Progress in atmospheric ozone detection techniques in China

A comprehensive review on present situation of detection techniques for atmospheria ozone in China has been given in this paper．Among them，some techniques，such as chemiluminescence，ultraviolet absorption and laser differential absorption methods for detection of ozone concentration in the near-ground atmosphere，the solar of sky light spectrophotometric method for detection of total ozone in the atmosphere，ozonesonde technique，Balloon—borne ozonemeter，laser and microwave techniques for ozone measurements in the stratosphere，and SO on，are focused on It should be pointed out that 1 980s is a period for overall development of ozone detection techniques in China．Setting a stereo-observation technical system in China for atmospheric ozone is a main mission in the near future．     

Perspective in development of environmental technology in China

１　ＩｎｃｒｅａｓｉｎｇｅｎｖｉｒｏｎｍｅｎｔａｌｐｒｏｂｌｅｍｓｃａｌｌｆｏｒｔｅｃｈｎｏｌｏｇｉｃａｌｓｏｌｕｔｉｏｎｓＷｉｔｈｔｈｅｒａｐｉｄｅｃｏｎｏｍｉｃｇｒｏｗｔｈｉｎｔｈｅｐａｓｔｔｗｏｄｅｃａｄｅｓ，ａｌｌｔｈｅｍａｊｏｒｅｎｖｉｒｏｎｍｅｎｔａｌｐｒｏｂｌｅｍｓｏｆｗｏｒｌｄｗｉｄｅｃｏｎｃｅｒｎｈａｖｅａｐｐｅａｒｅｄｉｎＣｈｉｎａｉｎｏｎｅｗａｙｏｒａｎｏｔｈｅｒ．Ｔｈｅｙａｒｅｍａｉｎｌｙｒｅｆｌｅｃｔｅｄｉｎｓｏｉｌｅｒｏｓｉｏｎ，ｄｅｓｅｒｔｉｆｉｃａｔｉｏｎ，ｂｉ…     

Environmental geochemical features of arsenic in soil in China

ＥｎｖｉｒｏｎｍｅｎｔａｌｇｅｏｃｈｅｍｉｃａｌｆｅａｔｕｒｅｓｏｆａｒｓｅｎｉｃｉｎｓｏｉｌｉｎＣｈｉｎａＷｅｎｇＨｕａｎｘｉｎ，ＬｉｕＹｕｎｆｅｎｇＤｅｐａｒｔｍｅｎｔｏｆＥａｒｔｈＳｃｉｅｎｃｅｓ，ＺｈｅｊｉａｎｇＵｎｉｖｅｒｓｉｔｙ，Ｈａｎｇ...     

Degradation of chlorobenzuron in water and metabolism in fish

The degradation of pesticide 1-(2-chlorobenzoyl)-3-(4-chlorophenyl)urea(CCU)in water and its accumulation and metabolism in fish were studied using HPLC method．The results of acute toxicity of both CCU and its naetabolites were also reported．The research demonstrated that CCU degraded quickly in aerobic aquatic environment and primary metabolites of CCU were 4-chlorophenyl urea and orthochlorobenzoic acid．Microorganisms play an important role for the degradation of CCU in water．Both the parents compound and its metabolites were not lethal to fish in tested concentration．The accumulation of CCU in fish was sunilar to that of dillubenzuron．The esterase in fish liver which could metabolized CCU was identified．The primary enzymatic degradation products of CCU is the same as that in water．     

Variations in oxygen and some related pollution parameters in some streams in ITU Area of Nigeria

ＩｎｔｒｏｄｕｃｔｉｏｎＰｈｙｓｉｃａｌａｎｄｃｈｅｍｉｃａｌｐｒｏｐｅｒｔｉｅｓａｒｅｏｆｇｒｅａｔｓｉｇｎｉｆｉｃａｎｃｅｔｏｔｈｅｗｏｒｋｉｎｇｏｆａｎｙａｑｕａｔｉｃｅｃｏｓｙｓｔｅｍ.Ｉｎｍｏｓｔｃａｓｅｓ,ｔｈｅｃｈｅｍｉｃａｌｐｒｏｐｅｒ...     

Estimation of the radionuclide distribution in sediment in coast area

ＩｎｔｒｏｄｕｃｔｉｏｎＴｈｅｒａｄｉｏｎｕｃｌｉｄｅｓｉｎｌｏｗ ｌｅｖｅｌｒａｄｉｏａｃｔｉｖｅｌｉｑｕｉｄｗａｓｔｅ (ＬＬＷ)ｆｒｏｍｃｏａｓｔａｌｎｕｃｌｅａｒｆａｃｉｌｉｔｉｅｓｏｒｎｕｃｌｅａｒｐｏｗｅｒｐｌａｎｔｓｗｉｌｌｂｅｄｉｌｕｔｅｄ ,ｄｉｆｆｕｓｅｄａｎｄｔｒａｎｓｐｏｒｔｅｄｉｎｔｈｅｃｏａｓｔａｒｅａ .Ａｎｄｔｈｅｙｗｉｌｌａｌｓｏｄｅｐｏｓｉｔｉｎｔｈｅｓｅｄｉｍｅｎｔ.Ｈｏｗｔｏｅｓｔｉｍａｔｅｔｈｅｅｆｆｅｃｔｏｆｄｅｐｏｓｉｔｒａｄｉｏｎｕｃｌｉｄｅｓｉｓａｖｅｒ…     

Application of face-graph in heavy metal pollutionassessment in river sediment

Ａｐｐｌｉｃａｔｉｏｎｏｆｆａｃｅ－ｇｒａｐｈｉｎｈｅａｖｙｍｅｔａｌｐｏｌｌｕｔｉｏｎａｓｓｅｓｓｍｅｎｔｉｎｒｉｖｅｒｓｅｄｉｍｅｎｔＪｉａＺｈｅｎｂａｎｇ；ＺｈａｏＺｈｉｊｉｅ（ＧｅｏｇｒａｐｈｙＤｅｐａｒｔｍｅｎｔ，ＰｅｋｉｎｇＵｎｉｖｅｒｓ...     

The method on recovery of forest vegetation in degraded ecosystem in tropical and subtropical waste lowland in Guangdong

The aim of this paper is to discuss the reasonable method to set up the man-made ecosystem where the high productivity, high economic effects and ecological efficiencies, continual resources and suitable environment could be obtained.     

Biostability in distribution systems in one city in southern China：Characteristics, modeling and control strategy

This study investigated the bacterial regrowth in drinking water distribution systems receiving finished water from an advanced drinking water treatment plant in one city in southem China. Thirteen nodes in two water supply zones with different aged pipelines were selected to monitor water temperature, dissolved oxygen （DO）, chloramine residual, assimilable organic carbon （AOC）, and heterotrophic plate counts （HPC）. Regression and principal component analyses indicated that HPC had a strong correlation with chloramine residual. Based on Chick-Watson＇s Law and the Monod equation, biostability curves under different conditions were developed to achieve the goal of HPC 100 CFU/mL. The biostability curves could interpret the scenario under various AOC concentrations and predict the required chloramine residual concentration under the condition of high AOC level. The simulation was also carded out to predict the scenario with a stricter HPC goal （≤50 CFU/mL） and determine the required chloramine residual. The biological regrowth control strategy was assessed using biostability curve analysis. The results indicated that maintaining high chloramine residual concentration was the most practical way to achieve the goal of HPC ≤ 100 CFU/mL. Biostability curves could be a very useful tool for biostability control in distribution systems. This work could provide some new insights towards biostability control in real distribution systems.     

微囊藻毒素-LR对恶臭假单胞菌细胞活性和表面特性的影响

在恶臭假单胞菌(Pseudomonas putida)降解微囊藻毒素-LR(MC-LR)的体系中,研究了菌体细胞表面特性和活性的变化,考察了MC-LR对菌体的影响,对MC-LR的微生物毒性作用进行了初步的探索.结果表明,MC-LR可以使菌体细胞质膜通透性增加,并影响菌体离子代谢及可溶性蛋白等物质的分泌.当MC-LR质量浓度由0增大到2.0 mg·L-1时,能促进菌体分泌和释放可溶性糖及Na+、Cl-等离子.流式细胞实验检测发现,MC-LR加速了菌体细胞的死亡,且死亡率随着MC-LR质量浓度的增加而增大,2.5 mg·L-1MC-LR作用5 d,比未添加MC-LR的对照体系增加了近30%.扫描电镜观察表明,在MC-LR作用下,菌体细胞的微观形貌发生了改变,细胞褶皱加深,在2.5 mg·L-1MC-LR存在下培养5 d后,大部分细胞破裂,细胞内含物流出,细胞结构损坏严重.     

Performance and microbial community of a membrane bioreactor system——Treating wastewater from ethanol fermentation of food waste

In this study, a lab-scale biological anaerobic/anaerobic/anoxic/membrane bioreactor(A_-~3MBR) was designed to treat wastewater from the ethanol fermentation of food waste,a promising way for the disposal of food waste and reclamation of resources. The 454 pyrosequencing technique was used to investigate the composition of the microbial community in the treatment system. The system yielded a stable effluent concentration of chemical oxygen demand(202 ± 23 mg/L), total nitrogen(62.1 ± 7.1 mg/L), ammonia(0.3 ±0.13 mg/L) and total phosphorus(8.3 ± 0.9 mg/L), and the reactors played different roles in specific pollutant removal. The exploration of the microbial community in the system revealed that:(1) the microbial diversity of anaerobic reactors A_1 and A_2, in which organic pollutants were massively degraded, was much higher than that in anoxic A_3 and aerobic MBR;(2) although the community composition in each reactor was quite different, bacteria assigned to the classes Clostridia, Bacteroidia, and Synergistia were important and common microorganisms for organic pollutant degradation in the anaerobic units, and bacteria from Alphaproteobacteria and Betaproteobacteria were the dominant microbial population in A_3 and MBR;(3) the taxon identification indicated that Arcobacter in the anaerobic reactors and Thauera in the anoxic reactor were two representative genera in the biological process. Our results proved that the biological A_-~3MBR process is an alternative technique for treating wastewater from food waste.     

Elevated atmospheric CO2 and drought effects on leaf gas exchange properties of barley

Atmospheric CO₂ concentration (C_a) is rising, predicted to cause global warming, and alter precipitation patterns. During 1994, spring barley (Hordeum vulgare L. cv. Alexis) was grown in a strip-split-plot experimental design to determine the effects that the main plot C_a treatments [A: Ambient at 370 μmol (CO₂) mol⁻¹; E: Enriched with free-air CO₂ enrichment (FACE) at ∼550 μmol (CO₂) mol⁻¹] had on several gas exchange properties of fully expanded sunlit primary leaves. The interacting strip-split-plot irrigation treatments were Dry or Wet [50% (D) or 100% (W) replacement of potential evapotranspiration] at ample nitrogen (261 kg N ha⁻¹) and phosphorous (29 kg P ha⁻¹) fertility. Elevated C_a facilitated drought avoidance by reducing stomatal conductance (g_s) by 34% that conserved water and enabled stomata to remain open for a longer period into a drought. This resulted in a 28% reduction in drought-induced midafternoon depression in net assimilation rate (A). Elevated C_a increased A by 37% under Dry and 23% under Wet. Any reduction in A under Wet conditions occurred because of nonstomatal limitations, whereas under Dry it occurred because of stomatal limitations. Elevated C_a increased the diurnal integral of A (A′) that resulted in an increase in the seasonal-long integral of A′ (A″) for barley leaves by 12% (P = 0.14) under both Dry and Wet - 650, 730, 905 and 1020 ± 65 g (C) m⁻² y⁻¹ for AD, ED, AW and EW treatments, respectively. Elevated C_a increased season-long average dry weight (DW_S; crown, shoots) by 14% (P = 0.02), whereas deficit irrigation reduced DW_S by 7% (P = 0.06), although these values may have been affected by a short but severe pea aphid [Acyrthosiphon pisum (Harris)] infestation. Hence, an elevated-C_a-based improvement in gas exchange properties enhanced growth of a barley crop.     

Analysis of the genotoxic potential of low concentrations of Malathion on the Allium cepa cells and rat hepatoma tissue culture

Based on the concentration of Malathion used in the field, we evaluated the genotoxic potential of low concentrations of this insecticide on meristematic and F₁ cells of Allium cepa and on rat hepatoma tissue culture (HTC cells). In the A. cepa, chromosomal aberrations (CAs), micronuclei (MN), and mitotic index (MI) were evaluated by exposing the cells at 1.5, 0.75, 0.37, and 0.18 mg/mL of Malathion for 24 and 48 hr of exposure and 48 hr of recovery time. The results showed that all concentrations were genotoxic to A. cepa cells. However, the analysis of the MI has showed non-relevant effects. Chromosomal bridges were the CA more frequently induced, indicating the clastogenic action of Malathion. After the recovery period, the higher concentrations continued to induce genotoxic effects, unlike the observed for the lowest concentrations tested. In HTC cells, the genotoxicity of Malathion was evaluated by the MN test and the comet assay by exposing the cells at 0.09, 0.009, and 0.0009 mg/5 mL culture medium, for 24 hr of exposure. In the comet assay, all the concentrations induced genotoxicity in the HTC cells. In the MN test, no significant induction of MN was observed. The genotoxicity induced by the low concentrations of Malathion presented in this work highlights the importance of studying the effects of low concentrations of this pesticide and demonstrates the efficiency of these two test systems for the detection of genetic damage promoted by Malathion.     

Microcystin-LR biodegradation by Sphingopyxis sp. USTB-05

A promising bacterial strain for biodegrading microcystin-LR (MC-LR) as the sole carbon and nitrogen source was successfully isolated from Lake Dianchi, China. The strain was identified as Sphingopyxis sp. USTB-05, which was the first isolated MCs-biodegrading Sphingopyxis sp. in China. The average biodegradation rate of MC-LR by Sphingopyxis sp. USTB-05 was 28.8 mg·L⁻¹ per day, which was apparently higher than those of other bacteria reported so far. The optimal temperature and pH for both strain USTB-05 growth and MC-LR biodegradation were 30°C and 7.0, respectively. The release of MC-LR from the cyanobacterial cells collected from Lake Guishui and the biodegradation of MC-LR by both strain and cell-free extract (CE) were investigated. The results indicated that MC-LR with the initial concentration of 4.0 mg·L⁻¹ in water was biodegraded by Sphingopyxis sp. USTB-05 within 4 d, while MC-LR with the initial concentration of 28.8 mg·L⁻¹ could be completely removed in 3 h by CE of Sphingopyxis sp. USTB-05 containing 350 mg·L⁻¹ protein. During enzymatic biodegradation of MC-LR, two intermediate metabolites and a dead-end product were observed on an HPLC chromatogram. Moreover, the similar scanning profiles of MC-LR and its metabolic products indicate that the Adda side-chain of MC-LR was kept intact in all products.     

Evaluation of drinking water treatment combined filter backwash water recycling technology based on comet and micronucleus assay

Based on the fact that recycling of combined filter backwash water（CFBW）directly to drinking water treatment plants（WTP）is considered to be a feasible method to enhance pollutant removal efficiency,we were motivated to evaluate the genotoxicity of water samples from two pilot-scale drinking water treatment systems,one with recycling of combined backwash water,the other one with a conventional process.An integrated approach of the comet and micronucleus（MN）assays was used with zebrafish（Danio rerio）to investigate the water genotoxicity in this study.The total organic carbon（TOC）,dissolved organic carbon（DOC）,and trihalomethane formation potential（THMFP）,of the recycling process were lower than that of the conventional process.All the results showed that there was no statistically significant difference（P>0.05）between the conventional and recycling processes,and indicated that the genotoxicity of water samples from the recycling process did not accumulate in 15 day continuous recycling trial.It was worth noting that there was correlation between the concentrations of TOC,DOC,UV₂₅₄,and THMFPs in water and the DNA damage score,with corresponding R² values of 0.68,0.63,0.28,and 0.64.Nevertheless,both DNA strand breaks and MN frequency of all water samples after disinfection were higher than that of water samples from the two treatment units,which meant that the disinfection by-products（DBPs）formed by disinfection could increase the DNA damage.Both the comet and MN tests suggest that the recycling process did not increase the genotoxicity risk,compared to the traditional process.     

High-solids anaerobic mono-digestion of riverbank grass under thermophilic conditions

The purpose of this study was to investigate the potential of high-solids anaerobic mono-digestion of riverbank grass under thermophilic conditions, focusing on the effects of the strength and the amount of inoculum. Ensiled grass was inoculated with three different inocula; inoculum from liquid anaerobic digester (LI), inoculum from dry anaerobic digester (DI), and mixture of LI and DI (MI), at feedstock-to-inoculum ratio (FIR) of 1, 2 and 4. The ensiling process of riverbank grass reduced moisture content (p > 0.05), while the hemicellulose content was significantly increased from 30.88% to 35.15% (p < 0.05), on dry matter basis. The highest methane production was at an FIR of 2 with MI (167 L/kg VS_added), which was significantly higher (p < 0.05) than with DI, but not significant compared to LI (p > 0.05). At an FIR of 4, digesters inoculated with LI and DI failed to produce methane, whereas 135 L_CH4/kg VS_added was obtained with MI. The kinetic studies showed that at an FIR of 1 with LI and MI, the inoculum had less of effects on the hydrolysis rate constant (0.269 day^− 1 and 0.245 day^− 1) and methane production (135 versus 149 L/kg VS_added); rather, it affected the lag phase. In a thermophilic HS-AD of riverbank grass, the mixture of inoculum with low and high total solids content (TS) helps increase the TS of inoculum and digestion process. An FIR of 2 was deducted to be the limit for a better startup time and higher volumetric productivity of methane.     

SO2诱导的萱草保卫细胞凋亡及其信号调节

SO2是一种常见的大气污染物,急性和慢性暴露都会对植物造成伤害.因此,本文以景观绿化植物萱草叶片下表皮为材料,研究了SO2对气孔保卫细胞的致死效应及其可能的信号调节途径.结果表明,利用SO2体内衍生物-亚硫酸钠和亚硫酸氢钠混合液处理萱草表皮3 h后,随着处理浓度(1.0~5.0 mmol·L-1)的增加,萱草保卫细胞生理活性下降,甚至死亡;浓度超过2.0 mmol·L-1时,细胞死亡率显著增高(p0.05),死细胞出现核固缩、核拉长、核碎片等典型凋亡特征,保卫细胞内的活性氧种(ROS)、一氧化氮(NO)和Ca2+水平显著升高.采用不同浓度的抗氧化剂过氧化氢酶(CAT)、抗坏血酸(AsA),Ca2+螯合剂乙二醇双四乙酸(EGTA)和Ca2+通道抑制剂氯化镧(LaCl3)及NO清除剂羧基-2苯-4,4,5,5-四甲基咪唑-1-氧-3氧化物(C-PTIO)和合成抑制剂叠氮钠(NaN3)处理后,均可使SO2衍生物诱发的细胞死亡率降低,以200 U·mL-1CAT、0.05 mmol·L-1的AsA、EGTA、LaCl3及0.20 mmol·L-1的C-PTIO、NaN3的效果最佳,同时胞内ROS、NO和Ca2+水平下降.以上结果表明,一定浓度的SO2可诱导萱草保卫细胞死亡,可能通过诱导ROS和NO爆发,激活细胞质膜钙通道,进而引起胞内Ca2+增加,通过ROS-NO-Ca2+信号途径介导细胞死亡.SO2诱导的萱草细胞死亡可能存在细胞凋亡过程.     

Ultrasound-assistant preparation of Cu-SAPO-34 nanocatalyst for selective catalytic reduction of NO by NH3

The influence of the various preparation methods of Cu-SAPO-34 nanocatalysts on the selective catalytic reduction of NO with NH₃ under excess oxygen was studied. Cu-SAPO-34 nanocatalysts were prepared by using four techniques: conventional impregnation (IM), ultrasound-enhanced impregnation (UIM), conventional deposition precipitation (DP) using NaOH and homogeneous deposition precipitation (HDP) using urea. These catalysts were characterized in detail by various techniques such as N₂-sorption, XRD, TEM, H₂-TPR, NH₃-TPD and XPS to understand the catalyst structure, the nature and the dispersed state of the copper species, and the acid sites for NH₃ adsorption. All of the nanocatalysts showed high activities for NO removal. However, the activities were different and followed the sequence of Cu-SAPO-34 (UIM) > Cu-SAPO-34 (HDP) > Cu-SAPO-34 (IM) > Cu-SAPO-34 (DP). Based on the obtained results, it was concluded that the NO conversion on Cu-SAPO-34 nanocatalysts was mainly related to the high reducibility of the isolated Cu^2 + ions and CuO species, the number of the acid sites and the dispersion of CuO species on SAPO-34.     

Genotoxicity of drinking water treated with different disinfectants and effects of disinfection conditions detected by umu-test

The genotoxicity of drinking water treated with 6 disinfection methods and the effects of disinfection conditions were investigated using the umu-test. The pretreatment procedure of samples for the umu-test was optimized for drinking water analysis. The results of the umu-test were in good correlation with those of the Ames-test. The genotoxicity and production of haloacetic acids (HAAs) were the highest for chlorinated samples. UV + chloramination is the safest disinfection method from the aspects of genotoxicity, HAA production and inactivation effects. For chloramination, the effects of the mass ratio of Cl₂ to N of chloramine on genotoxicity were also studied. The changes of genotoxicity were different from those of HAA production, which implied that HAA production cannot represent the genotoxic potential of water. The genotoxicity per chlorine decay of chlorination and chloramination had similar trends, indicating that the reaction of organic matters and chlorine made a great contribution to the genotoxicity. The results of this study are of engineering significance for optimizing the operation of waterworks.