酸性污染物监测浓度降低时酸雨频率增加机理:以阳泉市区为例

通过对比2006-2010年酸雨监测数据和环境空气例行监测数据得出:对于阳泉市区环境空气中SO2、NO2等酸性污染物浓度的变化,酸雨监测间接反映的逐年上升与同期例行环境空气质量监测所反映的逐年明显降低出现矛盾。通过讨论封闭型地貌、静风逆温型气候和资源型城市城矿郊混合结构等因素复合形成的不利大气污染物扩散场,分析高、中、低架点源和特殊污染源煤矸石山和山城机动车酸性污染物源强或排放量变化与空气质量和酸雨监测数据变化的相关性,得出矛盾机理为:2种监测所反映的空气SO2、NOx浓度属于不同高度层面的污染物。最后经相关性分析提出了主要与酸性污染物低空集聚相关的、由特殊地貌、气候、污染源复合形成酸雨的机制及与矸石山、机动车污染物低空排放量逐年增加相关的酸雨频率逐年增加机制。该研究对山区河谷资源型中小城市具有借鉴作用。     

济南市秋末冬初大气颗粒物和气体污染物污染水平及来源

2009年11月23日─12月7日在济南市区对PM2.5、BC(黑碳)和污染物(SO2、NOx、NO、NO2和CO)进行实时监测与分析.观测期间ρ(PM2.5)、φ(SO2)和φ(NOx)分别为171μg/m3、54.3×10-9和107×10-9.其中,φ(SO2)与GB 3095─1996《环境空气质量标准》日标准值相当,φ(NOx)是标准的2.2倍,ρ(PM2.5)是美国环境空气质量标准(35μg/m3)的4.89倍.污染事件期间ρ(PM2.5)、φ(SO2)和φ(NOx)分别达到222μg/m3、74.4×10-9和158×10-9,是非污染期间的1.78、1.67和1.77倍.观测期间SO2主要来源于燃煤排放.在11月25─26日的污染事件中,NOx、BC和PM2.5主要来源于机动车尾气排放,除局地源外,东北风经过济南东北部工业区时也将污染物传输到采样点;而在12月1─2日的污染事件中,以静风为主,污染物积聚,NOx和BC主要来源于机动车尾气排放,PM2.5除了一次污染物,很可能包含一定比例的二次污染物.在非污染事件中,NOx和BC主要来源于机动车尾气排放,部分NOx很可能来源于燃煤排放,而PM2.5主要来源于一次源排放.     

大气例行点位常规监测污染物的相关性分析及防控措施研究

根据济南市历下区5个大气例行监测点位2015年上半年PM2.5、PM10、SO2、CO、NO2、O3逐小时浓度的监测数据,通过SPSS软件对各项污染物的相关性进行分析得出:CO与PM2.5、PM10、SO2、NO2强相关性出现次数最多,表明CO排放源是引起颗粒物污染的主要原因之一.对监测点位周边2 km范围内机动车尾气和餐饮燃煤两项污染源进行排放量估算得出:机动车尾气CO、NOx、PM2.5和PM10年排放量分别为388.18吨、111.18吨、4.35吨和4.72吨;餐饮燃煤CO、SO2、NOx年排放量分别为36.0吨、24.0吨和9.6吨.因此,控制CO排放源对改善济南市大气环境质量至关重要.     

大气降水中离子化学特征及来源分析

通过研究2006-2010年上海市闸北区大气降水中离子的组成特征和变化,分析了离子可能的来源和酸雨的成因。结果表明,近年来酸雨污染有所改善,酸雨成因也有所改变。阴阳离子当量浓度之比小于1,可能缺少对某些低分子弱有机酸离子的监测。降水化学组份中浓度最高的四种离子分别是SO42-、NH4+、Ca2+和NO3-,SO42-浓度是NO3-的3.14倍,NH4+是Ca2+的2.76倍,降水的主要致酸物质是硫酸盐,主要中和物质是铵盐。大多数离子间有较好的相关性,NO3-和SO42-绝大部分来自人为源的贡献。降水中SO42-的致酸作用和Ca2+的中和作用逐渐下降,Cl-的致酸作用在逐渐增大。     

黔江区降水化学组份变化趋势及相关性分析研究

通过对重庆市黔江区"十二五"期间320个降水样品的pH值和化学组成成分等特征进行了研究,结果表明,五年间黔江区降水pH范围为4.71~7.81,电导率范围为21.8~42.5 μS/cm-1,平均值33.4 μS/cm-1.降水pH和电导率的Spearman秩相关系数法检验表明,pH的rs为正值,电导率的rs为负值,五年期间大气降水中总离子当量浓度有所下降,降水酸雨环境得到有效控制.SO2-4是降水中主要阴离子,占阴离子总量的74.3%,Ca2+是降水中主要阳离子,占阳离子总量的31.4%.黔江区酸雨为硫酸型或燃煤型酸雨,SO2-4/NO-3浓度比均值为7.13,SO2-4/NO-3比值在2013年达最大值,之后呈现减小趋势,黔江区汽车尾气和工业排放的NOx对降水的影响在变大.在99.0%的置信水平下,降水离子浓度总和与电导率线性相关显著.相关性研究表明:降水中SO2-4、NH+4、Ca2+、Mg2+、F-主要来自煤燃烧.Mg2+、Na+与Cl-即来源于地壳源又来自于海洋远源传输,人类活动对黔江区降水影响较大.     

南京城区与郊区秋季大气PM_(10)中水溶性离子的特征研究

对南京市城区与郊区秋季PM10中水溶性离子的浓度水平,变化规律及其相关性进行分析。结果表明:水溶性离子是南京市PM10的重要组成部分,占PM10总量的26.8%～49.5%;NO3-、SO24-为南京PM10中离子的主要成分同时SO24-与PM10的相关性高,在郊区与城区相关系数分别为0.97与0.98;土壤源对Mg2+的贡献多于海洋气溶胶。郊区与城区非海盐Mg2+和Ca2+的比值分别为0.0308～0.0557与0.0314～0.0558,与中国北方沙漠地区相异,说明观测期间南京大气PM10主要受局地源影响;南京城、郊NO3-/SO24-均值分别为0.74和0.80,说明南京市城郊PM10中NO3-与SO24-更多地来自于机动车尾气排放。     

大气污染物总量减排与空气质量的分析与对策研究——以苏州市高新区为例

利用2009年-2013年污染物大气的总量减排数据、大气污染物排放量和同期环境空气质量监测数据,采用大气污染综合指数法分析了苏州高新区的污染物总量减排、大气污染物排放量与空气质量的关系.认为大气环境主要污染因子为PM10、SO2和NO3,燃煤为SO2主要来源,机动车是NOx的重要来源.为预防与治理污染,应不断提高新生产机动车排放标准,推进车用油品升级,加强环保检验、工业企业大气污染治理和扬尘治理,完善公共交通体系,发展循环经济,推广清洁生产.     

近20年北京市城近郊区环境空气质量变化及其影响因素分析

利用北京环境空气质量定点监测资料,研究了北京市城近郊区近20年来环境空气质量的变化趋势及其影响因素.结果表明,从年际变化看,SO2、降尘、B[a]P浓度显著下降,而NOx、CO浓度和O3超标情况显著上升,空气污染处于由煤烟型向机动车尾气型转变的过程中,表现出典型的复合污染特征.年内变化显示,采暖期污染比非采暖期严重,尤其SO2在采暖期浓度是非采暖期的5.7倍.从空间分布上看,TSP、降尘、O3表现为近郊区污染重于城区;SO2、NOx、CO表现为城区污染重于近郊区.空气污染源增加的压力与环境保护措施的相互作用是驱动北京市近20年环境空气质量变化的主要因素.产业结构的变化、重点污染源的整治、能源结构调整、能源的清洁使用、机动车尾气排放标准的提高等对保护环境空气质量起到一定作用.     

青田县酸雨现状与成因分析

根据2003年-2007年青田县降水和大气监测数据,对青田县大气污染因子（SO2、NO2和TSP）和降水现状进行了分析,并对酸雨形成的原因进行了探讨。结果表明,青田县酸雨污染问题比较严重。从年变化趋势来看,酸雨强度较大,受酸性降水污染较重,且有逐年加重的趋势;从季度变化趋势来看,第一、四季度酸雨污染问题突出;从月份变化趋势来看,1月-3月、10月-12月酸雨污染问题较4月-9月严重。其形成主要是因为上风方向的S02、NOx等污染物浓度超标,随着天气系统的移动而被携带至本地区所致,同时与降水量、风速、气温和大气层结等气象条件关系密切。     

浙江宁波天童地区酸性降水化学特征研究

为了解浙江宁波天童地区降水的化学特征、离子来源及酸性降水的成因,于2010年3月—2011年2月在该地区采集了90个降水样品,并运用离子色谱法分析其化学组分.结果显示,天童地区降水的酸化频率和酸化程度非常高,酸雨频率为97%,雨量加权pH平均值为4.37,离子浓度的大小顺序为SO24->NH4+>NO3->Ca2+>Cl->Na+>Mg2+>K+>F-,降水较清洁;降水pH值和各离子含量存在明显的季节变化,总体表现为冬、春季污染程度高于夏、秋季;SO24-/NO3-的浓度比值为1.9,表明该地区酸雨类型为硫酸和硝酸复合型;SO24-、NO3-、NH4+和部分Ca2+主要来自人为污染源,Na+、Cl-和大部分Mg2+主要来自海洋源,K+和大部分Ca2+则主要来自地壳源,海洋对天童地区降水离子组分影响较大,但对降水酸度影响并不显著;NH4+与SO42-(r=0.90)、NO3-(r=0.88)的相关性分别大于Ca2+与SO24-(r=0.67)、NO3-(r=0.73)的相关性,且NH4+/Ca2+的浓度比值为1.47,说明NH4+对降水酸性的中和作用大于Ca2+,与我国其他城市降水相比,天童地区降水中的碱性离子,尤其是Ca2+浓度较低,从而导致降水酸度高于北方地区和西南其他地区.     

Effectiveness of national air pollution control policies on the air quality in metropolitan areas of China

Understanding the effectiveness of national air pollution controls is important for control policy design to improve the future air quality in China. This study evaluated the effectiveness of major national control policies implemented recently in China through a modeling analysis. The sulfur dioxide （SO2） control policy during the llth Five Year Plan period （2006-2010） had succeeded in reducing the national SO2 emission in 2010 by 14% from its 2005 level, which correspondingly reduced ambient SO2 and sulfate （SO42-） concentrations by 13%-15% and 8%-10% respectively over east China. The nitrogen oxides （NOx） control policy during the 12th Five Year Plan period （2011-2015） targets the reduction of the national NOx emission in 2015 by 10% on the basis of 2010. The simulation results suggest that such a reduction in NOx emission will reduce the ambient nitrogen dioxide （NO2）, nitrate （NO3-）, 1-hr maxima ozone （03） concentrations and total nitrogen deposition by 8%, 3%-14%, 2% and 2%--4%, respectively over east China. The application of new emission standards for power plants will further reduce the NO2, NO3-, 1-hr maxima 03 concentrations and total nitrogen deposition by 2%-4%, 1%-%, 0-2% and 1%-2%, respectively. Sensitivity analysis was conducted to evaluate the inter-provincial impacts of emission reduction in Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei and the Yangtze River Delta, which indicated the need to implement joint regional air pollution control.     

北京市湿沉降特征分析

通过分析北京市降水中水溶性离子组分的浓度,研究了2005～2009北京市降水酸化程度及水质变化特征.北京市5 a年均pH为5.19,总体变化趋势平稳.5 a间,降水中各离子组分含量均有下降趋势,北京市的环境质量逐步改善;NH 4^＋和NO 3^-在降水中所占比例明显增加,北京市降水受含N污染物排放的影响较大.季节变化显...     

Analysis and prediction of the influence of energy utilization on air quality in Beijing

This work evaluates the influence of energy consumption on the future air quality in Beijing, using 2000 as the base year and 2008 as the target year. It establishes the emission inventory of primary PM₁₀, SO₂ and NO_x related to energy utilization in eight areas of Beijing. The air quality model was adopted to simulate the temporal and spatial distribution of each pollutant concentration in the eight urban areas. Their emission, concentration distribution, and sectoral share responsibility rate were analyzed, and air quality in 2008 was predicted. The industrial sector contributed above 40% of primary PM₁₀ and SO₂ resulting from energy consumption, while vehicles accounted for about 65% of NO_x. According to the current policy and development trend, air quality in the eight urban areas could become better in 2008 when the average concentrations of primary PM₁₀, SO₂ and NO₂ related to energy utilization at each monitored site are predicted to be about 25, 50 and 51 μg/m³, respectively. Translated from China Environmental Science, 2005, 25(6): 746–750 [译自: 中国环境科学]     

北京市机动车污染分担率的研究

研究建立了以GIS为平台的北京市机动车排放清单,获得了北京市规划市区内分车型以及分区域的机动车排放分担率.在此基础上,采用修正的ISCST3模型模拟了1995年规划市区CO和NO_x浓度的时空分布情况,并分析了机动车排放对北京市大气浓度的贡献率.结果表明,1995年北京市规划市区CO和NO_x的年排放分担率分别达到了76.8%和40.2%;相应的年浓度分担率则分别为76.5%和68.4%,在城市中心区以及道路边2种污染物的浓度分担率则更高.因此,在北京市对机动车排放污染实施控制是有效削减CO和NO_x的主要途径.     

基于能源-环境情景模拟的北京市大气污染对居民健康风险评价研究

保护居民健康是北京市能源系统优化管理和大气污染治理的重要目标.本研究基于北京市的社会经济发展目标并结合相关节能减排和环保要求,针对全市2010-2020年间的能源消费分别设计了高、中、低3种约束情景,通过LEAP模型预测了全市至2020年的能源消费量与S02、NOx、PM10和PM2.5等4种主要大气污染物的排放强度,并采用泊松回归模型对3种情景下主城区居民受环境空气中这4种大气污染物的暴露危害所导致的健康风险进行了评估.结果显示:相对低约束情景,高约束情景至2020年可避免与S02、NOx、PM10和PM2.5污染相关的死亡危害分别为2663、6359、4720和4104人·a-1,而且在高约束情景下煤炭消费比重每下降1％,可相应地避免约1400人·a-1的污染急性死亡.由此建议北京市实施更加严格的节能和减排措施,严控煤炭消费总量,进一步优化能源结构,最大程度地降低能源消费导致的大气污染所产生的居民健康风险.     

Photochemical properties and source of pollutants during continuous pollution episodes in Beijing, October, 2011

Beijing sufered from serious air pollution in October, 2011 with the occurrence of three continuous episodes. Here we analyze the pollution status of particulate matter, the relationship between the gaseous pollutants, physical and chemical properties of single particles, and the profile of watersoluble ions in PM2.5during the three episodes. Regional and photochemically aged air masses, which were characterized as having high values of O3and SO2, were hypothesized to have played a dominant role in the first episode. After mixing local air masses with freshly-emitted primary pollutants, the concentration of NOx continued to increase and the size of SO4 2, NO3 and NH4 +in the particle population continued to become smaller. The amount of elemental carbon-rich and organic carbonrich particles in the scaled single particles(0.2–2 μm) and water-soluble K+in PM2.5also increased in the episodes. All the available information suggests that the biomass or fuel burning sources in or around Beijing may have had a huge impact on the last two episodes.     

Vehicle emissions of primary air pollutants from 2009 to 2019 and projection for the 14th Five-Year Plan period in Beijing, China

Over the past decade, the emission standards and fuel standards in Beijing have been upgraded twice, and the vehicle structure has been improved by accelerating the elimination of 2.95 million old vehicles. Through the formulation and implementation of these policies, the emissions of carbon monoxide (CO), volatile organic compounds (VOCs), nitrogen oxides (NO_x), and fine particulate matter (PM_2.5) in 2019 were 147.9, 25.3, 43.4, and 0.91 kton in Beijing, respectively. The emission factor method was adopted to better understand the emissions characteristics of primary air pollutants from combustion engine vehicles and to improve pollution control. In combination with the air quality improvement goals and the status of social and economic development during the 14th Five-Year Plan period in Beijing, different vehicle pollution control scenarios were established, and emissions reductions were projected. The results show that the emissions of four air pollutants (CO, VOCs, NO_x, and PM_2.5) from vehicles in Beijing decreased by an average of 68% in 2019, compared to their levels in 2009. The contribution of NO_x emissions from diesel vehicles increased from 35% in 2009 to 56% in 2019, which indicated that clean and energy-saving diesel vehicle fleets should be further improved. Electric vehicle adoption could be an important measure to reduce pollutant emissions. With the further upgrading of vehicle structure and the adoption of electric vehicles, it is expected that the total emissions of the four vehicle pollutants can be reduced by 20%-41% by the end of the 14th Five-Year Plan period.     

北京市控制大气污染四期紧急措施环境有效性分析

对北京市控制大气污染的四期紧急措施进行量化,分别计算出各项控制措施实施后的排放削减量,建立排放清单.采用空气质量模型,模拟了紧急措施实施的各阶段市区内一次大气污染物SO₂、NO_x和PM10浓度的时空分布情况,分析和评价了四期紧急措施的环境有效性.结果表明,四期紧急措施对SO₂和NO_x的控制效果较好,PM10的环境浓度下降不明显.     

车载激光雷达对北京地区边界层污染监测研究

介绍了自行研制的车载差分激光雷达AML-2探测原理及技术参数,于2006-08、2006-09在不同天气因素条件下对北京西南郊榆垡地区大气边界层污染物O3、NO2、SO2进行了实时监测,对比分析了3种污染物浓度垂直分布及日变化特征.结果表明,无外来污染输送时,3种污染物在阴雨天气总体浓度较小,O3和NO2浓度随高度升高而减小,SO2浓度垂直分布少见此特征,但在近地面0.6 km左右有较强SO2污染层.南部气流输送对北京地区大气环境影响明显,2006-08-23～2006-08-25这次强污染气流输送高度约1～1.5 km,3种污染物浓度垂直分布及日变化特征受到干扰,北京榆垡地区边界层O3、NO2、SO2总体浓度明显上升.     

Application of AERMOD on near future air quality simulation under the latest national emission control policy of China：A case study on an industrial city

Air quality model can be an adequate tool for future air quality prediction, also atmospheric observations supporting and emission control strategies responders. The influence of emission control policy (emission reduction targets in the national "China’s 12th Five-Year Plan (2011-2015)") on the air quality in the near future over an important industrial city of China, Xuanwei in Yunnan Province, was studied by applying the AERMOD modeling system. First, our analysis demonstrated that the AERMOD modeling system could be used in the air quality simulation in the near future for SO2 and NOx under average meteorology but not for PM10. Second, after evaluating the simulation results in 2008 and 2015, ambient concentration of SO2, NOx and PM10 (only 2008) were all centered in the middle of simulation area where the emission sources concentrated, and it is probably because the air pollutions were source oriented. Last but not least, a better air quality condition will happen under the hypothesis that the average meteorological data can be used in near future simulation. However, there are still heavy polluted areas where ambient concentrations will exceed the air quality standard in near future. In spatial allocation, reduction effect of SO2 is more significant than NOx in 2015 as the contribution of SO2 from industry is more than NOx. These results inspired the regulatory applications of AERMOD modeling system in evaluating environmental pollutant control policy