高通量中子发生器排放气体中氚的去除研究 Ⅰ.催化剂活性测定

中子发生器运行过程中,由于在氚钛靶片上发生氘氚置换及靶片升温等原因,氚钛靶上的一部分氚将脱离靶而随离子源的氚气及真空系统洩漏的空气等一起被排放出来,对工作环境造成危害。     

氚水在模拟水稻田中的消长动力学(续)

对进入水稻田中的氚水在连作晚稻阶段的迁移，输运动态过程的研究表明，滞留于早稻田中的氚水继续为晚稻摄取；与早稻情况一样，氚水中的氚仍以自由水氚和结合氚形式滞留在晚稻田各分室中，晚稻田水中和土肿的氚浓度均随时间单调地减少；晚稻地上部及根中的自由水氚及结合态氚浓度在采样期间也基本上随时间降低。     

高通量中子发生器排放气体中氚去除研究 Ⅱ.回收率与干燥剂性能间的关系

净化含氚气体大多是采用氧化-吸收法。在一定的温度下,催化剂使氚气快速氧化成氚水,然后用干燥剂吸收。净化效率不仅取决于催化-氧化效率,而且取决于干燥剂吸收氚水的能力。 我们分别对A_(12),A_(10),A_7,A_(13),A_(14),A_9,A_(16),A_(17)等干燥剂的性能进行了研究,比较了部分试剂的干燥能力、吸收容量、机械强度及不同温度下的解吸能力,为除氚工艺及共装置的设计提供了参数。     

天然水中的氚及其测定技术简介

氚是氢的一种放射性同位素,它不仅是重要的热核燃料;而且也是用途广泛的同位素示踪剂。天然氚是大气上层宇宙射线高能粒子与氧、氮作用生成的。氚原子通过光化学反应或交换反应变成氚标记水分子,与雨水一起降落到陆地、海洋。由于水的循环和转移,地表水、地下水及海水中都含有一定量的氚。热核试验以前,天然水中氚的浓度一般是很低的,通     

氚水在模拟海水生态系统中的积累、迁移和消长

运用同位素示踪技术研究了氚水在模拟海水生态系统中的积累、迁移等特性。试验期间，海水中氚的含量随时间逐渐减少。底质对吸湿性水氚的积累呈递增趋势，而对结晶水氚没有明显的积累。自由水氚是氚水在缢蛏和中华乌塘鳢体内的主要存在形式，结合态氚在这两种海洋生物中的含量均很低。缢蛏和中华乌塘鳢对氚水的富集系数均小于1，说明它们对氚水都没有明显的富集效应。     

全球大气降水年均氚浓度恢复模型(1960-2014年)

运用环境同位素氚（³H）建立模型来定量研究地下水运动规律已被广泛应用于水文地质和环境监测领域,大气降水氚浓度是这类模型中必须的输入值.目前已建立的全球大气降水氚浓度模型（MGMTP）为这一领域的研究提供了一种恢复全球范围内年平均氚浓度的新方法,但该氚浓度模型后期恢复数据出现异常负值及面临适用年限等问题.因此,本文选用国际原子能机构和世界气象组织提供的1960—2014年全球氚浓度值实测资料,基于因子分析法拓展了MGMTP模型的适用年份,并对不同的数据预处理及分析方法进行了对比,同时对MGMTP模型提及的"异常负值"问题进行了进一步明确与改进.最后把模型应用于南北半球的典型站点,将恢复得到的数据与实测数据进行对比,发现拓展后的MGMTP模型结果能较好地拟合实测数据.研究表明,该模型具有简单易用、时间序列长、全球性适用等优点,尤其对缺少大气降水氚浓度实测数据的地区具有重要参考价值.     

氚实验室的污染水平调查

调查了氚水开放性操作场所和氚标记化合物通氚实验时,周围环境空气中氚浓度的变化以及对操作人员尿氚和呼出气氚的影响。说明这些操作对周围环境空气的氚贡献是明显的,同时说明有效的防护措施可以大大减少氚的扩散,从而降低环境空气的氚浓度,并减少操作人员的氚摄入。     

一种高效的硅胶中氚化水自动化解析技术

文章介绍采用温度自动控制的铸铝加热方式提取硅胶中氚化水的一种高效节能解析技术,并通过实验验证表明,该解析技术对硅胶吸附氚化水样品的最佳解析时间为15 min,此时100 g饱和硅胶样品至少能解析水7～10 mL用于液闪测量,对硅胶中氚化水的平均回收率优于99%,氚记忆效应小于万分之二。该技术与GB12375-90标准提出的氚蒸馏技术相比,具有能同时处理多个样品,可提高硅胶氚吸附样品前处理制样效率、节约能源等特点。     

腐蚀环境下典型“钛‒铝”复合耳片腐蚀防护性能研究

目的 研究腐蚀环境下典型“钛–铝”复合耳片的腐蚀防护性能。方法 开展典型“钛–铝”双耳两层结构的加速腐蚀环境试验,共10个周期。采用扫描电镜(SEM)和能谱(EDS)分析结构的腐蚀形貌、腐蚀产物,研究“钛–铝”复合耳片结构的腐蚀防护性能。结果 在腐蚀环境下,“钛–铝”复合耳片结构中衬套周围异种金属连接部位的电偶腐蚀敏感性高,其他部位防护体系的耐蚀性较好。经过10个周期的加速试验,衬套周围铝合金结构发生较为严重的点蚀,各蚀坑扩展相连,形成较大蚀坑。在第10周期,典型“钛–铝”复合耳片铜衬套周围铝合金蚀坑处出现裂纹扩展,并发生腐蚀疲劳破坏。结论 增强典型“钛–铝”复合耳片结构的腐蚀防护措施,加强典型“钛–铝”复合耳片异种金属接触部位的日常维护,能有效提高结构的腐蚀防护能力。     

高通量中子发生器排放气体中氚去除研究 Ⅱ.回收率与干燥剂性能间的关系

净化含氚气体大多是采用氧化-吸收法。在一定的温度下,催化剂使氚气快速氧化成氚水,然后用干燥剂吸收。净化效率不仅取决于催化-氧化效率,而且取决于干燥剂吸收氚水的能力。 我们分别对A₁₂,A₁₀,A₇,A₁₃,A₁₄,A₉,A₁₆,A₁₇等干燥剂的性能进行了研究,比较了部分试剂的干燥能力、吸收容量、机械强度及不同温度下的解吸能力,为除氚     

Improvement of the activity and SO2 tolerance of Sb-modified Mn/PG catalysts for NH3-SCR at a low temperature

A series of MnM/palygorskite (PG) (M = La, W, Mo, Sb, Mg) catalysts was prepared by the wetness co-impregnation method for low-temperature selective catalytic reduction (SCR) of NO with NH₃. Conversion efficiency followed the order Sb > Mo > La > W > Mg. A combination of various physico-chemical techniques was used to investigate the influence of Sb-modified Mn/PG catalysts. MnSb_0.156/PG catalyst showed highest NO conversion at low temperatures in the presence of SO₂ which reveals that addition of Sb oxides effectively enhances the SCR activity of catalysts. A SO₂ step-wise study showed that MnSb_0.156/PG catalyst displays higher durable resistance to SO₂ than Mn/PG catalyst, where the sulfating of active phase is greatly inhibited after Sb doping. Scanning electron microscopy and X-ray diffraction results showed that Sb loading enhances the dispersion of Mn oxides on the carrier surface. According to the results of characterization analyses, it is suggested that the main reason for the deactivation of Mn/PG is the formation of manganese sulfates which cause the permanent deactivation of Mn-based catalysts. For Sb-doped Mn/PG catalyst, SO_x ad-species formed were mainly combined with SbO_x rather than MnO_x. This preferential interaction between SbO_x and SO₂ effectively shields the MnO_x as active species from being sulfated by SO₂ resulting in the improvement of SO₂ tolerance on Sb-added catalyst. Multiple information support that, owing to the addition of Sb, original formed MnO_x crystallite has been completely transformed into highly dispersed amorphous phase accounting for higher SCR activity.     

Synthesis and kinetics investigation of meso-microporous Cu-SAPO-34 catalysts for the selective catalytic reduction of NO with ammonia

A series of meso-microporous Cu-SAPO-34 catalysts were successfully synthesized by a one-pot hydrothermal crystallization method, and these catalysts exhibited excellent NH_3-SCR performance at low temperature. Their structure and physic chemical properties were characterized by means of X-ray diffraction patterns(XRD), Scanning electron microscopy(SEM), Transmission electron microscopy(TEM), N_2 sorption-desorption, nuclear magnetic resonance(NMR), Inductively Coupled Plasma-Atomic Emission spectrometer(ICP-AES), X-ray absorption spectroscopy(XPS),Temperature-programmed desorption of ammonia(NH_3-TPD), Ultraviolet visible diffuse reflectance spectroscopy(UV-Vis DRS) and Temperature programmed reduction(TPR).The analysis results indicate that the high activities of Cu-SAPO-34 catalysts could be attributed to the enhancement of redox property, the formation of mesopores and the more acid sites. Furthermore, the kinetic results verify that the formation of mesopores remarkably reduces diffusion resistance and then improves the accessibility of reactants to catalytically active sites. The 1.0-Cu-SAPO-34 catalyst exhibited the high NO conversion( 90%) among the wide activity temperature window in the range of 150–425℃.     

Ni(NH3)62+ more efficient than Ni(H2O)62+ and Ni(OH)2 for catalyzing water and phenol oxidation on illuminated Bi2MoO6 with visible light

Nickel (hydr)oxide (NiOH) is known to be good co-catalyst for the photoelectrochemical oxidation of water, and for the photocatalytic oxidation of organics on different semiconductors. Herein we report a greatly improved activity of Bi₂MoO₆ (BMO) by nickel hexammine perchlorate (NiNH). Under visible light, phenol oxidation on BMO was slow. After NiNH, NiOH, and Ni²⁺ loading, a maximum rate of phenol oxidation increased by factors of approximately 16, 8.8, and 4.7, respectively. With a BMO electrode, all catalysts inhibited O₂ reduction, enhanced water (photo-)oxidation, and facilitated the charge transfer at solid-liquid interface, respectively, the degree of which was always NiNH > NiOH > Ni²⁺. Solid emission spectra indicated that all catalysts improved the charge separation of BMO, the degree of which also varied as NiNH > NiOH > Ni²⁺. Furthermore, after a phenol-free aqueous suspension of NiNH/BMO was irradiated, there was a considerable Ni(III) species, but a negligible NH₂ radical. Accordingly, a plausible mechanism is proposed, involving the hole oxidation of Ni(II) into Ni(IV), which is reactive to phenol oxidation, and hence promotes O₂ reduction. Because NH₃ is a stronger ligand than H₂O, the Ni(II) oxidation is easier for Ni(NH₃)⁶⁺ than for Ni(H₂O)⁶⁺. This work shows a simple route how to improve BMO photocatalysis through a co-catalyst.     

Ultrasound-assistant preparation of Cu-SAPO-34 nanocatalyst for selective catalytic reduction of NO by NH3

The influence of the various preparation methods of Cu-SAPO-34 nanocatalysts on the selective catalytic reduction of NO with NH₃ under excess oxygen was studied. Cu-SAPO-34 nanocatalysts were prepared by using four techniques: conventional impregnation (IM), ultrasound-enhanced impregnation (UIM), conventional deposition precipitation (DP) using NaOH and homogeneous deposition precipitation (HDP) using urea. These catalysts were characterized in detail by various techniques such as N₂-sorption, XRD, TEM, H₂-TPR, NH₃-TPD and XPS to understand the catalyst structure, the nature and the dispersed state of the copper species, and the acid sites for NH₃ adsorption. All of the nanocatalysts showed high activities for NO removal. However, the activities were different and followed the sequence of Cu-SAPO-34 (UIM) > Cu-SAPO-34 (HDP) > Cu-SAPO-34 (IM) > Cu-SAPO-34 (DP). Based on the obtained results, it was concluded that the NO conversion on Cu-SAPO-34 nanocatalysts was mainly related to the high reducibility of the isolated Cu^2 + ions and CuO species, the number of the acid sites and the dispersion of CuO species on SAPO-34.     

Seasonal variations in the concentration and removal of nonylphenol ethoxylates from the wastewater of a sewage treatment plant

In this study, we investigated the occurrence and fate of nonylphenol (NP), nonylphenol monoethoxylate (NP1EO) and nonylphenol diethoxylate (NP2EO) in a full scale sewage treatment plant, which applied an Anaerobic/Oxic process. Concentrations of NP, NP1EO and NP2EO in the wastewater were measured during the period spanning a whole year. The results showed remarkable seasonal variation in the concentrations of the compounds. The NPnEO compounds were most abundant in winter, with the total concentrations of influent NP, NP1EO and NP2EO ranging from 3900 to 7000 ng/L, 4000 to 4800 ng/L and 5200 to 7200 ng/L, respectively. Regarding the total removal efficiencies of the three types of short-chain NPnEO compounds, different trends were exhibited according to different seasons. The average removal efficiency of NP for the different seasons ranked as follows: winter > summer > autumn > spring; NP2EO concentrations decreased as follows: summer > autumn > winter > spring, while NP1EO concentrations reduced according to: spring > summer > autumn > winter. We also investigated the contribution ratio of individual treatment units in the A/O process, with the findings suggesting that the anaerobic treatment unit plays an important role in the elimination of short-chain NPnEOs from the wastewater.     

含金属元素化合物和压力对工业污泥燃烧特性的影响

为了更好地利用工业污泥,有必要对它的燃烧特性进行研究,因而利用热重法研究了由3种典型的工业污泥按质量比1∶1∶1混合后的多组分试样在掺混含不同金属元素混合物、不同升温速率以及加压下的燃烧特性.实验结果表明,含金属元素化合物对污泥的燃烧能起到一定的催化作用,有助于改善工业污泥的着火性能,提高工业污泥的燃烧放热量和燃尽水平.含不同金属元素化合物对于污泥燃烧的催化机制和作用有所差异.实验中各种含金属元素化合物促进污泥燃烧过程的作用次序由大到小依次为:K2CO3、NaCl、Al2O3.随着压力的增大,污泥试样燃烧反应区间向低温区移动,各特征温度均呈下降趋势,综合燃烧特性指数有所提高;而随着升温速率的增大,污泥试样燃烧反应区间向高温区移动,各特征温度均有所增大,但综合燃烧特性愈好,对污泥燃烧越有利.     

重金属对土壤—植物系统中氮的转化与NO3-淋失影响的研究

本项研究采用“微宇宙”方法,在实验室植物生长箱可控条件下,进行动态模拟实验。实验选择了七种重金属,按照土壤阳离子代换量计算出三种不同等级的土壤重金属剂量,研究它们对京津渤地区典型土壤(碳酸盐草甸土)中氮的转化与NO_3~-淋失影响。实验结果表明:七种重金属对该类土壤中氮的转化与NO_3~-淋失量有明显影响,但其表现的程度和特征有很大差异。其作用强度的次序为:Hg~(2 )>>Cd~(2 )>>Ni~(2 )>>Zn~(2 )>Pb~(2 )>Cu~(2 )>Cr~(3 )。各重金属作用的持续时间不同:Hg~(2 )、Cd~(2 )达7—11周以上,而其余重金属在4—7周。实验结论:本地区碳酸盐土壤虽然对重金属有较大的容量,但从土壤—植物系统污染生态学角度,仍可选择NO_3~-作为一项反映重金属对土壤生态毒性的早期诊断指标。     

New contributions to the study of common double mutants in the human <Emphasis Type="Italic">LDL</Emphasis> receptor gene

Variations in the gene encoding the low-density lipoprotein receptor (LDLR) can cause familial hypercholesterolemia (FH), one of the most common inherited metabolic disorders in humans. The functional effects of the p.Gln92Glu and p.Asn564His alterations are predicted as benign, but the c.313 + 1G>C and p.Lys799_Phe801del changes are believed to cause disease. Although p.Gln92Glu and c.313 + 1G>C have been observed only in Spain, p.Asn564His and p.Lys799_Phe801del are widespread in Western Europe. In order to estimate the ages (t generations) of these four variants of the gene, to determine their possible origin and to consider the influence of age and selective pressure on their spread, we analyzed 86 healthy individuals and 126 FH patients in Spain. Most of the FH patients investigated carried two of these four LDLR variants simultaneously, while only one patient carried three of them simultaneously. Haplotype analyses were based on five LDLR SNPs: c.81T>C, c.1413G>A, c.1725C>T, c.1959T>C and c.2232G>A. The results suggest that p.Gln92Glu and c.313 + 1G>C arose at about the same time (99 and 103 generations ago, respectively) in the CACTG haplotype and that p.Asn564His and p.Lys799_Phe801del appeared in the CGCCG haplotype and might be slightly more recent variations (92 and 95 generations ago, respectively). Low selective pressures could explain the maintenance of these variants in spite of their ages. The origin of p.Gln92Glu and c.313 + 1G>C appears to be in Spain whereas p.Asn564His and p.Lys799_Phe801del could have been introduced in Spain by Celtic migrations in the seventh to fifth centuries BC.