猪场废水脱氮与沼气脱硫耦联反应器的启动

采用鼓泡反应器研究猪场废水脱氮与沼气脱硫耦联反应器的启动,比较了启动过程中不接种污泥、接种厌氧污泥及接种好氧污泥对启动时间及效能的影响.结果表明,接种好氧污泥的反应器在第32d时氮硫同步去除率达到60%以上;不接种污泥的反应器氮硫同步去除率达到60%需要36d;而接种厌氧污泥的反应器则需要50d.成功启动后,在温度为30～32℃、空塔停留时间为9.75min、水力停留时间为4.78d、沼气中H2S浓度为1.70 8·m-3左右及进水NOx-N浓度为109 mg·L-1的条件下,不接种污泥反应器,接种厌氧污泥反应器和接种好氧污泥反应器的NOx-N去除率分别97%、91%、99%,硫化氢的去除率分别稳定在82%、78%和86%左右.接种好氧污泥的反应器硫化氢去除率最高可达92.3%.运行稳定后,3个反应器均可实现按相对固定的比例同时去除硫和氮,废水脱氮与沼气脱硫得到了很好耦联,在1个反应器中可以同时实现废水脱氮与沼气脱硫.     

聚磷活性污泥处理含铅废水的效能

采用聚磷活性污泥分别与硝酸铅、醋酸铅组成反应体系,反应体系处于厌氧状态,采集上清液测定铅含量,并测定残余污泥中铅的形态。结果表明:聚磷活性污泥对铅具有很好的去除效果,随时间的增加,铅的去除率呈增加的趋势,实验结束时(32 d),铅的去除率可达99.8%。且污泥中的铅是稳定的,主要含有机物及硫化物结合态铅、残渣态铅,其中残渣态铅占50%以上,主要由磷酸铅组成。     

SBR系统中好氧颗粒污泥的培养及脱氮除硫研究

采用SBR反应器进行了好氧颗粒污泥的培养和脱氮除硫研究.结果表明,以厌氧颗粒污泥为种泥,通过控制运行条件,在30d内可培养出好氧颗粒污泥.好氧颗粒污泥粒径以1~2mm为主, SVI为30~40mL/g,微生物组成以短杆菌为主,外部包裹大量丝状菌.当COD和NH4+-N负荷分别保持在1.65kg/(m3·d)和0.17kg/(m3·d),硫化物负荷从0.15kg/(m3·d)逐步提高到0.90kg/(m3·d)时,好氧颗粒污泥对硫化物、COD和NH4+-N的去除率分别>99%、>80%和>98%.在高硫化物浓度下,反应器仍然表现出良好的脱氮效果,可能是由好氧颗粒污泥的层状结构和硫化物能先于NH4+-N快速氧化的特点决定的.     

重金属对好氧颗粒污泥性能的影响

以葡萄糖为碳源,以絮状污泥为接种污泥,以序批式污泥反应器为反应装置,考察了重金属离子锌、铜和铅对好氧颗粒污泥的稳定性及去除有机物、氨氮的影响.结果表明,在温度为25℃,pH值为7时,成功实现了好氧颗粒污泥的培养.重金属的加入使得污泥颗粒变小,在重金属离子浓度2～50mg/L范围内,三种金属离子锌、铜和铅对COD的去除率...     

微生物超量吸收实现生物脱氮

研究了SBR在不同pH值条件下处理模拟城市生活污水中的脱氮效果.结果表明,在曝气时间为4 h,沉淀静置时间为4h,进水COD浓度为250~300 mg.L-1,进水NH4+-N浓度30~40 mg.L-1时,R2(pH为8.0±0.2)出水氨氮浓度降到0~1 mg.L-1同时有大量的硝态氮生成,出水中硝态氮(NO3--N+NO2--N)的浓度基本在8~10 mg.L-1之间,TIN(TIN=NH4+-N+NO3--N+NO2--N)的去除率在70%左右.R1(pH为7.0±0.2)出水氨氮浓度降到0~5 mg.L-1,而硝态氮浓度在整个过程中基本保持不变且含量极低(1~2 mg.L-1),污泥中总氮含量较高且4 h好氧阶段呈先下降后上升的趋势,典型周期好氧开始时污泥中总氮含量为214 mg.g-1,好氧1 h时含量为210 mg.g-1,好氧结束时含量为215 mg.g-1,水相中TIN的去除率达到85%以上.说明在本研究特殊的工艺条件下,SBR能实现较高的生物脱氮效果,但氮的去除并不是通过传统的硝化反硝化途径实现,而是通过排除微生物超量吸收的富氮污泥来实现.     

一体化全程自养脱氮(CANON)工艺的效能及污泥特性

在氨氮浓度梯度升高的条件下,通过控制DO等方式在一体化CSTR反应器中实现了一体化全程自养脱氮(CANON—completely autotrophic nitrogen removal over nitrite).结果表明随进水氨氮浓度(76.05~583.93mg/L)的升高,系统的氨氮和总氮去除负荷逐渐提高,试验期间无亚硝态氮的积累,反应器后期在高氨氮进水下最高氨氮去除率84.4%,最高去除负荷0.42kg/(m3·d);最高总氮去除率72.0%,最高去除负荷0.35kg/(m3·d).污泥氧消耗速率实验得出好氧氨氧化菌的耗氧速率为169.46 mgO2/(gVSS·h)、硝酸化细菌的好氧速率为39.63 mgO2/(gVSS·h).采用总氮去除量和硝态氮产生量的比值(△TN /△NO3-)表征硝酸化反应对出水氨氮浓度的影响.试验进一步研究了反应器内污泥形态的变化,得出第102d的污泥粒径(86.36μm)比第30d(54.09μm)增加60%,污泥的SEM分析得出实验后期相对于前期污泥表面丝状菌减少,胞外聚合物增多.以上结果表明该反应器具备良好的造粒功能,有利于自养脱氮工艺的启动与稳定.     

同步脱氮好氧颗粒污泥的特性及其反应过程

厌氧颗粒污泥经过驯化后,成为具有同步硝化与反硝化(SND)功能的好氧颗粒污泥.实验在2L反应器中进行,温度,pH值,溶解氧分别控制在25℃,pH7～8,3～4mg/L.在实验条件下,SND好氧颗粒污泥COD去除率90%,氨氮去除率100%,出水检测不出NO₂^--N和NO₃^--N.反应器中SND颗粒污泥粒径在2.0～2.7mm的占全部颗粒污泥的50%,SVI为15～30mL/gTSS;污泥所能承受的最大压力为23.236N;SND好氧颗粒污泥中挥发性固体为9.92mg/mL,占总固体的2/3.采用SND好氧颗粒污泥进行脱氮研究,反应6h后氨氮去除率达100%,废水中检测不到NO₂^--N,仅残留2mg/L的NO₃^--N.     

EGSB反应器中耦合厌氧氨氧化与甲烷化反硝化的研究

将好氧活性污泥接种于膨胀颗粒污泥床(EGSB)反应器中,经过120 d的启动运行,形成颗粒污泥.在启动好的EGSB反应器进水中添加亚硝酸盐和氨盐,反应器内温度控制在32～35 ℃,pH为7.5～8.3,氧化还原电位为-150～-40 mV;水力停留时间4.2 h,上升流速4.86 m/h,经过270 d运行,逐步富集和耦合产甲烷菌、反硝化菌和厌氧氨氧化菌.在进水ρ(COD_Cr)为500 mg/L,有机容积负荷速率为4.800 kg/(m3·d)(以COD_Cr计)和1.152 kg/(m3·d)(以N计)的条件下,出水ρ(COD_Cr)维持在80 mg/L以下;COD_Cr,氨氮,亚硝态氮和总氮去除率分别为85%, 35%, 99.9%和67%;其去除速率分别稳定在6.12,0.202,0.575和0.777 kg/(m3·d);其中氨氮和总氮的去除速率分别是传统活性污泥法硝化/反硝化(0.05 kg/(m3·d))的4和15.5倍. pH,温度,溶解氧,氧化还原电位,亚硝酸盐和COD_Cr对EGSB反应器中厌氧氨氧化与甲烷化反硝化的耦合和颗粒污泥的特性均有影响.      

ABR耦合CSTR一体化工艺好氧颗粒污泥形成机制及其除污效能研究

本研究通过对厌氧折流板反应器(ABR)改进,使其成为厌氧与好氧组合一体化工艺,实现耦合运行.对连续流条件下其好氧颗粒污泥形成机制进行了研究.将ABR末端隔室分别改为曝气池与沉淀池,并分别在厌氧区和好氧区接种厌氧颗粒污泥和普通活性污泥,保持好氧区C/N为2,COD容积负荷逐渐由1.5 kg·(m3·d)-1提高至2.0 kg·(m3·d)-1,沉淀池HRT逐步由2.0 h缩短至0.75 h.研究表明,经110 d的运行,在好氧区中成功培养结构致密、沉降性能良好(平均沉降速率为20.8m·h-1)的淡黄色颗粒污泥.在好氧区沉淀时间为0.75 h、COD容积负荷为2.0 kg·(m3·d)-1的条件下,系统稳定运行时具有较好的脱氮除磷效果,COD、NH+4-N、TP和TN的去除率分别为90%、80%、65%和45%.研究表明,因沉淀时间缩短而不断提高的选择压、维持较高的有机负荷是好氧颗粒污泥形成的主要驱动力.     

不同好/厌氧区容积负荷对生物膜/颗粒污泥耦合工艺脱氮除磷的影响

采用自行设计的生物膜/颗粒污泥耦合反应器,研究不同好/厌氧区容积负荷对该工艺脱氮除磷的影响.试验过程中设置了3种不同的工况,每种工况的好氧区和厌氧区容积均不同,工况Ⅰ的是9.66 L和15.34 L,工况Ⅱ的分别为12.56 L和12.44 L,工况Ⅲ的是15.42 L和9.58 L.不同的好/厌氧区容积对应不同的容积负荷.结果表明,工况Ⅰ的氨氮与磷酸盐去除效果稍差,工况Ⅲ出水硝态氮较高,造成总氮去除率较低.工况Ⅱ是最佳运行条件,系统的氨氮去除率为80.63%,氮容积去除负荷为150.27 g·(m3·d)-1,COD去除率为83.24%,释磷量与吸磷量分别为7.23 mg·L-1和11.93 mg·L-1.     

Distribution and ecological effect of mercury in Laogang landfill, Shanghai, China

Laogang landfill near Shanghai is the largest landfill in China, and receives about 10000 t of daily garbage per day, Samples of topsoil and plants were analyzed to evaluate mercury pollution from the landfill. For topsoil samples, there were significant correlations among total mercury （HgT）, combinative mercury （Hgc） and gaseous mercury （HgG）, and content of total organic carbon （TOC）, but, no significantly relationship was found between Hg content and filling time. Hg content changes in vertical profiles with time showed that the average Hgv of profiles 1992, 1996, and 2000 was similar, but their average HgG was quite different. HgT was significantly correlated with Hgc in profile 1992 and 2000, and Hgv was significantly correlated with Hg6 in profile 1996. HgG/Hgv ratio in profile samples decreased in the order of （HgG,/HgT）1992〉（HgG/HgT）1996〉〉（HgG/HgT）2000. A simple outline of Hg release in landfill could be drawn： with increasing of filling time, degradation undergoes different biodegradation, accordingly, gaseous mercury goes through small, more, and small proportion to total mercury. Distribution of Hg in plants was inhomogeneous, following the order of leaf〉root〉stem. The highest value of leaf may be associated with higher atmospheric Hg from landfill. Ligneous plants （e.g. Phyllostachys glanca, Prunus salicina and Ligustrum lucidum） are capable of enriching more Hg than herbaceous plants.     

EDTA-enhanced phytoremediation of lead contaminated soil by Bidens maximowicziana

Phytoremediation is a potential cleanup technology for the removal of heavy metals from contaminated soils.Bidens maximowicziana is a new Pb hyperaccumulator,which not only has remarkable tolerance to Pb but also extraordinary accumulation capacity for Pb.The maximum Pb concentration was 1509.3 mg/kg in roots and 2164.7 mg/kg in overground tissues.The Pb distribution order in the B. maximowicziana was:leaf>stem>root.The effect of amendments on phytoremediation was also studied.The mobility of soil Pb and the Pb concentrations in plants were both increased by EDTA application.Compared with CK(control check),EDTA application promoted translocation of Pb to overground parts of the plant.The Pb concentrations in overground parts of plants was increased from 24.23-680.56 mg/kg to 29.07-1905.57 mg/kg.This research demonstrated that B.maximowicziana appeared to be suitable for phytoremediation of Pb contaminated soil,especially,combination with EDTA.     

Decomposition of alachlor by ozonation and its mechanism

Decomposition and corresponding mechanism of alachlor, an endocrine disruptor in water by ozonation were investigated. Results showed that alachlor could not be completely mineralized by ozone alone. Many intermediates and final products were formed during the process, including aromatic compounds, aliphatic carboxylic acids, and inorganic ions. In evoluting these products, some of them with weak polarity were qualitatively identified by GC-MS. The information of inorganic ions suggested that the dechlorination was the first and the fastest step in the ozonation of alachlor.     

Enzymatic oxidation of aqueous pentachlorophenol

The influence of the nonionic surfactant Tween 80 on pentachlorophenol （PCP） oxidation catalyzed by horseradish peroxidase was studied. The surfactant was tested at concentrations below and above its critical micelle concentration （CMC）. Enhancement of PCP removal was observed at sub-CMCs. The presence of Tween 80 in the reaction mixture reduced enzyme inactivation which occurred through a combination of free radical attack and sorption by precipitated products. A simple first-order model was able to simulate time profiles for enzyme inactivation in the presence or absence of Tween 80. At supra-CMCs, the surfactant caused noticeable reductions in PCP removal, presumably through micelle partitioning of PCP which precluded the hydrophobic PCP molecule from interacting with the enzyme.     

基于综合水质标识指数和对应分析法的校园河道水质评价

以三峡大学的校园河道求索溪为研究对象,利用综合水质标识指数法确定求索溪水质类别,分析其水质时空变化规律,并利用对应分析法得出求索溪中不同监测点的主要污染因子.研究结果表明:求索溪整体的综合水质标识指数为7.423,整体水质为劣V类(地表水环境质量标准GB 3838-2002)且黑臭.从时间变化来看,求索溪4月份的水质最差,5月份次之,4、5月份所有监测点的水质都劣于V类且黑臭;8月份水质最好,水质为Ⅳ类;从空间分布来看,8个监测点综合水质标识指数均超过6.0,水质为劣V类,其中6号监测点的水质相对最好,监测点3号的水质相对最差;对应分析法得出求索溪的整体水体污染程度受总氮因子的影响最大,其次为总磷.该研究拟为求索溪及类似校园河道的水环境治理研究提供基础依据和参考.     

Effects of chitosan on growth of an aquatic plant (Hydrilla verticillata) in polluted waters with different chemical oxygen demands

Effects of chitosan on a submersed plant, Hydrilla verticillata, were investigated. Results indicated that H. venicillata could prevent ultrastructure phytotoxicities and oxidativereaction from polluted water with high chemical oxygen demand (COD). Superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity and malondialdehyde (MDA) contents in H. verticillata treated with 0.1% chitosan in wastewater increased with high COD (980 mg/L) and decreased with low COD (63 mg/L), respectively. Ultrastructural analysis showed that the stroma and grana of chloroplast basically remained normal. However, plant cells from the control experiment (untreated with chitosan) were vacuolated and the cell interval increased. The relict of protoplast moved to the center, with cells tending to disjoint. Our findings indicate that wastewater with high COD concentration can cause a substantial damage to submersed plant, nevertheless, chitosan probably could alleviate the membrane lipid peroxidization and ultrastructure phytotoxicities, and protect plant cells from stress of high COD concentration polluted water.     

Removal of cadmium using MnO2 loaded D301 resin

MnO2 loaded weak basic anion exchange resin D301 （Anion exchange resin, macroreticular weak basic styrene） as adsorbent has been prepared and applied to the removal of cadmium. The adsorption characteristics have been investigated with respect to effect of pH, equilibrium isotherms, removal kinetic data, and interference of the coexisting ions. The results indicated that the Cd^2＋ could be efficiently removed using MnO2 loaded D301 resin in the pH range of 3-8 from aqueous solutions with the co-existence of high concentration of alkali and alkaline-earth metals ions. The saturate adsorption capacity of the Cd^2＋ was 77.88 mg/g. The adsorption process followed the pseudo first-order kinetics. The equilibrium data obtained in this study accorded excellently with the Langmuir adsorption isotherm.     

Effect of coagulation pretreatment on the fouling of ultrafiltration membrane

The purpose of this study is to understand the effect and mechanism of preventing membrane fouling, by coagulation pretreatment, in terms of fractional component and molecular weight of natural organic matter （NOM）. A relatively higher molecular weight （MW） of hydrophobic compounds was responsible for a rapid decline in the ultrafiltration flux. Coagulation could effectively remove the hydrophobic organics, resulting in the increase of flux. It was found that a lower MW of neutral hydrophilic compounds, which could remove inadequately by coagulation, was responsible for the slow declining flux. The fluxes in the filtration of coagulated water and supernatant water were compared and the results showed that a lower MW of neutral hydrophilic compounds remained in the supernatant water after coagulation could be rejected by a membrane, resulting in fouling. It was also found that the coagulated flocs could absorb neutral hydrophilic compounds effectively. Therefore, with the coagulated flocs formed on the membrane surface, the flux decline could be improved.     

Penetration analysis of elements and bioleaching treatment of spent refractory for recycling

Acidithiobacillus ferrooxidans ATCC23270 and Acidithiobacillus thiooxidans TM-32 were used for bioleaching of spent refractories of aluminium and copper melting furnaces for their recycling.Firstly,penetration of elements into aluminium melting furnace refractory was investigated and it was found that up to 7 cm from surface was contaminated.Comparison on leaching efficiency by the strains ATCC23270 and TM-32 found that the strain ATCC23270 could treat larger amount of the refractories than the strain TM-32 could do.In the experiment of bioleaching of spent refractory aluminium melting furnace by the strain ATCC23270,high leaching efficiency were obtained on Al,Si,and Ca,and extremely low leaching performance was,however,shown on the rest of elements i.e.,Na,Mn,and Zn.Under the strain TM-32 use,relatively high leaching performance was recognized on Al,Si,Ca,Na,Mn,and Zn.In the experiment of bioleaching for spent refractory copper melting furnace,almost the same leaching trends were shown on Cu,Zn,Al,and Si under the strains ACTT23270 and TM-32 uses.     

Simultaneous removal of ammonium and phosphate by zeolite synthesized from coal fly ash as influenced by acid treatment

Zeolite synthesized from fly ash （ZFA） without modification is not efficient for the purification of NH4＋ and phosphate at low concentrations that occur in real effluents, despite the high potential removal capacity. To develop an effective technique to enhance the removal efficiency of ammonium and phosphate at low concentrations, ZFA was modified with acid treatment and the simultaneous removal of ammonium and phosphate in a wide range of concentration was investigated. It was seen that when compared with untreated ZFA, only the treatment by 0.01 mol/L of H2SO4 significantly improved the removal efficiency of ammonium at low initial concentrations. The behavior was well explained by the pH effect. Treatment by more concentrated H2SO4 led to the deterioration of the ZFA structure and a decrease in the cation exchange capacity. Treatment by 0.01 mol/L H2SO4 improved the removal efficiency of phosphate by ZFA at all initial P concentrations, while the treatment by concentrated H2SO4 （≥0.9 mol/L） resulted in a limited maximum phosphate immobilization capacity （PIC）. It was concluded that through a previous mild acid treatment （e.g. 0.01 mol/L of H2SO4）, ZFA can be used in the simultaneous removal of NH4＋ and P at low concentrations simulating real effluent.