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1.
模拟酸雨对蕃茄生长影响的试验   总被引:4,自引:0,他引:4  
酸雨是当今世界上面临的重要环境污染问题之一,酸雨对森林、农作物的影响已引起人们的关注。在我国,酸雨主要发生在长江以南,尤以四川、贵州为严重。局部地区酸雨发生频率较高,小于pH4的酸雨时有出现,对森林及农作物已产生一定的危害。笔  相似文献   

2.
酸雨是当代最严重的环境问题之一。五十年代以来很多国家对雨水的酸化非常关注,尤其是日本、美国、北欧等国,这些国家的酸雨给本地区生态系统、农业、水产资源带来了严重的危害。最近几年来我国已开始监测和研究酸雨,1981年全国环境保护科技情报网和中国科学院环境科学情报网联合召开降水污染和酸雨问题讨论会,把酸雨研究工作向前推进了一步。国务院环办开展了对全国酸雨的普查工作,发现我国长江以南和西南地区的一些城市出现酸雨,其中以西南地区的重庆和贵州最为严重,降水的pH  相似文献   

3.
关于我国酸雨的污染物输送问题   总被引:17,自引:0,他引:17  
 我国燃煤消耗量很大,排放二氧化硫而引起的酸雨污染正引起国内外,特别是东亚地区各国的重视。本文通过4个方面探讨我国酸雨中污染物的输送问题:酸雨输送研究方式和湿沉降过程;我国酸雨分布和硫酸型特点;酸雨与天气系统的关系;我国典型酸雨区研究的成果。由此说明酸雨作为污染物的湿沉降,其前体物的主要部分涉及输送可能是中距离的,即几百公里以内。我国排放污染物对邻国酸雨长距离输送的影响可能存在,但影响究竟有多大则有待于大规模详细研究的结果。  相似文献   

4.
水稻生长期间喷淋酸雨的试验研究   总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1  
华筠  王苹 《环境科学》1987,(3):25-27
酸雨对于城市建筑物、森林、渔业和包括农作物在内的各种植物的影响,引起了人们的关注。目前酸雨对农作物的影响已成为一个重要的研究课题。我国南方的主要农作物是水稻,而南方又是酸雨较多的地区,研究酸雨对水稻生长的影响有一定的现实意义。我们于1984年5月至10月期间进行了酸雨对水稻生长影响的模拟试验,探讨酸雨对水稻生长发育的影响。  相似文献   

5.
厦门市酸雨分布特征与气象条件的关系分析   总被引:6,自引:2,他引:4  
厦门市是我国酸雨控制区之一。文章利用1992~2005年厦门市的探空、降水量和酸雨资料来分析厦门市不同气象条件对降水酸度、酸雨出现率的影响,分析结果表明:(1)不同等级的降水对降水酸度和酸雨出现率有明显影响,相对于夏、秋二季,冬、春二季的降水酸度更酸,酸雨出现率更高。(2)K指数、850~700hPa层的冷暖平流对酸雨污染没有明显影响。(3)酸雨出现率随着1500m高空风速的增大而增多,风向变化对降水酸度和酸雨出现机率的影响不大。(4)逆温对酸雨污染的有一定的影响。  相似文献   

6.
<正> 一、我国酸雨特征近年来,世界上降落酸雨的地方越来越多,雨水的酸度也越来越强、酸雨被认为是当今最严重的环境问题之一。一九八二年,我国在酸雨普查中,发现酸雨出现频率为50%以上的市有14个之多,除吉林,甘肃和宁夏外,其他二十多个省、市、自治区均出现酸雨。我国酸雨主要集中在长江以南,并由北向南逐渐加重,以西南地区最为严重。降水平均PH值小于5.6的城市几乎全部集中在长江以南。由此可知,我国的酸雨分布呈明显  相似文献   

7.
重庆市酸雨成因及控制对策   总被引:14,自引:0,他引:14  
重庆是我国酸雨最严重的地区之一 ,本文分析了重庆市酸雨现状及污染特征 ,指出重庆特殊的气象条件和能源结构是酸雨形成的最主要原因。比照国家对酸控区的紧迫要求 ,重庆市在酸雨控制上差距甚大。基于此 ,本文提出了重庆酸雨控制“高低结合、总量控制”的战略 ,和以优化产业结构为前导、以调整能源生产与消费结构为核心 ,以控制低空面源与高架点源为重点的酸雨控制方案。  相似文献   

8.
影响精确界定我国酸雨区空间分布的因素探讨   总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2  
利用酸雨监测网的实测数据对影响精确界定我国酸雨区空间分布的因素进行了深入分析,结果表明:首要影响因素是酸雨监测网的站点数量及其空间分布,可导致在同一插值与地统计方法下所获得的酸雨区的分布存在较大差异;其次是选择正确、合适的空间插值方法及其相应参数的设置,反距离加权(IDW)插值法的重酸雨区分布比克里格(Kriging)插值法多而广;最后是精确的面积比测算方法,网格法计算的酸雨区面积比小于等值面法.建议我国酸雨监测网建设应优先在西藏、内蒙古北部及西部等地区布点,进行酸雨区空间分析时应采用多种插值方法进行比较与分析评估,确保在现有酸雨监测网的基础上获得精确、可靠的酸雨区空间分布.  相似文献   

9.
由酸雨带来的环境污染,已日趋成为全球性公害之一。酸雨的生态影响是一缓慢发展过程,开始往往不易觉察,随着水体缓冲能力的下降,水质酸化,鱼类生物灭迹。近年来,环境保护部门对大气降水的监测表明,酸雨在我国一些城市比较严重。酸雨对我国水生态系究竟有无影响,有何种程度的影响,是人们迫切关心的问题。为此,对酸雨较严重的四川盆地水体进行了初步调查。  相似文献   

10.
酸雨是当前举世瞩目的重要环境问题,我国长江以南存在较大面积的酸雨污染区,其中尤以四川、贵州、湖南等地严重。国务院领导及国家环保局十分重视,已将酸雨列入“七五”期间国家重点科技攻关项目。自1980年以来,重庆、贵阳和中国科学院、中国环境科学院等许多地区和单位对我国酸雨进行了监测与研究,取得了一批可喜成果。为了及时交流近几年酸  相似文献   

11.
Several main metabolites of benzo[a]pyrene (BaP) formed by Penicillium chrysogenum, Benzo[a]pyrene-1,6-quinone (BP 1,6- quinone), trans-7,8-dihydroxy-7,8-dihydrobenzo[a]pyrene (BP 7,8-diol), 3-hydroxybenzo[a]pyrene (3-OHBP), were identified by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). The three metabolites were liable to be accumulated and were hardly further metabolized because of their toxicity to microorganisms. However, their further degradation was essential for the complete degradation of BaP. To enhance their degradation, two methods, degradation by coupling Penicillium chrysogenum with KMnO4 and degradation only by Penicillium chrysogenum, were compared; Meanwhile, the parameters of degradation in the superior method were optimized. The results showed that (1) the method of coupling Penicillium chrysogenum with KMnO4 was better and was the first method to be used in the degradation of BaP and its metabolites; (2) the metabolite, BP 1,6-quinone was the most liable to be accumulated in pure cultures; (3) the effect of degradation was the best when the concentration of KMnO4 in the cultures was 0.01% (w/v), concentration of the three compounds was 5 mg/L and pH was 6.2. Based on the experimental results, a novel concept with regard to the bioremediation of BaP-contaminated environment was discussed, considering the influence on environmental toxicity of the accumulated metabolites.  相似文献   

12.
Sorption of chlorotoluron in ammonium sulfate, urea and atrazine multi-solutes system was investigated by batch experiments. The results showed application of nitrogen fertilizers to the soil could affect the behavior of chlorotoluron. At the same concentration of N, sorption of chlorotoluron decreased as the concentration of atrazine increased on the day 0 and 6 in soil, respectively. The sorption of chlorotoluron increased from 0 to 6 d when soils were preincubated with deionized water, ammonium sulfate and urea solution for 6 d. That indicated incubation time was one of the most important factors for the sorption of chlorotoluron in nitrogen fertilizers treatments. The individual sorption isotherms of chlorotoluron in rubbery polymer and silica were strictly linear in single solute system, but there were competition sorption between pesticides or between pesticides and nitrogen fertilizers. That indicated the sorption taken place by concurrent solid-phase dissolution mechanism and sorption on the interface of water-organic matter or water-mineral matter.  相似文献   

13.
Toxic effects of two agrochemicals on nifH gene in agricultural black soil were investigated using denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis (DGGE) and sequencing approaches in a microcosm experiment. Changes of soil nifH gene diversity and composition were examined following the application of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination. Acetochlor reduced the nifH gene diversity (both in gene richness and diversity index values) and caused changes in the nifH gene composition. The effects of acetochlor on nifH gene were strengthened as the concentration of acetochlor increased. Cluster analysis of DGGE banding patterns showed that nifH gene composition which had been affected by low concentration of acetochlor (50 mg/kg) recovered firstly. Methamidophos reduced nifH gene richness that except at 4 weeks. The medium concentration of methamidophos (150 mg/kg) caused the most apparent changes in nifH gene diversity at the first week while the high concentration of methamidophos (250 mg/kg) produced prominent effects on nifH gene diversity in the following weeks. Cluster analysis showed that minimal changes of nifH gene composition were found at 1 week and maximal changes at 4 weeks. Toxic effects of acetochlor and methamidophos combination on nifH gene were also apparent. Different nifH genes (bands) responded differently to the impact of agrochemicals: four individual bands were eliminated by the application of the agrochemicals, five bands became predominant by the stimulation of the agrochemicals, and four bands showed strong resistance to the influence of the agrochemicals. Fifteen prominent bands were partially sequenced, yielding 15 different nifH sequences, which were used for phylogenetic reconstructions. All sequences were affiliated with the alpha- and beta-proteobacteria, showing higher similarity to eight different diazotrophic genera.  相似文献   

14.
The effects of arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungus (Glomus mosseae) and phosphorus (P) addition (100 mg/kg soil) on arsenic (As) uptake by maize plants (Zea mays L.) from an As-contaminated soil were examined in a glasshouse experiment.Non-mycorrhizal and zero-P addition controls were included.Plant biomass and concentrations and uptake of As,P,and other nutrients,AM colonization,root lengths,and hyphal length densities were determined.The results indicated that addition of P significantly inhibited root colonization and development of extraradical mycelium.Root length and dry weight both increased markedly with mycorrhizal colonization under the zero-P treatments,but shoot and root biomass of AM plants was depressed by P application.AM fungal inoculation decreased shoot As concentrations when no P was added,and shoot and root As concentrations of AM plants increased 2.6 and 1.4 times with P addition,respectively.Shoot and root uptake of P,Mn,Cu,and Zn increased,but shoot Fe uptake decreased by 44.6%,with inoculation, when P was added.P addition reduced shoot P,Fe,Mn,Cu,and Zn uptake of AM plants,but increased root Fe and Mn uptake of the nonmycorrhizal ones.AM colonization therefore appeared to enhance plant tolerance to As in low P soil,and have some potential for the phytostabilization of As-contaminated soil,however,P application may introduce additional environmental risk by increasing soil As mobility.  相似文献   

15.
Earthworm toxicity tests are useful tools for terrestrial risk assessment but require a hierarchy of test designs that differ in effect levels (behavior, sublethal, lethal). In this study, the toxicity of chlorpyrifos contaminated soil on earthworms was assessed. In addition to the acute and chronic tests, an avoidance response test was applied. Earthworms were exposed to sublethal and lethal concentration of chlorpyrifos, and evaluated for acute toxicity, growth, fecundity and avoidance response after a certain exposure period. The test methods covered all important ecological relevant endpoints (acute, chronic, behavioral). Concentration of 78.91 mg/kg, chlorpyrifos caused significant toxic effects in all test methods, but at lower test concentrations, only significant chronic toxic effects could be observed. In the present study, chlorpyrifos had adverse effect on growth and fecundity in earthworm exposed to 5 mg/kg chlorpyrifos after eight weeks. The avoidance response test, however, showed significant repellent effects concentration of 40 mg/kg chlorpyrifos. For chlorpyrifos, concentration affecting avoidance response was far greater than growth and fecundity, it seemed likely that earthworms were not able to escape from pesticide-contaminated soil into the clean soil in field and hence were exposed continuously to elevated concentrations of pesticides.  相似文献   

16.
Bottled water may not be safer, or healthier, than tap water. The present studies have proved that styrene and some other aromatic compounds leach continuously from polystyrene (PS) bottles used locally for packaging. Water sapmles in contact with PS were extracted by a preconcentration technique called as "purge and trap" and analysed by gas chromatograph-mass spectrometer (GC/MS). Eleven aromatic compounds were identified in these studies. Maximum concentration of styrene in PS bottles was 29.5 μg/L. Apart from styrene, ethyl benzene, toluene and benzene were also quantified but their concentrations were much less than WHO guide line values. All other compounds were in traces. Quality of plastic and storage time were the major factor in leaching of styrene. Concentration of styrene was increased to 69.53 μg/L after one-year storage. In Styrofoam and PS cups studies, hot water was found to be contaminated with styrene and other aromatic compounds. It was observed that temperature played a major role in the leaching of styrene monomer from Styrofoam cups. Paper cups were found to be safe for hot drinks.  相似文献   

17.
UNITANK is a biological wastewater treatment process that combines the advantages of traditional activated sludge process and sequencing batch reactor, which is divided into Tank A, B and C. In this study, the sludge distribution and its impact on performance of UNITANK were carried out in Liede Wastewater Plant (WWTP) of Guangzhou, China. Results showed that there was a strong affiliation between Tank A and B of the system in sludge concentration distribution. The initial sludge concentration in Tank A could present the sludge distribution of the whole system. The sludge distribution was mainly influenced by hydraulic condition. Unsteady sludge distribution had an impact on variations of substrates in reactors, especially in decisive reactor, and this could lead to failure of system. Settler could partially remove substrates such as COD and NO3-N, but there was adventure of sludge deterioration. The rational initial sludge concentration in Tank A should be 4000-6000 mg/L MLSS.  相似文献   

18.
In this study an effort has been made to use plant polyphenol oxidases; potato (Solanum tuberosum) and brinjal (Solanum melongena), for the treatment of various important dyes used in textile and other industries. The ammonium sulphate fractionated enzyme preparations were used to treat a number of dyes under various experimental conditions. Majority of the treated dyes were maximally decolorized at pH 3.0. Some of the dyes were quickly decolorized whereas others were marginally decolorized. The initial first hour was sufficient for the maximum decolorization of dyes. The rate of decolorization was quite slow on long treatment of dyes. Enhancement in the dye decolorization was noticed on increasing the concentration of enzymes. The complex mixtures of dyes were treated with both preparations of polyphenol oxidases in the buffers of varying pH values. Potato polyphenol oxidase was significantly more effective in decolorizing the dyes to higher extent as compared to the enzyme obtained from brinjal polyphenol oxidase. Decolorization of dyes and their mixtures, followed by the formation of an insoluble precipitate, which could be easily removed simply by centrifugation.  相似文献   

19.
Laogang landfill near Shanghai is the largest landfill in China, and receives about 10000 t of daily garbage per day, Samples of topsoil and plants were analyzed to evaluate mercury pollution from the landfill. For topsoil samples, there were significant correlations among total mercury (HgT), combinative mercury (Hgc) and gaseous mercury (HgG), and content of total organic carbon (TOC), but, no significantly relationship was found between Hg content and filling time. Hg content changes in vertical profiles with time showed that the average Hgv of profiles 1992, 1996, and 2000 was similar, but their average HgG was quite different. HgT was significantly correlated with Hgc in profile 1992 and 2000, and Hgv was significantly correlated with Hg6 in profile 1996. HgG/Hgv ratio in profile samples decreased in the order of (HgG,/HgT)1992〉(HgG/HgT)1996〉〉(HgG/HgT)2000. A simple outline of Hg release in landfill could be drawn: with increasing of filling time, degradation undergoes different biodegradation, accordingly, gaseous mercury goes through small, more, and small proportion to total mercury. Distribution of Hg in plants was inhomogeneous, following the order of leaf〉root〉stem. The highest value of leaf may be associated with higher atmospheric Hg from landfill. Ligneous plants (e.g. Phyllostachys glanca, Prunus salicina and Ligustrum lucidum) are capable of enriching more Hg than herbaceous plants.  相似文献   

20.
Phytoremediation is a potential cleanup technology for the removal of heavy metals from contaminated soils.Bidens maximowicziana is a new Pb hyperaccumulator,which not only has remarkable tolerance to Pb but also extraordinary accumulation capacity for Pb.The maximum Pb concentration was 1509.3 mg/kg in roots and 2164.7 mg/kg in overground tissues.The Pb distribution order in the B. maximowicziana was:leaf>stem>root.The effect of amendments on phytoremediation was also studied.The mobility of soil Pb and the Pb concentrations in plants were both increased by EDTA application.Compared with CK(control check),EDTA application promoted translocation of Pb to overground parts of the plant.The Pb concentrations in overground parts of plants was increased from 24.23-680.56 mg/kg to 29.07-1905.57 mg/kg.This research demonstrated that B.maximowicziana appeared to be suitable for phytoremediation of Pb contaminated soil,especially,combination with EDTA.  相似文献   

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