极室内传质效果,加快反应速率,提高MFC产电性能.     

以苯胺和葡萄糖为燃料的微生物燃料电池的产电特性研究

通过构建空气阴极型双室微生物燃料电池(Microbial FueI Cell,MFC),并以苯胺和葡萄糖为燃料,研究了MFC对苯胺的降解特性及MFC 的产电性能.结果表明,在1000Ω电阻下,500mg·L-1葡萄糖为单一燃料时,MFC的最大输出电压为440mV,最大输出功率密度为215mw·m-2.当苯胺的初始浓度为...     

葡萄糖和硝基苯为混合燃料时MFC的产电特性研究

通过构建双极室微生物燃料电池(microbial fuel cell,MFC),以铁氰化钾溶液为阴极电子受体,以硝基苯(nitrobenzene,NB)和葡萄糖为混合燃料,研究MFC的产电特性和NB的降解情况.结果表明,在外阻为1000Ω的条件下,随着NB初始浓度的增加,双极室MFC的产电特性明显受到抑制.当葡萄糖浓度为1000mg/L,NB初始浓度分别为0、50、150、250mg/L时,MFC的运行周期逐渐缩短,分别为55.7、51.6、45.9、32.2h;最大输出电压分别为670、597、507、489mV;最大体积功率密度分别为28.57、20.42、9.29、8.47W/m3;电荷量分别为65.10、43.50、35.48、30.32C.MFC利用NB和葡萄糖为混合燃料,可以在稳定地输出电能的同时实现有机物高效降解,MFC对NB去除率高达100%,对COD的去除率达到87%～98%.但以250mg/LNB为单一燃料时,MFC无明显产电现象.DGGE图谱表明NB的加入改变了MFC阳极电极上微生物的群落结构.     

喹啉和吡啶共存条件下的MFC产电特性研究

喹啉和吡啶往往共存于实际废水中,本文通过构双极室MFC,以铁氰化钾为电子受体,对喹啉和吡啶在MFC中的降解以及产电性进行研究.结果表明,MFC的最大输出电压随着葡萄糖浓度的降低而降低,当喹啉和吡啶初始浓度均为500mg·L-1,葡萄糖浓度分别为1000、500、100mg·L-1时,最高输出电压逐渐降低,分别为606、537、354mV;最大体积功率密度为18.4、14.4和6.3W.m-3.当以等浓度500mg·L-1的喹啉和吡啶作混合燃料时,MFC的内阻超过1250Ω,最大体积功率密度为2.9W.m-3.周期结束时,COD的去除率达79%以上,喹啉和吡啶均可以完全去除,喹啉的降解速率明显高于吡啶.MFC可以利用喹啉和吡啶作为混合燃料,这为含喹啉和吡啶共存类实际废水的MFC处理提供了理论依据.     

利用双室微生物燃料电池处理模拟废水的产电特性研究

本实验通过研究电池的启动过程、阳极有机物降解率和阴极Cu2+的去除率,评价了微生物燃料电池(microbial fuel cell,MFC)的产电和处理废水性能.以模拟糖蜜废水作为阳极基质,模拟电镀废水作阴极电子受体,建立简单的双室微生物燃料电池.结果表明在外电阻为800Ω的情况下,电池得到最大电压417.00 mV,从极化曲线上获得最大输出功率密度44.17mW.m-2,内阻为293Ω.电池在第五周期时,COD去除率也达到最高47.31%.在第四周期内,Cu2+最大的去除率为59.76%.综上所述,MFC在处理有机废水和电镀废水方面具有可行性.     

2种不同结构的微生物燃料电池的产电性能比较

微生物燃料电池（microbial fuel cell,MFC）目前仍面临着产能低和成本高的问题,因此系统比较同样条件下不同结构MFC的产电性能对于最终提高其产电效率具有重要意义.通过构建2种不同结构的MFC反应器：单室型MFC和双室型MFC,以乙酸为燃料,固定外电阻为1 000 Ω,对其产电性能进行了比较研究.结果表明,单室型MFC和双室型MFC均可稳定地输出电能,平均最大输出电压分别为600 mV和650 mV,平均运行周期分别为110 h和90 h;单室型MFC和双室型MFC的最大面积功率密度分别为113.8 mW/m²和382.4 mW/m²,最大体积功率密度分别为1.3 mW/m³和2.2 mW/m³;根据稳态放电法确定双室型MFC的内阻为188 Ω,单室型MFC的内阻为348 Ω,双室型MFC的产电性能及运行稳定性均优于单室型MFC.阳极的面积和质子通道的大小都会对MFC的库仑效率产生影响.     

Distribution and ecological effect of mercury in Laogang landfill, Shanghai, China

Laogang landfill near Shanghai is the largest landfill in China, and receives about 10000 t of daily garbage per day, Samples of topsoil and plants were analyzed to evaluate mercury pollution from the landfill. For topsoil samples, there were significant correlations among total mercury （HgT）, combinative mercury （Hgc） and gaseous mercury （HgG）, and content of total organic carbon （TOC）, but, no significantly relationship was found between Hg content and filling time. Hg content changes in vertical profiles with time showed that the average Hgv of profiles 1992, 1996, and 2000 was similar, but their average HgG was quite different. HgT was significantly correlated with Hgc in profile 1992 and 2000, and Hgv was significantly correlated with Hg6 in profile 1996. HgG/Hgv ratio in profile samples decreased in the order of （HgG,/HgT）1992〉（HgG/HgT）1996〉〉（HgG/HgT）2000. A simple outline of Hg release in landfill could be drawn： with increasing of filling time, degradation undergoes different biodegradation, accordingly, gaseous mercury goes through small, more, and small proportion to total mercury. Distribution of Hg in plants was inhomogeneous, following the order of leaf〉root〉stem. The highest value of leaf may be associated with higher atmospheric Hg from landfill. Ligneous plants （e.g. Phyllostachys glanca, Prunus salicina and Ligustrum lucidum） are capable of enriching more Hg than herbaceous plants.     

EDTA-enhanced phytoremediation of lead contaminated soil by Bidens maximowicziana

Phytoremediation is a potential cleanup technology for the removal of heavy metals from contaminated soils.Bidens maximowicziana is a new Pb hyperaccumulator,which not only has remarkable tolerance to Pb but also extraordinary accumulation capacity for Pb.The maximum Pb concentration was 1509.3 mg/kg in roots and 2164.7 mg/kg in overground tissues.The Pb distribution order in the B. maximowicziana was:leaf>stem>root.The effect of amendments on phytoremediation was also studied.The mobility of soil Pb and the Pb concentrations in plants were both increased by EDTA application.Compared with CK(control check),EDTA application promoted translocation of Pb to overground parts of the plant.The Pb concentrations in overground parts of plants was increased from 24.23-680.56 mg/kg to 29.07-1905.57 mg/kg.This research demonstrated that B.maximowicziana appeared to be suitable for phytoremediation of Pb contaminated soil,especially,combination with EDTA.     

Decomposition of alachlor by ozonation and its mechanism

Decomposition and corresponding mechanism of alachlor, an endocrine disruptor in water by ozonation were investigated. Results showed that alachlor could not be completely mineralized by ozone alone. Many intermediates and final products were formed during the process, including aromatic compounds, aliphatic carboxylic acids, and inorganic ions. In evoluting these products, some of them with weak polarity were qualitatively identified by GC-MS. The information of inorganic ions suggested that the dechlorination was the first and the fastest step in the ozonation of alachlor.     

Enzymatic oxidation of aqueous pentachlorophenol

The influence of the nonionic surfactant Tween 80 on pentachlorophenol （PCP） oxidation catalyzed by horseradish peroxidase was studied. The surfactant was tested at concentrations below and above its critical micelle concentration （CMC）. Enhancement of PCP removal was observed at sub-CMCs. The presence of Tween 80 in the reaction mixture reduced enzyme inactivation which occurred through a combination of free radical attack and sorption by precipitated products. A simple first-order model was able to simulate time profiles for enzyme inactivation in the presence or absence of Tween 80. At supra-CMCs, the surfactant caused noticeable reductions in PCP removal, presumably through micelle partitioning of PCP which precluded the hydrophobic PCP molecule from interacting with the enzyme.     

基于综合水质标识指数和对应分析法的校园河道水质评价

以三峡大学的校园河道求索溪为研究对象,利用综合水质标识指数法确定求索溪水质类别,分析其水质时空变化规律,并利用对应分析法得出求索溪中不同监测点的主要污染因子.研究结果表明:求索溪整体的综合水质标识指数为7.423,整体水质为劣V类(地表水环境质量标准GB 3838-2002)且黑臭.从时间变化来看,求索溪4月份的水质最差,5月份次之,4、5月份所有监测点的水质都劣于V类且黑臭;8月份水质最好,水质为Ⅳ类;从空间分布来看,8个监测点综合水质标识指数均超过6.0,水质为劣V类,其中6号监测点的水质相对最好,监测点3号的水质相对最差;对应分析法得出求索溪的整体水体污染程度受总氮因子的影响最大,其次为总磷.该研究拟为求索溪及类似校园河道的水环境治理研究提供基础依据和参考.     

Effects of chitosan on growth of an aquatic plant (Hydrilla verticillata) in polluted waters with different chemical oxygen demands

Effects of chitosan on a submersed plant, Hydrilla verticillata, were investigated. Results indicated that H. venicillata could prevent ultrastructure phytotoxicities and oxidativereaction from polluted water with high chemical oxygen demand (COD). Superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity and malondialdehyde (MDA) contents in H. verticillata treated with 0.1% chitosan in wastewater increased with high COD (980 mg/L) and decreased with low COD (63 mg/L), respectively. Ultrastructural analysis showed that the stroma and grana of chloroplast basically remained normal. However, plant cells from the control experiment (untreated with chitosan) were vacuolated and the cell interval increased. The relict of protoplast moved to the center, with cells tending to disjoint. Our findings indicate that wastewater with high COD concentration can cause a substantial damage to submersed plant, nevertheless, chitosan probably could alleviate the membrane lipid peroxidization and ultrastructure phytotoxicities, and protect plant cells from stress of high COD concentration polluted water.     

Removal of cadmium using MnO2 loaded D301 resin

MnO2 loaded weak basic anion exchange resin D301 （Anion exchange resin, macroreticular weak basic styrene） as adsorbent has been prepared and applied to the removal of cadmium. The adsorption characteristics have been investigated with respect to effect of pH, equilibrium isotherms, removal kinetic data, and interference of the coexisting ions. The results indicated that the Cd^2＋ could be efficiently removed using MnO2 loaded D301 resin in the pH range of 3-8 from aqueous solutions with the co-existence of high concentration of alkali and alkaline-earth metals ions. The saturate adsorption capacity of the Cd^2＋ was 77.88 mg/g. The adsorption process followed the pseudo first-order kinetics. The equilibrium data obtained in this study accorded excellently with the Langmuir adsorption isotherm.     

Effect of coagulation pretreatment on the fouling of ultrafiltration membrane

The purpose of this study is to understand the effect and mechanism of preventing membrane fouling, by coagulation pretreatment, in terms of fractional component and molecular weight of natural organic matter （NOM）. A relatively higher molecular weight （MW） of hydrophobic compounds was responsible for a rapid decline in the ultrafiltration flux. Coagulation could effectively remove the hydrophobic organics, resulting in the increase of flux. It was found that a lower MW of neutral hydrophilic compounds, which could remove inadequately by coagulation, was responsible for the slow declining flux. The fluxes in the filtration of coagulated water and supernatant water were compared and the results showed that a lower MW of neutral hydrophilic compounds remained in the supernatant water after coagulation could be rejected by a membrane, resulting in fouling. It was also found that the coagulated flocs could absorb neutral hydrophilic compounds effectively. Therefore, with the coagulated flocs formed on the membrane surface, the flux decline could be improved.     

Penetration analysis of elements and bioleaching treatment of spent refractory for recycling

Acidithiobacillus ferrooxidans ATCC23270 and Acidithiobacillus thiooxidans TM-32 were used for bioleaching of spent refractories of aluminium and copper melting furnaces for their recycling.Firstly,penetration of elements into aluminium melting furnace refractory was investigated and it was found that up to 7 cm from surface was contaminated.Comparison on leaching efficiency by the strains ATCC23270 and TM-32 found that the strain ATCC23270 could treat larger amount of the refractories than the strain TM-32 could do.In the experiment of bioleaching of spent refractory aluminium melting furnace by the strain ATCC23270,high leaching efficiency were obtained on Al,Si,and Ca,and extremely low leaching performance was,however,shown on the rest of elements i.e.,Na,Mn,and Zn.Under the strain TM-32 use,relatively high leaching performance was recognized on Al,Si,Ca,Na,Mn,and Zn.In the experiment of bioleaching for spent refractory copper melting furnace,almost the same leaching trends were shown on Cu,Zn,Al,and Si under the strains ACTT23270 and TM-32 uses.     

Evaluation of phytoextracting cadmium and lead by sunflower, ricinus, alfalfa and mustard in hydroponic culture

Soil contaminated with heavy metals cadmium(Cd)and lead(Pb)is hard to be remediated.Phytoremediation may be a feasible method to remove toxic metals from soil,but there are few suitable plants which can hyperaccumulate metals.In this study,Cd and Pb accumulation by four plants including sunflower(Helianthus annuus L.),mustard(Brassica juncea L.),alfalfa(Medicago sativa L.), ricinus(Ricinus communis L.)in hydroponic cultures was compared.Results showed that these plants could phytocxtract heavy metals, the ability of accumulation differed with species,concentrations and categories of heavy metals.Values of BCF(bioconcentration factor)and TF(translocation factor)indicated that four species had dissimilar abilities of phytoextraction and transportation of heavy metals.Changes on the biomass of plants,pH and Eh at different treatments revealed that these four plants had distinct responses to Cd and Pb in cultures.Measurements should be taken to improve the phytoremediation of sites contaminated with heavy metals,such as pH and Eh regulations,and so forth.