利用TM影像反演广州市气溶胶光学厚度空间分布

利用2005年7月18日摄录的广州市TM影像,在相关研究基础上建立了适合于复杂大气状况城市尺度的气溶胶光学厚度(Aerosol Optical Depth,AOD)反演模型,研究了广州市30m空间分辨率的AOD空同分布,并与同期的广州市地面9个空气质量监测站的PM10浓度进行比较.结果表明,利用TM影像较好地反演了广州市AOD空间分布.地形、植被、建成区分布是影响广州市AOD空间分布的主要因素,AOD按照高山植被区、靠近建成区的山地植被区、建成区与平原植被区的顺序逐渐增加.地面监测的PM10浓度与AOD的相关系数为0.717,基于TM影像反演的AOD可较好地反映当日地面污染物PM10的空间分布.     

基于贝叶斯公式的地下水污染源识别

将贝叶斯公式与地下水二维水质对流-扩散方程相耦合,建立依靠监测井监测值的地下水污染源参数（污染源强度M、排放位置（X₀,Y₀）和排放时刻T₀）反演模型.针对监测井监测值信息量不充分或者监测值与模型参数关联性较弱的问题,提出了一种基于贝叶斯公式与信息熵的监测井优化设计方法.构建一个污染物在承压含水层中瞬时排放的算例,在确定单井监测及监测次数条件下,以监测井位置D及监测频率Dt的优化为目标,分别进行模型参数后验分布信息熵最小的单目标监测方案优化,以及信息熵最小且监测耗时最短的多目标监测方案优化.依据优化后的监测方案采用延迟拒绝自适应Metropolis算法进行污染源参数反演识别.算例研究表明：在预设定单井监测,且监测次数为5次条件下,单目标优化后的监测方案为D=（830.2,199.8）,△t=2.7,在此监测方案下,4个污染源参数M,X₀,Y₀,T₀的反演均值误差分别为19.5%、13.2%、3.4%、1.3%;多目标优化后的监测方案为D=（807.9,199.4）,△t=1.2,在此监测方案下,4个污染源参数M,X₀,Y₀,T₀的反演均值误差分别为19.9%、13.4%、3.7%、4.2%.与基于单目标优化的监测方案的反演结果相比,基于多目标优化的监测方案条件下,污染源参数的反演均值误差虽分别增加了0.4%、0.2%、0.3%、2.9%,但监测时间却显著缩短了55.6%.     

基于贝叶斯公式的地下水污染源及含水层参数同步反演

针对非均质地下含水层污染源识别及含水层参数反演过程中监测方案优化问题,提出一种基于贝叶斯公式及信息熵最小的累进加井的多井监测方案优化方法.首先,构建假想案例下的二维非均质各向同性潜水含水层水流及溶质运移模型,运用GMS软件进行数值模拟求解.采用最优拉丁超立方抽样方法和Kriging法建立数值模拟模型的替代模型.然后以参数后验分布的信息熵最小为目标函数,采用累进加井的方式进行多井监测方案优化设计.最后根据优化后的监测方案,采用差分进化自适应Metropolis算法进行污染源及含水层参数的同步反演.算例研究表明：在兼顾反演精度及监测成本,并保证每个参数分区内至少有1眼监测井的条件下,5眼井组合监测方案（6,5,1,2,8）为最优监测方案.与信息熵最小的10眼井组合监测方案（1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10）的参数反演结果相比,5眼井组合监测方案对11个参数α=（X_S,Y_S,T₁,T₂,Q_s,K₁,K₂,K₃,DL₁,DL₂,DL₃）的后验均值偏离率的平均值虽增大1.2%,但监测成本却是10眼井组合监测方案的50%.     

基于Landsat8的广州市植被覆盖度监测

利用landsat8 OLI遥感影像的新特性,采用归一化植被指数(NDVI)和像元二分模型反演2014年广州市植被覆盖度。广州市植被覆盖度格局为北部和东北部高,西部其次,南部较低,中心区域最低,且中部有一条"蝙蝠状"的低植被覆盖度带。为探讨遥感反演植被覆盖度在环境监测中的实际应用,将其与环保部门中采用的土地利用面积加权法计算得到广州及各区县植被覆盖度进行比较,发现2种方法的结果趋势一致。但在建设用地比例高的区域,遥感反演的植被覆盖度比面积加权法计算的值要偏高,且随着研究区域的建设用地比例的增加,偏高值有扩大的趋势。经与统计数据比对,像元二分模型遥感反演能更准确的监测植被覆盖度。     

土壤污染遥感研究进展及应用展望

针对土壤污染可能出现的概念理解偏差,首先介绍土壤污染及其特点,明确了遥感技术监测土壤污染的目标与内容范畴。从土壤污染遥感监测研究,包括光谱机理、土壤污染反演、植被胁迫遥感反演等方面,全面总结了各种方法的主要进展、特点及应用中的问题。结合土壤污染监测需求,尤其是《土壤污染防治行动计划》的明确需求,分析了遥感技术在土壤污染源监管、土壤污染风险管控、土壤调查布点优化、土壤污染反演研究等方面中的应用前景,表明遥感技术可以提高土壤污染监测能力,并为土壤环境管理提供全面宏观信息。     

基于相关系数优化法的河流突发污染源项识别

基于相关系数优化法,结合地表水环境特征和污染物水质过程特征,推导出一维河道中单点源瞬时排放的源项反演算法,得到了污染源排放特征与河流环境特征参数的反演公式.采用假想算例进行数值试验,综合分析了流速信息、污染物衰减、监测距离、监测数据误差及中间参数?T选取等因素对反演结果的影响,确定了该方法的适用条件和最优条件的寻找方式.间隔10min进行两次监测采样,若监测误差小于5%,反演结果的相关系数达到-0.97,污染源位置和排放量反演结果的相对误差均小于4%,综合相对误差在2%以内.并且方法具有监测布点简单高效,数据需求低,编程简单等优点,值得在环境应急管理中进行实际应用.     

基于植被指数和地表温度的冬小麦遥感干旱监测

针对河北省冬小麦主要种植区2007年发生的一次春旱过程,利用MODIS8天合成遥感资料,结合地面站点数据,分析植被供水指数及其多年距平值在冬小麦生长旺期对站点和区域尺度的旱情响应,探求其在河北省冬小麦旱情日常监测中的可操作性。研究结果表明：在三个典型干旱站点,植被供水指数多年距平值与土壤相对湿度多年距平值有较为一致的时间动态;在区域尺度,植被供水指数对水分亏缺状况敏感,与20cm土壤相对湿度的相关性较好。利用植被供水指数建立的遥感监测模型可用于反演冬小麦种植区旱情空间格局,结果与地面观测资料基本吻合。     

基于无人机多光谱影像和OPT-MPP算法的水质参数反演

无人机多光谱遥感可用于监测多个水质参数,如悬浮物、浊度、总磷和叶绿素等,建立稳定和准确的水质参数反演模型是开展这一工作的前提.matching pixel-by-pixel(MPP)算法是一种针对无人机影像高分辨率特点的反演算法,但其存在运算量过大和过拟合的问题,基于此,提出optimize-MPP(OPT-MPP)算法,以克服运算量过大和过拟合的问题.本研究以浙江省杭州市青山湖作为研究区域,采集45个样本,分别构建悬浮物浓度(SS)与浊度(TU)的OPT-MPP算法反演模型.结果表明,最佳悬浮物反演模型的决定系数R~2达到0.787 0,综合误差为0.130 8;最佳浊度反演模型的决定系数R~2达到0.804 3,综合误差为0.150 3.最后利用分别建立的两个参数的最优模型,实现青山湖各实验区域的水质参数空间分布信息的反演.     

基于EnKF排放清单反演方法的关键影响参数评估与优化

以中国一氧化碳(CO)排放反演为例,利用敏感性分析手段评估了集合数目、局地化半径､膨胀因子、观测站点密度和观测数据时间分辨率对排放清单反演的影响.结果表明:站点密度是影响排放反演的最重要参数.在不同站点密度下,反演的中国CO排放总量差异可达34%.同时,站点密度还会影响排放反演对其他参数的敏感性.随着站点密度的降低,排放反演对局地化半径、集合数目和膨胀因子参数变得更为敏感,但对观测数据时间分辨率的敏感性则有所下降.因此在站点稀疏地区,局地化半径是排放反演的主要影响参数,集合数目和膨胀因子次之;但在观测站点密集地区,局地化半径和观测数据时间分辨率是主要的影响参数,而膨胀因子和集合数目的影响相对较小.该研究能够为不同尺度的排放反演开展参数优化提供借鉴.在中国CO排放反演案例(站点密度为1.55个/10⁴km²)中,建议反演参数设置为:集合数目为50、局地化半径为100km、最大似然估计膨胀方案(MLE)、日均或小时观测数据.     

GF-6与Landsat-8影像在水质监测中的差异性分析

针对GF-6与Landsat-8影像在水质监测中的差异性问题,以巢湖水质富营养状态评价为研究内容,对水质参数进行反演,利用综合营养状态指数法构建水质评价模型。运用ENVI 5.3和ArcGIS 10.3软件,实现各项水质参数和综合营养状态指数TLI可视化。对比实测数据,运用Person相关性模型进行反演结果精度评定。结果表明:影像成像时刻巢湖水质营养状态为中营养;GF-6和Landsat-8反演得到的综合营养状态指数TLI分别为42.75和42.13,两者差别较小,但经过与实测数据的相关性分析可得,GF-6和Landsat-8的Person系数分别为0.988和0.965,表明GF-6反演的数据与实测值相关性更强,更加准确可靠。研究结论可为水质监测中如何选用遥感影像数据提供参考。     

Distribution and ecological effect of mercury in Laogang landfill, Shanghai, China

Laogang landfill near Shanghai is the largest landfill in China, and receives about 10000 t of daily garbage per day, Samples of topsoil and plants were analyzed to evaluate mercury pollution from the landfill. For topsoil samples, there were significant correlations among total mercury （HgT）, combinative mercury （Hgc） and gaseous mercury （HgG）, and content of total organic carbon （TOC）, but, no significantly relationship was found between Hg content and filling time. Hg content changes in vertical profiles with time showed that the average Hgv of profiles 1992, 1996, and 2000 was similar, but their average HgG was quite different. HgT was significantly correlated with Hgc in profile 1992 and 2000, and Hgv was significantly correlated with Hg6 in profile 1996. HgG/Hgv ratio in profile samples decreased in the order of （HgG,/HgT）1992〉（HgG/HgT）1996〉〉（HgG/HgT）2000. A simple outline of Hg release in landfill could be drawn： with increasing of filling time, degradation undergoes different biodegradation, accordingly, gaseous mercury goes through small, more, and small proportion to total mercury. Distribution of Hg in plants was inhomogeneous, following the order of leaf〉root〉stem. The highest value of leaf may be associated with higher atmospheric Hg from landfill. Ligneous plants （e.g. Phyllostachys glanca, Prunus salicina and Ligustrum lucidum） are capable of enriching more Hg than herbaceous plants.     

EDTA-enhanced phytoremediation of lead contaminated soil by Bidens maximowicziana

Phytoremediation is a potential cleanup technology for the removal of heavy metals from contaminated soils.Bidens maximowicziana is a new Pb hyperaccumulator,which not only has remarkable tolerance to Pb but also extraordinary accumulation capacity for Pb.The maximum Pb concentration was 1509.3 mg/kg in roots and 2164.7 mg/kg in overground tissues.The Pb distribution order in the B. maximowicziana was:leaf>stem>root.The effect of amendments on phytoremediation was also studied.The mobility of soil Pb and the Pb concentrations in plants were both increased by EDTA application.Compared with CK(control check),EDTA application promoted translocation of Pb to overground parts of the plant.The Pb concentrations in overground parts of plants was increased from 24.23-680.56 mg/kg to 29.07-1905.57 mg/kg.This research demonstrated that B.maximowicziana appeared to be suitable for phytoremediation of Pb contaminated soil,especially,combination with EDTA.     

Decomposition of alachlor by ozonation and its mechanism

Decomposition and corresponding mechanism of alachlor, an endocrine disruptor in water by ozonation were investigated. Results showed that alachlor could not be completely mineralized by ozone alone. Many intermediates and final products were formed during the process, including aromatic compounds, aliphatic carboxylic acids, and inorganic ions. In evoluting these products, some of them with weak polarity were qualitatively identified by GC-MS. The information of inorganic ions suggested that the dechlorination was the first and the fastest step in the ozonation of alachlor.     

Enzymatic oxidation of aqueous pentachlorophenol

The influence of the nonionic surfactant Tween 80 on pentachlorophenol （PCP） oxidation catalyzed by horseradish peroxidase was studied. The surfactant was tested at concentrations below and above its critical micelle concentration （CMC）. Enhancement of PCP removal was observed at sub-CMCs. The presence of Tween 80 in the reaction mixture reduced enzyme inactivation which occurred through a combination of free radical attack and sorption by precipitated products. A simple first-order model was able to simulate time profiles for enzyme inactivation in the presence or absence of Tween 80. At supra-CMCs, the surfactant caused noticeable reductions in PCP removal, presumably through micelle partitioning of PCP which precluded the hydrophobic PCP molecule from interacting with the enzyme.     

基于综合水质标识指数和对应分析法的校园河道水质评价

以三峡大学的校园河道求索溪为研究对象,利用综合水质标识指数法确定求索溪水质类别,分析其水质时空变化规律,并利用对应分析法得出求索溪中不同监测点的主要污染因子.研究结果表明:求索溪整体的综合水质标识指数为7.423,整体水质为劣V类(地表水环境质量标准GB 3838-2002)且黑臭.从时间变化来看,求索溪4月份的水质最差,5月份次之,4、5月份所有监测点的水质都劣于V类且黑臭;8月份水质最好,水质为Ⅳ类;从空间分布来看,8个监测点综合水质标识指数均超过6.0,水质为劣V类,其中6号监测点的水质相对最好,监测点3号的水质相对最差;对应分析法得出求索溪的整体水体污染程度受总氮因子的影响最大,其次为总磷.该研究拟为求索溪及类似校园河道的水环境治理研究提供基础依据和参考.     

Effects of chitosan on growth of an aquatic plant (Hydrilla verticillata) in polluted waters with different chemical oxygen demands

Effects of chitosan on a submersed plant, Hydrilla verticillata, were investigated. Results indicated that H. venicillata could prevent ultrastructure phytotoxicities and oxidativereaction from polluted water with high chemical oxygen demand (COD). Superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity and malondialdehyde (MDA) contents in H. verticillata treated with 0.1% chitosan in wastewater increased with high COD (980 mg/L) and decreased with low COD (63 mg/L), respectively. Ultrastructural analysis showed that the stroma and grana of chloroplast basically remained normal. However, plant cells from the control experiment (untreated with chitosan) were vacuolated and the cell interval increased. The relict of protoplast moved to the center, with cells tending to disjoint. Our findings indicate that wastewater with high COD concentration can cause a substantial damage to submersed plant, nevertheless, chitosan probably could alleviate the membrane lipid peroxidization and ultrastructure phytotoxicities, and protect plant cells from stress of high COD concentration polluted water.     

Removal of cadmium using MnO2 loaded D301 resin

MnO2 loaded weak basic anion exchange resin D301 （Anion exchange resin, macroreticular weak basic styrene） as adsorbent has been prepared and applied to the removal of cadmium. The adsorption characteristics have been investigated with respect to effect of pH, equilibrium isotherms, removal kinetic data, and interference of the coexisting ions. The results indicated that the Cd^2＋ could be efficiently removed using MnO2 loaded D301 resin in the pH range of 3-8 from aqueous solutions with the co-existence of high concentration of alkali and alkaline-earth metals ions. The saturate adsorption capacity of the Cd^2＋ was 77.88 mg/g. The adsorption process followed the pseudo first-order kinetics. The equilibrium data obtained in this study accorded excellently with the Langmuir adsorption isotherm.     

Effect of coagulation pretreatment on the fouling of ultrafiltration membrane

The purpose of this study is to understand the effect and mechanism of preventing membrane fouling, by coagulation pretreatment, in terms of fractional component and molecular weight of natural organic matter （NOM）. A relatively higher molecular weight （MW） of hydrophobic compounds was responsible for a rapid decline in the ultrafiltration flux. Coagulation could effectively remove the hydrophobic organics, resulting in the increase of flux. It was found that a lower MW of neutral hydrophilic compounds, which could remove inadequately by coagulation, was responsible for the slow declining flux. The fluxes in the filtration of coagulated water and supernatant water were compared and the results showed that a lower MW of neutral hydrophilic compounds remained in the supernatant water after coagulation could be rejected by a membrane, resulting in fouling. It was also found that the coagulated flocs could absorb neutral hydrophilic compounds effectively. Therefore, with the coagulated flocs formed on the membrane surface, the flux decline could be improved.     

Penetration analysis of elements and bioleaching treatment of spent refractory for recycling

Acidithiobacillus ferrooxidans ATCC23270 and Acidithiobacillus thiooxidans TM-32 were used for bioleaching of spent refractories of aluminium and copper melting furnaces for their recycling.Firstly,penetration of elements into aluminium melting furnace refractory was investigated and it was found that up to 7 cm from surface was contaminated.Comparison on leaching efficiency by the strains ATCC23270 and TM-32 found that the strain ATCC23270 could treat larger amount of the refractories than the strain TM-32 could do.In the experiment of bioleaching of spent refractory aluminium melting furnace by the strain ATCC23270,high leaching efficiency were obtained on Al,Si,and Ca,and extremely low leaching performance was,however,shown on the rest of elements i.e.,Na,Mn,and Zn.Under the strain TM-32 use,relatively high leaching performance was recognized on Al,Si,Ca,Na,Mn,and Zn.In the experiment of bioleaching for spent refractory copper melting furnace,almost the same leaching trends were shown on Cu,Zn,Al,and Si under the strains ACTT23270 and TM-32 uses.     

Simultaneous removal of ammonium and phosphate by zeolite synthesized from coal fly ash as influenced by acid treatment

Zeolite synthesized from fly ash （ZFA） without modification is not efficient for the purification of NH4＋ and phosphate at low concentrations that occur in real effluents, despite the high potential removal capacity. To develop an effective technique to enhance the removal efficiency of ammonium and phosphate at low concentrations, ZFA was modified with acid treatment and the simultaneous removal of ammonium and phosphate in a wide range of concentration was investigated. It was seen that when compared with untreated ZFA, only the treatment by 0.01 mol/L of H2SO4 significantly improved the removal efficiency of ammonium at low initial concentrations. The behavior was well explained by the pH effect. Treatment by more concentrated H2SO4 led to the deterioration of the ZFA structure and a decrease in the cation exchange capacity. Treatment by 0.01 mol/L H2SO4 improved the removal efficiency of phosphate by ZFA at all initial P concentrations, while the treatment by concentrated H2SO4 （≥0.9 mol/L） resulted in a limited maximum phosphate immobilization capacity （PIC）. It was concluded that through a previous mild acid treatment （e.g. 0.01 mol/L of H2SO4）, ZFA can be used in the simultaneous removal of NH4＋ and P at low concentrations simulating real effluent.