生物炭添加对猪粪堆肥过程碳素转化与损失的影响

堆肥是最合适的处理农业废弃物的技术之一,但在堆肥过程中,碳素的损失及温室气体的大量排放引起越来越多的关注.因此,如何减少堆肥过程中碳素损失成为堆肥面临的重要问题.本研究以猪粪等为原料,利用强制通风反应箱研究了生物炭添加对堆肥过程中碳素转化及碳素损失的影响.结果表明,在堆肥过程中总有机碳呈下降趋势,添加生物炭处理的总有机碳含量提高了6.69%~20.60%;可溶性有机碳的变化规律与总有机碳相似.腐殖质碳含量呈先下降后上升的变化趋势,添加生物炭处理的腐殖质碳含量下降了0.39%~14.97%;腐殖化系数(胡敏酸/富里酸)与生物炭添加量成正比,说明生物炭添加有利于堆肥的腐熟.至堆肥结束,堆料干物质失重率为23.51%~30.91%,碳素损失率为20.71%~28.85%,添加3%生物炭的处理干物质失重率与碳损失率均最高,添加9%生物炭处理均最低.     

蚯蚓对菇渣中纤维素和木质素生物转化的研究

为了探索农业废弃香菇菇渣"减量化、无害化、资源化"循环化利用的有效途径.本实验按照不同碳氮比设置菇渣混合基质，接种蚯蚓（Eisenia foetida）对其进行生物转化.实验培养56 d，每14 d取样，分别测定了总氮、总有机碳、木质素和纤维素含量，脲酶、蔗糖酶、纤维素酶和多酚氧化酶活性变化情况，以及菇渣生物转化前后的结构变化情况（扫描电子显微镜SEM）和生物转化产物浸提液的发芽率等指标.结果显示：在蚯蚓生物转化过程中，各处理组总氮、总有机碳和木质纤维素含量与处理前相比均有不同程度的降低，其中，碳氮比为25的处理组纤维素和木质素的降解率最高，分别为50.06%和77.01%；各个处理组中脲酶、蔗糖酶、纤维素酶和多酚氧化酶活性呈不同程度的变化趋势，其中，碳氮比为25的处理组纤维素酶活性增加最多，增加了81.25%；扫描电镜结果显示，蚯蚓生物转化可以将菌渣碎片化；另外，蚯蚓堆肥产物浸提液可以提高黑麦草发芽率.综上，推测碳氮比为25的蚯蚓生物转化体系更有利于菇渣基质处理.     

城市有机垃圾蚯蚓堆肥处理的实验研究

采用蚯蚓堆肥处理4种不同有机废物,通过分析样品的温度、有机分含量、pH值以及实验前后样品的质量等参数的变化,比较蚯蚓堆肥处理不同有机垃圾的效果。实验结果表明:1.在合理条件下,蚯蚓堆肥可以直接处理生活有机垃圾和污泥(包括其堆肥后产物);2.在同样的实验条件下,蚯蚓堆肥处理生活有机垃圾和污泥及其堆肥后产物过程中,其处理城市生活有机垃圾的效果最好,减量化和物降解率分别为69.8%和75%。     

有机固废堆肥中产臭及除臭技术的微生物作用机制研究进展

持续推进有机固废资源化安全处置是国家环境管理的重要任务,也是落实"无废城市"发展路线的重要一环.堆肥是通过生物转化实现有机固废资源化利用的重要技术手段.然而,堆肥过程中会产生大量组分复杂的恶臭气体,已成为适应国家发展需求的资源化技术瓶颈.对有机固废堆肥恶臭气体的主要组成、生成转化的途径及核心微生物、生物除臭技术进行综述,结果表明:①堆肥中以NH₃、H₂S等含氮、硫类化合物为主要恶臭物质.②氨化细菌、硝化细菌、反硝化细菌及硫酸盐还原菌在恶臭气体生成转化途径中发挥主导作用,由ureC、amoA、napA、nosZ及dsrA等多个功能基因驱动完成;pH、温度等环境条件会影响微生物的活性,并作用于物质转化过程,最终影响到恶臭气体的产生.③原位添加微生物菌剂和异位生物反应器处理中的微生物将恶臭物质作为营养组分进行吸收降解,是绿色减排的重要技术.      

解磷微生物强化堆肥磷组分转化研究进展

好氧堆肥是有机废弃物资源化的有效途径之一,但堆肥产品的供磷肥力较化肥相差甚远,使得有机废弃物堆肥产品在市场上存在竞争短板,因此,调控堆肥磷素资源有效性和磷组分转化具有重要意义。针对堆肥过程中可促进难溶性磷活化的解磷微生物,利用微生物强化和微生境调控手段,提高磷转化相关功能微生物在堆肥中的相对丰度和活性,能够显著改善堆肥过程磷组分形态,提升有效磷含量,但该过程易受到物料来源、堆肥过程工艺条件、微生物种间关系等多重因素影响。因此,综述了堆肥磷素转化规律及堆肥解磷微生物动态特征,阐述了外源接种解磷菌剂和堆肥添加生物炭等内源调控堆肥微环境的解磷微生物强化方法,讨论了堆肥内源、外源解磷微生物调控的关键限制因子(温度、C/N、含水率等),以期为探索堆肥磷素定向转化调控技术、开发富磷堆肥产品提供理论依据。     

《蚯蚓的养殖与利用》一书简介

《蚓蚓的养殖与利用》是根据1982年重庆蚯蚓学术讨论会征集的论文选编而成,由重庆人民出版社出版发行。本书总结了近年来国内蚯蚓养殖利用的科研成果与应用技术经验。主要介绍蚯蚓的生长、发育、繁殖、蚓种造育、蚯蚓处理城乡有机废弃物的养殖工艺与管理技术以及蚓蚓的饲用、药用、城市绿化用等方面的内容。本书理论结合实际,可供大专院校生物系师生、医药、农林、环境保护、轻化工业等部门的管理干部与科技人员以及农村专业户、科技户等参考。     

有机废弃物堆肥培肥土壤的氮矿化特性研究

为了揭示不同有机废弃物堆肥培肥土壤的有机态氮矿化特性的影响,选取了8种有机废弃物堆肥产品(厨余垃圾、鸡粪、牛粪、菜叶、污泥、番茄残体、生活垃圾、草炭等),分别以0%、5%、15%和30%(质量比)施入土壤,通过室内恒温好气培养试验研究了不同来源堆肥培肥土壤后氮素形态转化的分异规律.结果表明,随培养时间延长,土壤NH4+-N含量快速下降,而N03--N含量则迅速增加,土壤氮矿化量也均显著增加,并在培养后期趋于稳定.其中同种堆肥培肥土壤的氮矿化量的提高幅度30%比例处理>15%比例处理>5%比例处理堆肥产物;而相同比例处理中鸡粪堆肥、草炭堆肥和污泥堆肥产物处理氮矿化量相对较高,其中鸡粪堆肥极显著高于其他堆肥产物处理.而厨余垃圾堆肥和菜叶堆肥产物处理氮矿化量较低,其中生活垃圾堆肥产物处理最低.8种不同有机废弃物堆肥均可提高土壤氮的潜在矿化势(N0)和矿化速率(k),促进土壤中有机态氮的矿化.研究结果证实,堆肥产物培肥土壤后,氮矿化的效应因堆肥种类不同和施入堆肥量不同而异.     

有机废物生物转化过程中VOCs的排放控制研究进展

有机废物在生物转化过程中会产生大量的VOCs,不仅污染环境、危害人体健康,也成为目前废弃物处理处置工程顺利运行的瓶颈。通过文献综述的形式总结了有机废物在生物转化过程中VOCs的产生机理、监测技术、排放状况、影响因素及控制等方面的研究现状,为有机废物处理过程中VOCs的排放控制提供参考。结果表明:在有机物生物转化过程中,填埋和堆肥中产生的VOCs在100种以上,填埋和堆肥中产生的VOCs浓度分别为67~7 896,411~14 547 mg/m3,VOCs浓度分布较广,去除效率有待提高。厌氧发酵产生的最高VOCs浓度一般低于30 mg/m3,且厌氧发酵产生的VOCs易于收集,并通过可催化和热力焚烧有效去除VOCs。因此,应将有机废物填埋和堆肥过程产生的VOCs作为重点研究方向。     

黑水虻对不同畜禽粪便生物转化效果研究

为研究黑水虻处理不同畜禽粪便生物转化效果、转化前后理化性质以及碳氮分布变化,该文利用5日龄黑水虻幼虫处理猪粪、牛粪、鸭粪以及鸡粪,并对转化前后畜禽粪便相关指标进行测定。结果表明：不同畜禽粪便养分均可满足黑水虻正常生长,猪粪与鸡粪处理组的黑水虻虫体鲜重（189.23 g和193.45 g）显著高于牛粪与鸭粪处理组（167.68 g和178.18 g）。黑水虻对猪粪、鸡粪的减量率和生物转化率较高,分别为63.23%和65.49%、33.66%和35.09%,处理牛粪的减量率和生物转化率最低,分别为40.98%和20.48%。转化后,畜禽粪便的可溶性有机碳、铵态氮以及硝态氮均显著降低,可溶性有机碳分别下降了29.06%（猪粪）、24.69%（牛粪）、27.01%（鸡粪）、24.93%（鸭粪）,铵态氮分别下降了88.01%（猪粪）、59.38%（牛粪）、85.57%（鸡粪）、79.12%（鸭粪）。黑水虻转化畜禽粪便后,猪粪和鸡粪中18.32%和19.47%的碳以及33.24%和35.56%的氮转化为虫体蛋白和油脂,70.21%和65.36%的碳以及42.36%和41.36%的氮保留于虫粪中,黑...     

蚯蚓堆肥处理畜禽粪便的影响因素及其产物的应用综述

对蚯蚓堆肥在畜禽粪便中的影响因素进行了总结和评述,主要包括蚯蚓类型、温度与湿度、C/N、畜禽粪便种类及腐熟程度、接种密度等,并对蚯蚓堆肥中EM （effective microorganism）菌剂的添加及蚯蚓粪在农业上的应用潜力进行总结,提出蚯蚓粪作为生物肥的优势,建议现阶段将蚯蚓粪与有机肥配合使用。在此基础上,对蚯蚓堆肥处理畜禽粪便领域未来发展提出展望,可为蚯蚓堆肥处理畜禽粪便技术的推广应用提供参考。     

Effect of organic wastes on the plant-microbe remediation for removal of aged PAHs in soils

The effectiveness of in-situ bioremediation of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) may be inhibited by low nutrients and organic carbon. To evaluate the effect of organic wastes on the PAHs removal efficiency of a plant-microbe remediation system, contaminated agricultural soils were amended with different dosages of sewage sludge (SS) and cattle manure (CM) in the presence of alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) and PAHs-degraders (Bacillus sp. and Flavobacterium sp.). The results indicated that the alfalfa mean biomasses varied from 0.56 to 2.23 g/pot in root dry weight and from 1.80 to 4.88 g/pot in shoot dry weight. Low dose amendments, with rates of SS at 0.1% and CM at 1%, had prominent effects on plant growth and soil PAHs degradation. After 60-day incubation, compared with about 5.6% in the control, 25.8% PAHs removal was observed for treatments in the presence of alfalfa and PAHs-degraders; furthermore, when amended with different dosages of SS and CM, the removed PAHs from soils increased by 35.5%-44.9% and 25.5%-42.3%, respectively. In particular, the degradation of high-molecular-weight PAHs was up to 42.4%. Dehydrogenase activities (DH) ranged between 0.41 and 1.83 μupg triphenylformazan/(g dry soil. hr) and the numbers of PAHs-degrading microbes (PDM) ranged from 1.14× 10⁶ to 16.6× 10⁶ most-probable-number/g dry soil. Further investigation of the underlying microbial mechanism revealed that both DH and PDM were stimulated by the addition of organic wastes and significantly correlated with the removal ratio of PAHs. In conclusion, the effect of organic waste application on soil PAHs removal to a great extent is dependent on the interactional effect of nutrients and dissolved organic matter in organic waste and soil microorganisms.     

Bacteria on housefly eggs, Musca domestica, suppress fungal growth in chicken manure through nutrient depletion or antifungal metabolites

Female houseflies, Musca domestica (Diptera: Muscidae), lay their eggs in ephemeral resources such as animal manure. Hatching larvae compete for essential nutrients with fungi that also colonize such resources. Both the well-known antagonistic relationship between bacteria and fungi and the consistent presence of the bacterium Klebsiella oxytoca on housefly eggs led us to hypothesize (1) that K. oxytoca, and possibly other bacteria on housefly eggs, help curtail the growth of fungal resource competitors and (2) that such fungi indeed adversely affect the development of housefly larvae. Bacteria washed from housefly eggs significantly reduced the growth of fungi in chicken manure. Nineteen bacterial strains and ten fungal strains were isolated from housefly eggs or chicken manure, respectively. Co-culturing each of all the possible bacterium–fungus pairs revealed that the bacteria as a group, but no single bacterium, significantly suppressed the growth of all fungal strains tested. The bacteria's adverse effect on fungi is due to resource nutrient depletion and/or the release of antifungal chemicals. Well-established fungi in resources significantly reduced the number of larval offspring that completed development to adult flies. Electronic supplementary material  The online version of this article (doi:) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.     

Shallow aeration of piggery waste treatment lagoons. II. Odour control

The effect of shallow aeration on odours from anaerobic lagoons treating piggery wastes was determined in the laboratory under conditions of approximately constant temperature (20°C). The loading rate to the simulated lagoon profiles was approximately 50 g BOD₅ m^?3 day^?1 and the average retention time was 128 days. The removal of organic pollutants and bacteria in this system has been discussed elsewhere.Shallow surface aeration to depths ranging from 8 to 40 cm reduced odours from piggery waste treatments. Chemical and organoleptic estimates consistently indicated that odour levels from all aerated treatments were similar and markedly better than those from the unaerated treatment.The average volatile sulphides levels in the aerated treatments were less than 5% of the levels found in the space above the unaerated treatment. The levels in the aerated treatments of less than 0.07 ppm were below the odour threshold limit of 0.1 ppm compared with 1.45 ppm in the unaerated column. Odour threshold dilution (OTD), and more particularly odour offensiveness, were also reduced by shallow surface aeration. The mean OTD values (log₁₀) of all lagoon treatments (unaerated 2.9 and <2.6 for aerated treatments) were less than that of the untreated waste (3.3) or from wastes stored anaerobically in underslat pits (4.2). Once perceived however, the offensiveness rating of odours from the unaerated treatment was greater (9.4) than from the aerated systems (<1.7).Volatile fatty acid (VFA) levels in the effluents from all treatments were negligible (< 0.01 g l^?1).Total VFA levels in the untreated waste were 2.1 g l^?1, of which approximately 57, 20 and 11% were acetic, propionic and n-butyric, respectively. Sludge VFA levels were about 0.2 g l^?1, of which 75% was acetic acid.     

Development of vermicast from sludge and powdered oyster shell

Soil acidification is one of the rising land degradation issues facing world agriculture. The risk of acidification is currently being assessed as part of agriculture productivity and sustainable theme. This study was conducted to produce a new vermicomposting cast as a recycling resource derived from municipal sewage sludge and waste oyster shell. The earthworm, Eisenia Andrei, was fed under different conditions. The most suitable mixture was 77:23 w/w% of sewage sludge and waste oyster shell. Powdered oyster shell (POS) sludge blend provided a stable pH, due to its buffering capacity during vermiculture because of the Ca²⁺ and OH^? release effect. The vermicast products fulfilled the cast standards of Korea Ministry of Environment for all the parameters such as moisture content, pH, salinity, organic carbon, TKN, Phosphate, and heavy metals. Slowly released organic matter when added to soil improves the capacity of the soil to hold nutrients for plants, improve soil aeration for roots, and improves soil drainage. This product will be an addition to already-commercialized sludge vermicast as a higher value product.     

生物质炭对土壤中氯苯类物质生物有效性的影响及评价方法

通过室内培养实验,设定对照和添加1%小麦秸秆生物质炭处理,研究生物质炭对土壤中氯苯类物质老化残留的影响,并通过丁醇、HPCD和Tenax这3种化学提取方法以及蚯蚓富集实验评价土壤中氯苯类物质生物有效性的变化.老化4个月后,对照处理中六氯苯、五氯苯和1,2,4,5-四氯苯的残留率分别为29.87%、18.02%、5.16%,而添加1%生物质炭处理中六氯苯、五氯苯和1,2,4,5-四氯苯的残留率分别为68.25%、61.32%和58.02%,表明添加生物质炭能够抑制氯苯的消减.丁醇、HPCD和Tenax提取和蚯蚓富集实验结果表明,添加生物质炭显著降低土壤中氯苯的生物有效性(P<0.05),并随老化时间延长,降低效果更为显著.不同提取剂对氯苯的提取效率不同,丁醇和Tenax对氯苯的提取率为六氯苯>五氯苯>1,2,4,5-四氯苯,而HPCD对氯苯的提取率为1,2,4,5-四氯苯>五氯苯>六氯苯.添加生物质炭可显著降低蚯蚓对氯苯的生物富集因子(P<0.05).本研究表明,生物质炭能降低土壤中有机污染物的生物有效性,但高污染残留存在潜在的环境风险.     

Improvements on physical conditions of bauxite residue following application of organic materials

Soil formation and ecological rehabilitation is the most promising strategy to eliminate environmental risks of bauxite residue disposal areas. Its poor physical structure is nevertheless a major limitation to plant growth. Organic materials were demonstrated as effective ameliorants to improve the physical conditions of bauxite residue. In this study, three different organic materials including straw (5% W/W), humic acid (5% W/W), and humic acid-acrylamide polymer (0.2% and 0.4%, W/W) were selected to evaluate their effects on physical conditions of bauxite residue pretreated by phosphogypsum following a 120-day incubation experiment. The proportion of 2-1 mm macro-aggregates, mean weight diameter (MWD) and geometric mean diameter (GWD) increased following organic materials addition, which indicated that organic materials could enhance aggregate stability. Compared with straw, and humic acid, humic acid-acrylamide polymer application had improved effects on the formation of water-stable aggregates in the residues. Furthermore, organic materials increased the total porosity, total pore volume and average pore diameter, and reduced the micropore content according to nitrogen gas adsorption (NA) and mercury intrusion porosimetry (MIP) analysis, whilst enhancing water retention of the residues based on water characteristic curves. Compared with traditional organic wastes, humic acid-acrylamide polymer could be regarded as a candidate according to the comprehensive consideration of the additive amount and the effects on physical conditions of bauxite residue. These findings could provide a novel application to both Ca-contained acid solid waste and high-molecular polymers on ecological rehabilitation at disposal areas.     

乡镇垃圾综合利用途径分析研究

社会主义新农村建设推动了乡镇经济的发展,但乡镇的环境问题并没有随之解决,而固体废弃物的综合利用成为解决当前乡镇环境问题的有效手段之一。乡镇垃圾现状分析表明,其组分以有机易腐成分为主．不适用于城市垃圾的处理方式。乡镇垃圾经合理分类,其综合利用的主要途径有三条,包括可回收垃圾一回收一循环再利用,有机垃圾制肥-肥料-回田,餐厨垃圾、人畜粪便、秸秆等有机垃圾厌氧发酵-沼气-热能或电能。该途径可最终实现乡镇垃圾的资源化和能源化。     

A field experiment investigating the effects of olive husk and cow manure on heavy metal availability in a contaminated calcareous soil from Murcia (Spain)

The transfer of heavy metals from the former sites of mining activity in La Unión (Murcia) to the nearby agricultural soils is a serious environmental risk. The effect of two organic wastes, used as soil amendments, on the bioavailability of heavy metals in an agricultural soil and on their accumulation in Beta vulgaris L. var. Nomonta and Beta maritima L. was studied in a field experiment. The soil was a calcareous Xeric Torriorthent and the total metal levels were (mg kg⁻¹): 2706 Zn, 3235 Pb, 39 Cu. The treatments were: fresh cow manure, olive husk and inorganic fertiliser as a control. Two successive crops (B. vulgaris and B. maritima) were grown. The soil was sampled before each planting and after each harvest. B. vulgaris behaved as a metal indicator plant, as its concentrations of heavy metals (Cu, Mn and Pb) in all treatments reflected the extractable soil levels. The high concentrations of metals, especially Pb (5.1–16.8 times the EU limit for plant foodstuffs), revealed a health risk for human and livestock due to the spread of the metal pollution from mining sites to agricultural areas. Cow manure did not alter the DTPA-extractable concentrations of metals in the soil or their absorption by plants in comparison with the control. But olive husk favoured solubility of metals in soils and their accumulation in plants, due to the reduction of Mn oxides during degradation of phenolic compounds. So, this material could be a useful amendment for phytoextraction of metals by accumulator species, while manure can be very useful for phytostabilisation.     

蚯蚓对植物修复石油烃污染土壤的影响

石油使用量的增大导致石油污染量的增加.为经济有效地修复低污染浓度的石油烃污染土壤,了解蚯蚓对植物去除土壤石油烃的影响,探讨蚯蚓对土壤石油烃污染的修复效应,通过人工制备石油烃污染土壤,采用植物[紫茉莉（Mirabilis jalapa L.）、凤仙花（Impatiens balsamina L.）、西伯利亚鸢尾（Iris sibirica L.）]以及植物-蚯蚓[赤子爱胜蚓（Eisenia foetda）]两种处理模式进行60 d的盆栽试验,通过测定土壤中w（石油烃）、过氧化氢酶和多酚氧化酶的活性变化来解析蚯蚓对植物修复土壤石油烃效率的影响.结果表明:相同处理条件下,凤仙花、紫茉莉与西伯利亚鸢尾土壤中石油烃去除率分别为36.32%、32.70%、29.82%,凤仙花的土壤修复效果最佳.添加蚯蚓后,对应凤仙花、紫茉莉与西伯利亚鸢尾土壤中石油烃的去除率分别为40.73%、36.10%、32.80%,显著高于未添加蚯蚓土壤,表明添加蚯蚓能够促进植物对土壤中石油烃的修复效果.土壤修复过程中过氧化氢酶与多酚氧化酶活性总体呈上升趋势,添加蚯蚓对土壤酶活性具有刺激作用.土壤中过氧化氢酶、多酚氧化酶活性均与w（石油烃）呈显著负相关（相关系数分别为-0.79和-0.90,P均小于0.05）,说明土壤中过氧化氢酶与多酚氧化酶可能参与了土壤中石油烃的降解过程.研究显示,蚯蚓能够强化植物对石油污染土壤的修复效果,为植物/蚯蚓联合修复石油污染土壤提供了技术依据.      

Solid and liquid residues as raw materials for biotechnology

In the past few decades huge amounts of solid and paste-like wastes of domestic and industrial origin have been deposited on sanitary landfills worldwide. Only a small proportion was incinerated, where incineration plants were available. Since primary resources, such as ores for metal production or crude oil for the production of gasoline, diesel, solvents and plastics, or coal and natural gas as sources for energy or chemicals are not available in unlimited quantities, and because the deposition of residues, wastes and worn-out commodities on sanitary landfills causes pollution of the atmosphere, the soil and the groundwater due to hazardous gaseous emissions and toxic leachates, wastes from households and from industry must be avoided or minimized at an early stage. Whenever waste material can be recycled it must be re-introduced into production processes and the non-recyclable fractions should be used as a fuel for energy recovery. After incineration, the highly toxic dust fractions of ashes and slags resulting from burning the wastes should be deposited on sanitary landfills, while the granulated mineral slag fractions could be used as a substitute for the sand in cement as a construction material. Here we review various processes for the treatment of organic fractions of differently composed wastes to upgrade them to more valuable, re-usable products or at least to recover their energy content. Upgrading processes of organic wastes include composting, biogas fermentation, production of organic acids and solvents, and biopolymer or biosurfactants production. We also include biological purification procedures for the most important components of wastes, such as chitin from the shells of Crustaceae. Typical examples from pilot-scale or full-scale studies are discussed for each process.