污水污泥堆肥重金属总量及形态变化

采用高温好氧静态强制通风堆肥工艺,研究了污水污泥与锯末、粉煤灰或磷矿粉按不同比例混合堆肥前后重金属(Cu,Pb,Zn,Cd和As)总量的变化,以及重金属在交换态、碳酸盐结合态、铁锰氧化物结合态3种不稳定态和包括有机结合态、残渣态的稳定态含量的变化,同时探讨了粉煤灰和磷矿粉在堆肥过程中所起的钝化效果.结果表明:该试验可以显著降低污泥中交换态Cu,Pb,Zn,Cd和As的含量,提高其他形态的含量,但不能降低重金属总量;对重金属的作物可利用态含量的降低以及其他形态含量升高的效果来看,试验A最好,试验B和D次之,试验C最差.粉煤灰和磷矿粉都是良好的钝化剂,在起钝化效果时,其用量并不是越多越好;在与污泥、锯末混合堆肥中,应控制粉煤灰和磷矿粉用量在15%左右,但是粉煤灰的钝化效果优于磷矿粉.     

生物炭对污泥堆肥及其利用过程重金属有效态的影响

以城市脱水污泥为研究对象,设置2种处理(A组:添加水稻生物炭; B组:未添加生物炭)进行污泥堆肥,并将污泥堆肥产品进行土地利用,研究污泥堆肥及其利用过程重金属(Cd、Pb、Cu、Zn、Ni)的变化特征及其钝化效果,同时考察添加生物炭的影响作用.结果表明:在污泥堆肥及其短期利用过程中,除Ni外,重金属总量没有显著变化,水稻生物炭对5种重金属总量的影响也不显著.污泥堆肥过程对5种重金属具有一定钝化作用,添加生物炭能显著降低重金属有效态含量,并具有显著的钝化效果(P 0. 05),钝化率达到16. 39%～43. 10%,其中Zn、Ni的钝化效果更为显著;而未添加生物炭的污泥堆肥过程对重金属有效态的钝化效果不显著(P 0. 05).施用污泥堆肥会增加土壤重金属含量,短期内,生物炭对污泥堆肥土壤利用后的重金属有效态具有一定影响,但效果不显著.     

连续施用污泥堆肥土壤剖面中重金属积累迁移特征及对小麦吸收重金属的影响

通过大田试验,定量研究连续施用污泥堆肥后土壤剖面中不同重金属积累迁移和对小麦吸收重金属的影响,为科学确定农田土壤重金属环境容量和农田土壤重金属污染防控提供依据.结果表明,连续4 a施用污泥堆肥农田耕层土壤(0~15cm)中Cu、Zn含量随污泥施用时间和施用量增加而显著增加,污泥施用带入的Cu、Zn在耕层土壤中积累率最高分别可达到75.3%和85.9%;污泥施用量较高时,Cu、Zn向土壤深层迁移,本试验条件下Cu可迁移至15~30 cm土层,Zn可迁移至60~90 cm土层;连续施用污泥堆肥4 a后,0~15 cm土层中Cd、Pb含量显著增加,与对照相比增幅分别是57.2%~165.2%、13%~34%,60~90 cm土层中Cr、As、Pb含量也显著高于对照;连续施用污泥堆肥小麦籽粒中Zn含量显著增加,增幅为13.3%~47.9%.部分污泥处理小麦籽粒中的Cr、Pb含量超出国家食品卫生标准(GB 2762-2012);4 a小麦收获对各重金属累计携出率均低于10%,小麦籽粒对Cu、Zn的累计携出量大于秸秆,而对Cr、As、Cd、Pb的累计携出量小于秸秆.随污泥施用量的增加,小麦收获对各重金属累计携出率降低.确定农田土壤重金属环境容量时要考虑重金属在土壤剖面中的向下迁移量.     

生物炭对污泥堆肥及其利用过程重金属有效态的影响

以城市脱水污泥为研究对象,设置2种处理(A组:添加水稻生物炭;B组:未添加生物炭)进行污泥堆肥,并将污泥堆肥产品进行土地利用,研究污泥堆肥及其利用过程重金属(Cd、Pb、Cu、Zn、Ni)的变化特征及其钝化效果,同时考察添加生物炭的影响作用。结果表明:在污泥堆肥及其短期利用过程中,除Ni外,重金属总量没有显著变化,水稻生物炭对5种重金属总量的影响也不显著。污泥堆肥过程对5种重金属具有一定钝化作用,添加生物炭能显著降低重金属有效态含量,并具有显著的钝化效果(P0.05),钝化率达到16.39%~43.10%,其中Zn、Ni的钝化效果更为显著;而未添加生物炭的污泥堆肥过程对重金属有效态的钝化效果不显著(P0.05)。施用污泥堆肥会增加土壤重金属含量,短期时间内,生物炭对污泥堆肥土壤利用后的重金属有效态具有一定影响,但效果不显著。     

污泥堆肥对重金属稳定化过程的影响研究

将重金属(Cd、Pb、Cu、Zn、Ni)溶液添加到污水处理厂脱水污泥中进行堆肥,考察了污泥的堆肥过程对重金属稳定化的影响。分析发现:进入污泥后各重金属中可交换态+碳酸盐结合态的总占比顺序为Cd(72.31%)Ni(65.83%)Zn(33.67%)Cu(19.49%)Pb(7.40%)。说明Pb、Cu及Zn与污泥化学物质反应较快,而Cd及Ni的反应速率相对较慢。在整个过程中Pb形态达到稳定状态最快,Cu和Ni的形态稳定速度次之,Zn形态变化稍慢,Cd变化最慢。该结论可为污泥堆肥应用于土壤重金属污染治理的研究提供参考。     

粉煤灰钝化污泥人工土壤理化性质研究

通过添加不同比例的粉煤灰对城市污泥进行钝化,对钝化污泥的pH值、养分含量及重金属含量变化以及各配比人工土壤的持水性能进行了研究,评价其用于无土排岩场生态修复的可行性.结果表明,当粉煤灰与污泥以Ⅲ(1:1)和Ⅱ(2:1)配比时,人工土壤持水性能高于对照(草甸棕壤),以Ⅳ(1:2)配比时,持水性接近于对照;粉煤灰钝化污泥中养分含量极其丰富,处于高肥力水平,随着粉煤灰添加量的增加,人工土壤的养分含量呈现降低趋势;粉煤灰钝化污泥人工土壤中除了Ⅲ(1:1)中Ni含量较高,为187.67 mg·kg-1外,各处理中重金属Cd、Pb、Cu、Zn、Cr含量都显著低于国家农用标准(GB 4284-84、GB 8173-87).     

污泥堆肥化过程中重金属Cu、Zn、Cd的生物有效性研究

向城市污泥中添加木屑调节C/N比,进行好氧堆肥化处理,研究堆肥化过程中污泥重金属Cu、Zn和Cd形态的分布变化,分析堆肥化对重金属Cu、Zn和Cd的钝化效果以及钝化所需时间。结果表明:实验污泥经过54 d堆肥化后,污泥中重金属Cu、Zn和Cd的形态结构分布都发生了明显的改变,且它们的可交换态比例明显减少;Cu和Cd的不稳定态含量明显降低,Zn的不稳定态变化不显著,但堆肥化对重金属Cu、Zn和Cd都具有钝化作用,且钝化Cu、Zn与Cd所需的堆肥时间分别为18,6,26 d。总体而言,堆肥化有利于这3种重金属中生物有效性高形态的向低的转化,有利于堆肥污泥作为肥料的资源化利用。     

城市污泥好氧堆肥过程中重金属的形态变化

污泥中重金属的含量和各重金属的生物有效性是污泥农业利用的重要限制因素.本研究对城市污泥进行了堆肥化处理,并采集不同阶段样品,通过顺序浸提法对样品中不同形态的重金属进行提取,分别利用原子吸收分光光度计测定Zn、Cu、Ni、Pb、Cd含量、分光光度法测定Cr和As含量.研究结果发现,与现有国际及我国污泥农用标准比较,所研究污泥中重金属含量均未超过允许的水平.污泥堆肥中Cu、Ni、Cd、Cr主要以残渣态形式存在,Cu、Ni、Pb、Cd四种重金属元素的可氧化态含量也相对较高,除Cd外,经过堆肥化处理后所有重金属的有效态含量均呈下降趋势,因此,堆肥可以促进污泥中的重金属稳定化,降低土壤的污染风险.     

施用污泥堆肥对土壤中重金属累积和大豆产量的影响

针对污泥堆肥施入农田后土壤中重金属含量情况及其安全问题,比较连续三茬施用化肥(NPK)、施用有机肥(M),单施污泥堆肥(W_1)和不同比例污泥堆肥与化肥配施(W_2—W_5)的处理下土壤和大豆籽粒中Cu、Zn、Cd、Cr、Pb 5种重金属的积累以及大豆产量的变化情况。研究结果表明:与CK处理比较,施用污泥堆肥增加了土壤中Cu、Zn的含量,对其他3种重金属的含量没有显著影响;大豆籽粒中的重金属含量均没有超过GB 2762—2012《食品安全国家标准食品中污染物限量》;施用污泥堆肥和施用化肥、有机肥均可达到增产增效,与CK相比,单施污泥的处理W_1达到的最大增产幅度为50.7%,但是与80%(W_2)和60%(W_3)泥堆肥差异性不显著,而且W_2与W_3对土壤中重金属含量的影响较小,表明80%与60%的污泥堆肥施用量对于大豆是适宜的。     

污泥在堆肥及油污土壤修复中重金属形态的研究

污泥堆肥工艺是实现污泥减量化,无害化和资源化的重要手段。文章考察了污泥在堆肥前后四类重金属(铜、锌、铅和镉)形态的变化。结果显示,铜、锌、铅和镉在堆肥前后的总量变化不大,Cu、Zn主要以有机结合态和残渣态形式存在,而Pb、Cd主要以残渣态形式存在。堆肥处理过程中可交换态重金属都呈下降趋势,但各种重金属的可交换态变化幅度不同,以Zn和Cd下降幅度最大,Zn的可交换态由堆肥前的10.5%下降到堆肥后的4.8%;Cd的可交换态从堆肥前的3.2%下降到堆肥后的1.8%,下降比例超过和接近50%。随着向土壤中添加污泥及堆肥量的增加,小麦植株地上和地下部分重金属含量也相应增加,且地下部分含量高于地上部分,小麦中重金属含量在地下部与地上部之间的比值恒定,特别是Pd,Cd的地上和地下部分浓度比可分别达到130和15～20,经堆肥处理的污泥可以降低小麦对其中重金属的吸收。将污泥及堆肥腐熟品添加至石油污染土壤中,与对照相比土壤中的石油烃含量有一定幅度的下降,最大下降幅度为19.6%。处理一个月后重金属含量及其形态变化不大,Zn具有向铁锰氧化态转化的趋势。     

Chemical speciation and mobility of heavy metals in municipal solid waste incinerator fly ash

Chemical speciation is a significant factor that govems the toxicity and mobility of heavy metals in municipal solid waste incinerator fly ash. Sequential extraction procedure is applied to fractionate heavy metals( Pb, Zn, Cd, Cu, and Cr) into five defined groups: exchangeable, carbonate, Fe-Mn oxide, organic, and residual fractions. The mobility of heavy metals is also investigated with the aid of toxicity characteristic leaching procedure. In the fly ash sample, Pb is primarily presented in the carbonate (51%) and exchangeable(20% ) fractions; Cd and Zn mainly exist as the exchangeable(83% and 49% respectively) ; Cu is mostly contained in the last three fractions(totally 87% ) ; and Cr is mainly contained in the residual fraction(62% ). Pb, Zn and Cd showed the high mobility in the investigation, thus might be of risk to the natural environment when municipal solid waste incinerator fly ash is landfilled or reutilized.     

好氧高温堆肥处理对猪粪中重金属形态的影响

 用 Tessier 连续提取法研究了好氧高温堆肥处理对猪粪中重金属结合形态变化的影响.结果表明,经过好氧堆肥处理,猪粪中 Pb、Cu、Zn、Ni、Cr、Cd、As 的总浓度升高;碳酸盐结合态 Ni、Zn 的浓度降低,其余 Pb、Cu、Cr、Cd 的浓度都升高;硫化物及有机结合态、残渣态重金属的浓度普遍升高,仅有硫化物及有机结合态 As 和 Zn 的浓度下降;可交换态 Cu、Zn、Cr、As 的浓度显著降低.堆肥处理可以降低可交换态和碳酸盐交换态 Pb、Ni、Cu、Cr、Zn、As 和铁锰氧化物结合态 Pb、Cu、Cr、As 的分配系数,因此可以降低猪粪中重金属的有效性.堆肥处理有利于降低猪粪土地利用中重金属污染的风险.     

用分级方法评估土壤对重金属的缓冲能力

研究了不同Cd, Zn, Cu和Pb负荷对5种土壤(油黄泥土、棕红壤、红壤、石砂土和紫砂土)中的重金属形态的影响,分析了不同土壤对重金属的缓冲作用及其影响因素.结果表明,未污染土壤中的重金属主要以残余态为主,占土壤重金属总量的51%以上.随着土壤重金属负荷的提高,土壤中交换态重金属的比例增大,残余态比例下降,有效性提高,对重金属的缓冲作用下降.由于Cd, Zn, Cu和Pb本身的特性不同,土壤中各组分与Cd, Zn, Cu和Pb的结合方式及程度不同.当外源重金属进入土壤后,土壤对重金属的缓冲性为:Pb》Cu》Zn》》Cd,酸性土壤和砂质土壤的缓冲能力较低.当重金属加入量较低时,重金属优先向氧化物结合态和有机质结合态转化;而当加入量较高时,向交换态和碳酸盐结合态转化的比例增加.土壤pH下降可使交换态Cd, Zn, Cu和Pb的比例递增,降低土壤对重金属的缓冲性,增加了重金属对环境影响的风险.     

Mineral materials as feasible amendments to stabilize heavy metals in polluted urban soils

Four minerals, agricultural limestone (AL), rock phosphate (RP), palygorskite (PG), and calcium magnesium phosphate (CMP), were evaluated by means of chemical fractions of heavy metals in soils and concentrations of heavy metals in leachates from columns to determine their ability to stabilize heavy metals in polluted urban soils. Two urban soils (calcareous soil and acidic soil) polluted with cadmium, copper, zinc and lead were selected and amended in the laboratory with the mineral materials) for 12 months. Results indicated that application of the mineral materials reduced exchangeable metals in the sequence of Pb, Cd > Cu > Zn. The reduction of exchangeable fraction of heavy metals in the soils amended with di erent mineral materials followed the sequence of CMP, PG > AL > RP. Reductions of heavy metals leached were based on comparison with cumulative totals of heavy metals eluted through 12 pore volumes from an untreated soil. The reductions of the metals eluted from the calcareous soil amended with the RP, AL, PG and CMP were 1.98%, 38.89%, 64.81% and 75.93% for Cd, 8.51%, 40.42%, 60.64% and 55.32% for Cu, 1.76%, 52.94%, 70.00% and 74.12% for Pb, and 28.42%, 52.74%, 64.38% and 49.66% for Zn. Those from the acidic soil amended with the CMP, PG, AL, and RP were 25.65%, 68.06%, 78.01% and 79.06% for Cd, 26.56%, 49.64%, 43.40% and 34.68% for Cu, 44.44%, 33.32%, 61.11% and 69.44% for Pb, and 18.46%, 43.77%, 41.98% and 40.68% for Zn. The CMP and PG treatments were superior to the AL and RP for stabilizing heavy metals in the polluted urban soils.     

传统酸浸和微波酸浸处理飞灰重金属的效果及重金属的形态变化特征

采用HCl作为浸出剂,在不同的浸出条件下对垃圾焚烧飞灰中重金属进行浸出试验,并采用连续提取程序对酸浸稳定化处理前后的Cd、Cr、Cu、Mn、Ni、Pb和Zn进行形态分析,研究了传统酸浸和微波酸浸对7种重金属的浸出效率及处理前后的形态变化特征.结果表明,酸浸处理能够有效地从飞灰中提取重金属,浸出效率依次为Zn≈Pb＞Cd＞Mn＞Cu＞Cr＞Ni.微波效应可以明显提高大部分重金属的浸出效率,在液固比(L/S)=25 mL/g、时间7 min和1 mol·L-1HCl条件下Cd、Cr、Cu、Mn、Ni、Pb和Zn的浸出率分别为80.17%、15.05%、58.25%、62.42%、8.88%、89.25%和93.03%.对飞灰酸浸残渣进行的连续提取实验表明,传统和微波酸浸处理后飞灰中重金属的可交换态、碳酸盐结合态和Fe-Mn氧化物结合态明显减少,重金属以残留态存在为主,飞灰稳定性显著提高.     

Changes of Cu, Zn, and Cd speciation in sewage sludge during composting

The potential toxicity risks from heavy metals depend on their chemical speciation. The four stages of the Tessier sequential extraction method were employed to investigate changes in heavy metal speciation （Cu, Zn, and Cd） of sewage sludge during forced aeration composting, and then to identify whether the composting process would reduce or enhance their toxicities. Throughout the composting process, the exchangeable, carbonate-bound, Fe-Mn oxide-bound, and organic matter-bound fractions of Cu were converted to the residual Cu fraction. The organic matter-bound Cu fraction greatly contributed to this transformation. Residual Zn fraction was transformed to the Fe-Mn oxide-bound and organic matter-bound fractions after composting. The residual Zn fraction was a major contributor to the organic matter-bound Zn fraction. The availability of Cu and Zn was reduced by composting such that the risk of heavy metal toxicity decreased with prolonged treatment times. Additionally, attention should be paid to the increased availability of Cd in sewage sludge after composting treatment.     

Speciation and fractionation of heavy metals in soil experimentally contaminated with Pb,Cd, Cu and Zn together and effects on soil negative surface charge

Speciation and fractionation of heavy metals in soil subsamples experimentally loaded with Pb, Cd, Cu and Zn in orthogonal design was investigated by sequential extraction, and operationally defined as water-soluble and exchangeable(SE), weakly specific adsorbed( WSA),Fe and Mn oxides-bound(OX) and organic-bound( ORG). The results showed that fractions of heavy metals in the soil subsamples depended on their speciation. About 90% of Cd and 75% of Zn existed in soil subsamples in the SE fraction. Lead and Cu existed in soil subsamples as SE, WSA and OX fractions simultaneously, although SE was still the major fraction. Organic-bound heavy metals were not clearly apparent in all the soil subsamples. The concentration of some heavy metal fractions in soil subsamples showed the good correlation with ionic impulsion of soil, especially for the SE fraction. Continuous saturation of soil subsamples with 0.20 mol/L NH4CI, which is the first step for determination of the negative surface charge of soil by the ion retention method, resulted in desorption of certain heavy metals from the soil. It was found that the percentage desorption of heavy metals from soil subsamples depended greatly on pH, the composition and original heavy metal content of the soil subsamples. However, most of the heavy metals in the soil subsamples were still be retained after multiple saturation. Compared with the parent soil, the negative surface charge of soil subsamples loaded with heavy metals did not show difference significantly from that of the parent one by statistical analysis. Heavy metals existed in the soil subsamples mainly as exchangeable and precipitated simultaneously.