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1.
为探究临沂市PM_(2.5)和PM_(10)中元素的污染特征及来源,于2016年12月至2017年10月对临沂市环境空气中PM_(2.5)和PM_(10)进行了同步采样.利用电感耦合等离子体质谱仪(ICP-MS)和电感耦合等离子体发射光谱仪(ICP-OES)测定了其中的23种元素,并采用富集因子法和PMF法分析其来源.结果表明,采样期间临沂市PM_(2.5)和PM_(10)中主要元素为Si、Ca、Al、Fe、K、Na和Mg,分别占所测元素的质量分数为92.93%和94.61%. 18种元素(除Ti、Ni、Mo、Cd和Mg)的浓度水平在冬春季最高,夏秋季最低.其中Si、Al、Ca、K和Na表现为春季浓度最高,主要分布在粗颗粒中;Cu、Zn、Pb和Sb表现为冬季浓度最高,主要分布在细颗粒中.富集因子结果表明Cd、Sb和Bi元素富集程度显著,主要受燃煤、工业生产、垃圾焚烧等人为源共同影响.PMF源解析结果表明,临沂市PM_(2.5)中元素来源主要有燃煤和铜冶炼的混合源、市政垃圾焚烧源、扬尘源、机动车排放和工业源,贡献率分别为22.64%、 7.49%、 41.22%、 14.71%和13.94%.PM_(10)中元素来源主要有扬尘源、燃煤和铜冶炼的混合源、机动车排放和工业源,贡献率分别为55.47%、 19.80%、 7.48%和12.83%.由此可见,扬尘源和燃煤与铜冶炼的混合源是临沂市颗粒物污染形成过程中的重要源类.  相似文献   

2.
Interest in renewable energy sources has increased in recent years due to environmental concerns about global warming and air pollution,reduced costs and improved efficiency of technologies.Under the European Union(EU)energy directive,biomass is a suitable renewable source.The aim of this study was to experimentally quantify and characterize the emission of particulate matter(PM_(2.5))resulting from the combustion of two biomass fuels(chipped residual biomass from pine and eucalypt),in a pilot-scale bubbling fluidized bed(BFB)combustor under distinct operating conditions.The variables evaluated were the stoichiometry and,in the case of eucalypt,the leaching of the fuel.The CO and PM_(2.5)emission factors were lower when the stoichiometry used in the experiments was higher(0.33±0.1 g CO/kg and 16.8±1.0 mg PM_(2.5)/kg,dry gases).The treatment of the fuel by leaching before its combustion has shown to promote higher PM_(2.5)emissions(55.2±2.5 mg/kg,as burned).Organic and elemental carbon represented 3.1 to 30 wt.% of the particle mass,while carbonate(CO_3~(2-))accounted for between 2.3 and 8.5 wt.%.The particulate mass was mainly composed of inorganic matter(71% to 86% of the PM_(2.5)mass).Compared to residential stoves,BFB combustion generated very high mass fractions of inorganic elements.Chloride was the water soluble ion in higher concentration in the PM_(2.5)emitted by the combustion of eucalypt,while calcium was the dominant water soluble ion in the case of pine.  相似文献   

3.
Size-resolved aerosol samples were collected by MOUDI in four seasons in 2007 in Beijing. The PM10 and PM1.8 mass concentrations were 166.0 ± 120.5 and 91.6 ± 69.7 μg/m3, respectively, throughout the measurement, with seasonal variation: nearly two times higher in autumn than in summer and spring. Serious fine particle pollution occurred in winter with the PM1.8/PM10 ratio of 0.63, which was higher than other seasons. The size distribution of PM showed obvious seasonal and diurnal variation, with a smaller fine mode peak in spring and in the daytime. OM (organic matter = 1.6 × OC (organic carbon)) and SIA (secondary inorganic aerosol) were major components of fine particles, while OM, SIA and Ca2 + were major components in coarse particles. Moreover, secondary components, mainly SOA (secondary organic aerosol) and SIA, accounted for 46%–96% of each size bin in fine particles, which meant that secondary pollution existed all year. Sulfates and nitrates, primarily in the form of (NH4)2SO4, NH4NO3, CaSO4, Na2SO4 and K2SO4, calculated by the model ISORROPIA II, were major components of the solid phase in fine particles. The PM concentration and size distribution were similar in the four seasons on non-haze days, while large differences occurred on haze days, which indicated seasonal variation of PM concentration and size distribution were dominated by haze days. The SIA concentrations and fractions of nearly all size bins were higher on haze days than on non-haze days, which was attributed to heterogeneous aqueous reactions on haze days in the four seasons.  相似文献   

4.
为了探讨京津冀地区冬季背景大气中气溶胶化学组分特征及其来源分布,使用GRIMM 180、单颗粒黑碳光度计(SP2)和高分辨率飞行时间气溶胶质谱仪(HR-TOF-AMS)观测了海坨山2020年12月28日至2021年2月3日PM和化学组分,结合气象数据和HYSPLIT模式,计算了潜在源贡献因子(PSCF)和浓度权重轨迹(CWT),分析了不同污染过程下PM和气溶胶化学组分的时间演变特征及其潜在来源.结果表明,海坨山冬季沙尘过程主要影响PM10和PM2.5,对PM1的影响较小;而霾污染正好相反,主要影响PM1.化学组分在干净天和霾污染中占PM1的比例分别为85.0%和73.4%,而在沙尘天仅占PM1的47.4%.霾污染过程中NO-3的质量浓度最大,占PM1的25.2%;在干净天和沙尘天黑碳(BC)的质量浓度最大,占PM1的24.1%和12.8%. BC气溶胶的中值直径在干净天...  相似文献   

5.
Mineral particles or particulate matters(PMs) emitted during agricultural activities are major recurring sources of atmospheric aerosol loading.However,precise PM inventory from agricultural tillage and harvest in agricultural regions is challenged by infrequent local emission factor(EF) measurements.To understand PM emissions from these practices in northeastern China,we measured EFs of PM_(10) and PM_(2.5) from three field operations(i.e.,tilling,planting and harvesting) in major crop production(i.e.,corn and soybean),using portable real-time PM analyzers and weather station data.County-level PM_(10) and PM_(2.5) emissions from agricultural tillage and harvest were estimated,based on local EFs,crop areas and crop calendars.The EFs averaged(107 ± 27),(17 ± 5) and 26 mg/m~2 for field tilling,planting and harvesting under relatively dry conditions(i.e.,soil moisture 15%),respectively.The EFs of PM from field tillage and planting operations were negatively affected by topsoil moisture.The magnitude of PM_(10) and PM_(2.5) emissions from these three activities were estimated to be 35.1 and 9.8 kilotons/yr in northeastern China,respectively,of which Heilongjiang Province accounted for approximately45%.Spatiotemporal distribution showed that most PM_(10) emission occurred in April,May and October and were concentrated in the central regions of the northeastern plain,which is dominated by dryland crops.Further work is needed to estimate the contribution of agricultural dust emissions to regional air quality in northeastern China.  相似文献   

6.
The optical properties of aerosol as well as their impacting factors were investigated at a suburb site in Nanjing during autumn from 14 to 28 November 2012. More severe pollution was found together with lower visibility. The average scattering and absorption coefficients(B sca and B abs) were 375.7 ± 209.5 and 41.6 ± 18.7 Mm~(-1), respectively. Higher ?ngstr?m absorption and scattering exponents were attributed to the presence of more aged aerosol with smaller particles. Relative humidity(RH) was a key factor affecting aerosol extinction. High RH resulted in the impairment of visibility, with hygroscopic growth being independent of the dry extinction coefficient. The hygroscopic growth factor was 1.8 ± 1.2 with RH from 19% to 85%.Light absorption was enhanced by organic carbon(OC), elemental carbon(EC) and EC coatings,with contributions of 26%, 44% and 75%(532 nm), respectively. The B sca and B abs increased with increasing N_(100)(number concentration of PM_(2.5)with diameter above 100 nm), PM_1 surface concentration and PM_(2.5)mass concentration with good correlation.  相似文献   

7.
贾佳  丛怡  高清敏  王玲玲  杨静静  张国辉 《环境科学》2020,41(12):5256-5266
为揭示郑州市冬季空气污染过程及形成原因,选取郑纺机国控站点为采样点,探讨2019年12月郑州大气污染物浓度和主要气象参数特征,对比不同污染阶段PM2.5水溶性离子、元素和碳质组分浓度变化,并利用空气质量模型模拟结果,分析采样期间污染源排放与区域传输对采样点PM2.5质量浓度的贡献.结果表明,采样期间第一次和第二次重污染形成和消散过程略有差异,分别呈现出"缓慢累积、缓慢清除"和"缓慢积累、快速清除"的特征.第一次和第二次重污染时段NO3-、SO42-和NH4+质量浓度占PM2.5比值达到41.5%和46.2%,OC/EC比值分别为4.0和4.5,二次气溶胶颗粒的大量生成是两次重污染形成的主要原因.采样期间本地、东部、南部、西部和北部区域对采样点PM2.5浓度贡献占比均值分别为58.0%、2.4%、6.7%、6.9%和12.7%,第一次重污染是本地污染物排放和外来源区域传输共同作用的结果,期间西部和南部区域及外来工业源贡献占比有所升高;而第二次重污染则主要受到本地大气污染物累积的影响,期间交通源、扬尘源和燃煤源污染贡献骤增,外部区域对采样点PM2.5浓度的影响有所减弱.  相似文献   

8.
晋城城市扬尘化学组成特征及来源解析   总被引:12,自引:8,他引:4       下载免费PDF全文
采集晋城市城市扬尘及其他污染源样品,分析其中元素、离子、碳含量,选取富集因子分析法、潜在生态风险评价法、化学质量平衡模型分析城市扬尘化学组成及来源,为制定有效的城市扬尘污染防治工作方案提供科学依据.结果表明,晋城市城市扬尘中主量成分包括Si、TC、Ca、OC、Al、Mg、Na、Fe、K和SO_4~(2-),质量分数总和为61.14%.地壳元素在城市扬尘中含量最丰富,离子更易在细颗粒上富集.OC在PM_(2.5)上的质量分数较高,EC在PM_(10)上的质量分数较高,说明二次有机污染物主要集中在细颗粒上.城市扬尘PM_(2.5)和PM_(10)潜在生态风险指数均为极强,且PM_(2.5)比PM_(10)具有更强的生态危害性.城市扬尘中Pb的富集因子最大,在PM_(2.5)中达196.97,其次为As、Cr、Ni、V、Zn、Cu,且这些重金属元素的富集因子均在10以上,表明这几种元素显著富集,受人类活动影响较大.土壤风沙尘、建筑水泥尘、机动车尾气尘、煤烟尘是城市扬尘的主要来源.  相似文献   

9.
东莞市PM1中重金属元素的污染特征及来源解析   总被引:3,自引:1,他引:2       下载免费PDF全文
采集了2011年8月—2012年7月间东莞市不同区域两点(A:生活区;B:工业区)的PM2.5~10、PM1~2.5和PM1样品,并用ICP-MS分析了颗粒物上Pb、Cu、Zn、As、Cd、V、Mn、Cr、Hg和Al等10种元素,重点研究了PM1中除Al外其它9种重金属元素的污染特征.分析结果显示,工业区B点PM1中的重金属污染明显较生活区A点严重,9种重金属元素在B点PM1中的浓度是A点的2.3~4.4倍.Zn和Pb是A、B两点PM1中主要的重金属元素,同时各重金属元素质量占PM1质量百分比范围为0.0008%~0.3530%.粒径分布、富集因子分析的结果显示,大部分重金属元素主要富集在PM1中,且主要受人为源的影响.因子分析源解析结果表明,A、B两点PM1主要来源于4类污染源:燃煤源、机动车/工厂燃油源、冶金化工源、土壤尘.污染源特征分析表明,偏北风时东莞地区PM1受局地源远距离输送影响更严重,偏南风时受本地污染源影响更严重.  相似文献   

10.
采集2010~2011年海西城市群PM_(2.5)样品,用粒子激发-X射线发射技术(PIXE)方法测试样品中痕量重金属(Zn、Cu、Pb、Mn、Ni、Cr、As)的浓度,分析痕量重金属的污染特征、富集程度和来源,并进行重金属对人体健康风险的评价.结果表明,PM_(2.5)中重金属总浓度的时空分布特征与PM_(2.5)的不一致,这与PM_(2.5)的某些主要贡献源(如建筑尘和扬尘等)并非痕量重金属的贡献源有关.PM_(2.5)中Zn、Cu、Pb、Mn、Ni、Cr、As等重金属的EF值均高于10,呈明显的人为源富集现象.主成分-多元线性回归(PCA-MLR)解析结果显示,PM_(2.5)中痕量重金属主要有3种来源,即燃煤和机动车尾气(70.59%)、混合源(燃煤、燃油和冶炼行业,17.55%)以及其他工业源(11.86%).健康风险评价结果显示,PM_(2.5)中致癌重金属(Ni、Cr、As)的风险值高于非致癌重金属(Zn、Cu、Pb、Mn)风险值,但均低于一般可接受风险水平(10-6),说明海西城市群大气环境PM_(2.5)中重金属未对人体健康造成危害.  相似文献   

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