沸石对氨氮吸附的研究

采用沸石去除水中氨氮的方法,从沸石用量、pH、吸附时间对氨氮吸附的影响以及沸石的吸附动力学进行研究。实验结果表明pH对沸石吸附有较大的影响,吸附最佳pH在6左右,随着沸石添加量的增加,氨氮的去除率增加,但是每克沸石的吸附量减少,利用率降低。沸石对氨氮的吸附具有快速吸附的特点,随着时间的增加,沸石对氨氮的去除变化缓慢。研究结果表明沸石对氨氮有较好的去除效果。     

水合氧化铁去除CU2+的实验研究

研究了实时生成的水合氧化铁(HFO)对Cu2+的去除.研究结果表明:生成的水合氧化铁是棕黄色无定形铁的氧化物,盐滴定方法测得其零电荷点PZC为8.28士0.02;它对Cu2+吸附的动力学特征受控于HFO的生成动力学,其吸附等温线可用Henry公式和类似Langmuir公式的叠加来拟合;随着吸附剂量的增加,它对Cu2+的吸附率和吸附量的影响分别呈现出指数形式(Y=aXb)的增加和减少.Cu2+从溶液中去除的可能机理包括表面络合反应、共沉淀、表面沉淀、Cu2+的水解作用、Cu2+的水解产物与水合氧化铁的絮凝作用等.     

水合氧化铁去除Cu~(2+)的实验研究

研究了实时生成的水合氧化铁(HFO)对Cu2+的去除。研究结果表明:生成的水合氧化铁是棕黄色无定形铁的氧化物,盐滴定方法测得其零电荷点PZC为8.28±0.02;它对Cu2+吸附的动力学特征受控于HFO的生成动力学,其吸附等温线可用Henry公式和类似Langmuir公式的叠加来拟合;随着吸附剂量的增加,它对Cu2的吸附率和吸附量的影响分别呈现出指数形式(Y=aXb)的增加和减少。Cu2+从溶液中去除的可能机理包括表面络合反应、共沉淀、表面沉淀、Cu2+的水解作用、Cu2+的水解产物与水合氧化铁的絮凝作用等。     

水合氧化铁去除CU2 的实验研究

研究了实时生成的水合氧化铁(HFO)对Cu2 的去除.研究结果表明:生成的水合氧化铁是棕黄色无定形铁的氧化物,盐滴定方法测得其零电荷点PZC为8.28士0.02;它对Cu2 吸附的动力学特征受控于HFO的生成动力学,其吸附等温线可用Henry公式和类似Langmuir公式的叠加来拟合;随着吸附剂量的增加,它对Cu2 的吸附率和吸附量的影响分别呈现出指数形式(Y=aXb)的增加和减少.Cu2 从溶液中去除的可能机理包括表面络合反应、共沉淀、表面沉淀、Cu2 的水解作用、Cu2 的水解产物与水合氧化铁的絮凝作用等.     

用一级动力学微分方程研究流动法中红壤吸附铜动力学

本文主要运用一级动力学微分方程研究流动法中红壤吸附铜的动力学特征。实验结果表明,反应过程总速率受扩散作用的限制。在低吸附量区域里总速率由外表面扩散速率决定;在高吸附量区域里总速率由内表面扩散速率决定。在恒定温度和pH值后,红壤吸附铜的理论饱和吸附量x_∞几乎不受流速、浓度的影响,基本为一定值;相反实测饱和吸附量x_∞受流速及浓度的影响。理论x_∞>实测x_∞。     

灭草松在腐殖酸上的吸附及其机理

通过吸附动力学、吸附等温线和IR，ESR技术，研究了腐殖酸对灭草松的吸附及吸附机理，并且对pH、离子强度对吸附过程的影响进行了探讨。结果表明灭草松在腐殖酸上经过大约4h的初始快速阶段，此后进入慢速吸附过程。溶液pH可能会影响腐殖酸的构型。高pH时，吸附量随溶液离子强度增加稍有增加。灭草松在腐殖酸上的吸附过程中存在氢键、电荷转移作用，疏水分配也是可能存在的机理。     

污泥活性炭对染料的吸附动力学研究

以城市污水处理厂脱水污泥作为原料,采用化学活化法(ZnCl2作为活化剂)制得污泥活性炭,全面研究了污泥活性炭对活性艳红K-2BP、酸性大红GR和直接紫N这3种染料的吸附动力学行为.结果表明,污泥活性炭可以有效地吸附染料,实现污泥的资源化;3种染料的平衡吸附量qe均随着染料初始浓度和温度的增大而增大,相同条件下平衡吸附量qe的大小顺序为:酸性大红GR＞活性艳红K-2BP＞直接紫N;伪二级动力学模型能够很好地描述3种染料在污泥活性炭上的吸附动力学行为;对于活性艳红K-2BP和直接紫N,颗粒内扩散过程是该吸附速率的控制步骤,但不是唯一的速率控制步骤,吸附速率同时还受颗粒外扩散过程的控制,而对于酸性大红GR,颗粒内扩散过程不是吸附速率的控制步骤;污泥活性炭对3种染料的吸附是一个吸热过程,吸附活化能较小,主要为物理吸附过程.     

强化一级处理污泥的吸附性能研究

强化一级处理污泥对以ＣＯＤ和ＳＣＯＤ表示的有机物质具有较大的吸附量。其吸附等温线和解吸等温线既符合Ｆｒｅｕｎｄｌｉｃｈ型,也符合Ｌａｎｇｍｕｉｒ型,但解吸不完全。     

石灰对土壤吸附镉行为及有效性的影响

酸性红壤上添加石灰显著增加土壤对镉的吸附量并降低吸附态镉的解吸量。但石灰用量较低时，镉的解吸率反而比未施石灰时增加。盆栽试验亦表明，在石灰用量较低时，土壤ｐＨ虽有所升高，但小麦和黑麦草植株镉含量降低不明显甚至有所升高；只有较高的石灰用量使土壤ｐＨ得以明显升高，植株吸镉量才能明显降低。对这一现象的原因进行了讨论。     

吸附树脂对苯甲酸的吸附动力学研究

对比超高交联吸附树脂NJ 8与AmberliteXAD 4对苯甲酸的静态吸附动力学性质 ,并深入讨论温度和起始浓度对平衡时间和吸附速率的影响。NJ 8和XAD 4两种树脂在吸附苯甲酸的过程中 ,膜扩散和颗粒内扩散均为主控步骤 ,但是前者颗粒内扩散占据优势 ,而后者膜扩散占据优势     

东太平洋红藻诊断色素浓度的卫星遥感研究

红藻是东太平洋优势藻种之一,获取其生物量信息有助于认识浮游植物在海洋生物化学循环及物质能量交换过程中的作用。红藻中蕴含的诊断色素是准确获取其生物量信息的关键,因此,开展红藻诊断色素的反演研究具有重要科学价值。本文基于6个东太平洋航次数据集,利用三种红藻诊断色素（叶绿素c1+c2、叶绿素c3、19’-乙酰基氧化岩藻黄素）与总叶绿素a之间的“共变效应”,构建红藻诊断色素反演模型。模型验证结果表明,决定系数R2为0.68～0.88（p<0.001）,平均绝对百分比误差为39%～46%,中值误差均小于30%。卫星反演结果表明,东太平洋红藻诊断色素浓度呈现近岸高、大洋低的分布特点,且有明显的季节变化特征。本文构建的红藻诊断色素反演模型可为表征红藻分布及监测藻华灾害等研究提供数据基础与方法支撑。     

改性玉米秸秆对水中磷酸根的吸附动力学研究

将化学改性后的玉米秸秆制备阴离子交换剂,重点研究了改性玉米秸秆对磷酸根的吸附动力学特性.通过静态实验,考察了在不同pH、温度、磷酸根初始浓度条件下,改性玉米秸秆对磷酸根吸附效果的影响,并分别用伪一级动力学方程、伪二级动力学方程、修正伪一级动力学方程和颗粒内扩散方程进行拟合,计算出相应的速率常数.结果表明,Langmuir等温模式能更好地描述改性玉米秸秆对磷酸根的吸附效果,并且随着温度的升高,改性玉米秸秆对磷酸根的最大吸附量逐渐减小.改性玉米秸秆对磷酸根的吸附是一个快速吸附过程,30 min内即可达到吸附平衡,该吸附过程符合伪二级动力学方程和颗粒内扩散方程,吸附速率主要受颗粒内扩散控制.随着初始浓度的增大,伪二级吸附速率常数逐渐减小,颗粒内扩散速率常数逐渐增大.通过改性玉米秸秆对磷酸根的吸附动力学研究,可以为反应器的设计和污水处理装置的运行提供基础信息,对于去除水溶液中磷酸根的技术应用具有重要实际意义.     

Three-dimensional unstructured-mesh eutrophication model and its application to the Xiangxi River, China

The Xiangxi River is one of the main tributaries in the Three Gorges reservoir, with the shortest distance to the Three Gorges Project Dam. Severe and frequent algal bloom events have occurred frequently in the Xiangxi River in recent years. Therefore, the current study develops a three-dimensional unstructured-mesh model to investigate the dynamic process of algal bloom. The developed model comprises three modules, namely, hydrodynamics, nutrient cycles, and phytoplankton ecological dynamics. A number of factors, including hydrodynamic condition, nutrient concentration, temperature, and light illumination, that would affect the evolution of phytoplankton were considered. Moreover, the wave equation was used to solve the free surface fluctuations and vertical Z-coordinates with adjustable layered thicknesses. These values, in turn, are suitable for solving the algal bloom problems that occurred in the river style reservoir that has a complex boundary and dramatically changing hydrodynamic conditions. The comparisons between the modeling results and field data of years 2007 and 2008 indicate that the developed model is capable of simulating the algal bloom process in the Xiangxi River with reasonable accuracy. However, hydrodynamic force and external pollution loads affect the concentrations of nutrients, which, along with the underwater light intensity, could consequently affect phytoplankton evolution. Thus, flow velocity cannot be ignored in the analysis of river algal bloom. Based on the modeling results, building an impounding reservoir and increasing the releasing discharge at appropriate times are effective ways for controlling algal bloom.     

Removal of phosphate ions from aqueous solution using Tunisian clays minerals and synthetic zeolite

Phosphate ions are usually considered to be responsible for the algal bloom in receiving water bodies and aesthetic problems in water. From the environmental point of view, the management of such contaminant and valuable resource is very important. The present work deals with the removal of phosphate ions from aqueous solutions using kaolinitic and smectic clay minerals and synthetic zeolite as adsorbent. The pH effect and adsorption kinetic were studied. It was found that phosphate could be efficiently removed at acidic pH (between 4 and 6) and the second order model of kinetics is more adopted for all samples. The isotherms of adsorption of phosphate ions by the two clays and the zeolite samples show that the zeolite has the highest rate of uptake (52.9 mg P/g). Equilibrium data were well fitted with Langmuir and Freundlich isotherm.     

基于宏条形码技术的白洋淀水华藻类识别及其驱动因子分析

浮游藻类是引起水华暴发的主要原因.为筛选潜在水华藻类,评估白洋淀水华风险区域,于2020年8月对白洋淀373点位展开浮游藻类调查.利用宏条形码技术分析,解析水华藻类群落组成,同时采用显微镜计数法统计藻密度.根据总藻密度对白洋淀不同区域的水华程度进行评估,同时进一步针对水华藻类群落,耦合淀区水质条件,探究白洋淀不同区域水华藻类群落空间差异驱动因子,以甄别影响水华藻类群落结构关键环境因子.结果表明,95%以上采样区域无水华风险(藻类密度<2×10⁶个·L^-1),仅5个样点存在轻微水华风险.但水华藻类群落分析共检测到了90种水华藻类,其中优势水华藻种有20种,隶属于以绿藻门、蓝藻门和裸藻门为主.水华藻类群落结构在不同区域上具有显著空间异质性(P<0.05).关键驱动因子解析结果表明,总磷(TP)、总氮(TN)和氨氮(NH⁺₄-N)是造成水华藻类群落结构差异的关键因子.其中,门水平上,蓝藻门水华藻类与以上关键因子显著正相关;种水平上,硅藻门和绿藻门水华藻类与关键因子响应更显著.因此,水华藻类群落...     

Bioaccumulation of toxic hydrophobic organic compounds at the primary trophic level

The prevailing hypothesis, which states that the uptake of HOCs by phytoplankton is controlled by the compound's lipophilicity (Kow) was tested. The approach taken was to determine the factors that controlled the uptake of PCBs by phytoplankton under controlled laboratory conditions, and to develop a model that would describe bioaccumulation of PCBs in phytoplankton.The results demonstrate a relationship of BAF to Kow and to phytoplankton surface properties, as well as the data presented here, support the hypothesis that the mechanism of HOC uptake is a rapid surface sorption followed by a slower transfer into lipids in the cell matrix. The work on the kinetics of uptake indicates that equilibrium is reached slowly and that the rate of uptake is of similar magnitude as phytoplankton growth under normal field conditions.Thus a critical factor that controls the bioaccumulation of HOCs reach equilibrium in phytoplankton itself.     

太湖蓝藻水华衰亡对沉积物氮、磷释放的影响

在太湖草型区、藻型区及河口区采集原状泥柱进行加藻培养实验,监测培养过程中溶解氧(DO)、总氮(TN)、总磷(TP)、氨氮(NH4+-N)、磷酸根(PO43--P)等相关指标的变化.结果表明,蔽光培养导致加藻体系中蓝藻大量死亡,形成水体极度缺氧环境(DO接近0),沉积物氮、磷释放量改变,上覆水NH4+-N、PO43--P...     

滇池沉积物中磷的释放行为研究

滇池分为草海和外海两个水体,且草海污染较外海严重,但是外海的藻类爆发的频率和强度都高于草海。通过实验室模拟,研究了滇池草海与外海沉积物中磷的释放行为及其藻类爆发程度不同的原因。结果表明,两个沉积物中磷的释放动力学都表现了非单一的扩散过程,拟二级动力学模型可以较好描述释放过程。草海比外海总磷高7倍,但是在水中的释放只高2倍。对两个沉积物而言,由于与表面附着的磷有竞争作用,溶解胡敏酸的加入都显著增大了磷的释放。与草海相比,外海的水交换速率慢、水深浅、沉积物有机质含量低、内源磷释放强以及对外源磷缓冲能力弱,这些特征都是有利于藻类爆发的条件。研究表明抑制滇池藻类爆发要同时考虑对外源磷和内源磷的控制。     

^15N isotope fractionation in an aquatic food chain： Bellamya aeruginosa （Reeve） as an algal control agent

15N isotope tracer techniques and ecological modeling were adopted to investigate the fractionation of nitrogen,its uptake and transformation in algae and snail(Bellamya aeruginosa Reeve).Different algal species were found to differ in their uptake of nitrogen isotopes.Microcystis aeruginisa Ktz.demonstrated the greatest 15N accumulation capacity,with the natural variation in isotopic ratio(δ 15N) and the isotope fractionation factor(ε,‰) being the highest among the species investigated.The transformation and utilization of 15N by snails differed depending on the specific algae consumed(highest for Chlorella pyrenoidosa Chick.,lowest for M.aeruginisa).When snails was seeded in the experimental pond,the algae population structure changed significantly,and total algal biomass as well as the concentration of all nitrogen species decreased,causing an increase in water transparency.A model,incorporating several chemical and biological parameters,was developed to predict algal biomass in an aquatic system when snails was present.The data collected during this investigation indicated that the gastropods such as snails could significantly impact biological community and water quality of small water bodies,suggesting a role for biological control of noxious algal blooms associated with eutrophication.     

多层营养盐协同作用的藻类生长模型研究

不同形态的营养盐在不同介质(层面)中会对藻类生长产生不同的影响,本研究构建了同时考虑水环境中、藻细胞膜界面上和藻细胞膜内营养盐浓度,尤其营养盐在藻细胞界面吸附/脱附作用的藻类生长数值模型,通过数值计算进行了参数率定和验证.结果显示,实验测试值与本模型计算值的平均相对误差小于6.90%,而且,本模型与未考虑营养盐吸附/脱附作用模型的最大绝对值累积相对误差分别为11.70%和34.18%.显然,本研究提出的这种藻类生长模型与实测数据吻合更好,能够更准确、合理和真实地描述藻类生长状态与变化趋势.本模型反映出的细胞膜界面浓度,体现了藻细胞在光暗交替情况下吸收营养盐的变化,同时表达了藻细胞内部ATP浓度的变化状态,使外界营养盐浓度同藻细胞自身营养状态之间,也就是在微观和中观层次之间建立起具有理论指导意义的相互关联作用.