近20年来青藏高原盐湖沉积与环境演化研究综述

综合分析了最近20年来青藏高原盐湖沉积与环境演化研究的主要成果,着重对青藏高原高盐湖沉积的年代学研究、盐湖环境演化的气候环境代用指标研究、盐湖沉积反映的环境演化过程研究、现代盐湖动态演化过程研究等方面进行分析。进一步探讨今后青藏高原盐湖沉积与环境演化研究的主要内容,包括更为精准的测年方法及盐湖沉积高分辨率年代序列的建立、古气候环境代用指标的综合运用与新指标探究、代用指标与气候要素关系的定量研究、盐湖沉积与环境演化的区域对比及驱动机制研究、青藏高原盐湖信息数据库平台与全球变化研究。     

人类活动对黄土高原生态环境及现代气候变化的影响

本文简要阐明人类活动对黄土高原生态环境和现代气候变化的影响。重点分析了黄土高原69个气象台站40年来(1951-1969年)气温、降水变化趋势。结果表明:黄土高原的平均气温从50年代以来不断升高,降水持续减少。升温幅度较大的地区多在干旱区的新兴大、中工业城市。并找出了人口增减对气温影响的关系。     

中国履行斯德哥尔摩公约淘汰硫丹的社会经济影响

通过构建化学品风险管理SEA(社会经济影响分析)方法学,结合中国硫丹生产、使用及替代技术状况的调研,对中国履约淘汰硫丹的社会经济影响进行了分析. 结果表明:中国5 a淘汰情景下的总成本为5 007.2×104元,其中产业经济成本为4 852.2×104元,管理成本为155.0×104元,沉没成本约为651.0×104元;10 a淘汰情景下的总成本为2 748.5×104元,其中产业经济成本为2 507.6×104元,管理成本为240.9×104元,而沉没成本约为651.0×104元. 硫丹淘汰对现有硫丹原药生产企业会产生一定的经济及化工生产链影响,但总体经济影响不大. 对履约淘汰硫丹的主要利益攸关方、就业影响和消费者福利等因素的分析表明,除对硫丹长期集中使用的棉花种植者构成一定的短期影响外,中国履约淘汰硫丹产生的社会影响较小. 其中,5 a淘汰情景比10 a淘汰情景可减少约2 000 t硫丹环境排放量,具有更显著的环境和健康效益. 因而,建议中国采用5 a淘汰情景履约淘汰硫丹,研究成果可为国家硫丹履约行动计划的制订和实施提供参考.      

中国泥炭地有机碳储量与储存特征分析

根据全国泥炭资源调查的结果, 运用有机质含量、干容重、泥炭储量、泥炭地面积等数据估算中国泥炭地有机碳储量,并探讨其碳储存特征.结果表明,我国泥炭地有机碳总储量约15.03亿t.在各省和各气候区分布不均匀,四川省(6.45亿t)和云南省(2.91亿t)泥炭地有机碳储量最丰富,占总储量的62.29%.各气候区中高原湿润区泥炭地有机碳储量最大(7.14亿t),特别是若尔盖高原泥炭地有机碳储量(6.30亿t)占总储量的41.92%.我国泥炭地有机碳密度一般在80~140kg/m3, 最大值为270~360kg/m3,最小值小于80kg/m3,其分布以燕山、太行山至横断山为界,西北部低,东南部高.泥炭地单位面积有机碳储量均值为143.97kg/m2,滇南高原最高,达到637.06kg/m2.区域平均泥炭地有机碳积累强度为208.23 t/km2,若尔盖高原最高达3972.71t/km2.     

Arsenic fractionation and contamination assessment in sediments of thirteen lakes from the East Plain and Yungui Plateau Ecoregions, China

Arsenic（As） fractions in the sediments of seven lakes from East Plain Ecoregion and six lakes from Yungui Plateau Ecoregion, China, were investigated. Results indicated that the total As concentrations in sediment samples of lakes of the East Plain Lake Ecoregion are higher than those of Yungui Plateau Lake Ecoregion. Residual As is the main fraction in sediment samples of lakes from both ecoregions, followed by reducible As and soluble or oxidizable As. The total As is correlated to oxidizable As and residual As in sediment samples from both lake ecoregions. As distribution in sediment samples of lakes of the East Plain Ecoregion appears to be affected by human activity, while the As origin mainly comes from natural sources in sediment samples of lakes in the Yungui Plateau Ecoregion. The potential ecological risk index and geoaccumulation index values suggest ＂low to moderate＂ risk degree and ＂unpolluted to moderately polluted＂ for As in the studied lake sediments.     

中国基于人粮关系的土地资源承载力研究:从分县到全国

论文以人粮关系为基础,构建了土地资源承载指数(LCCI)模型,从全国、分省、分县3个空间尺度定量评价了1949~2005年中国土地资源承载力演变的时空格局,并以2005年为代表年份,分类讨论了中国264个牧区(半牧区)县、663个城市地区和592个贫困县(区)的土地资源承载力。研究结果表明:①1949~2005年,中国土地资源承载力逐步增强,人粮关系趋于均衡;②1980~2005年,中国粮食盈余省份增多,人口超载省份减少,人粮关系趋于改善;③1980~2005年,中国粮食盈余县域在增加,人口超载县域在减少,人粮关系总体趋于平衡;中国分县土地资源承载力格局基本稳定,粮食主产区的空间集聚效应越来越明显,对区域乃至全国的人粮平衡作用日益突出;④草地畜牧业大大提高了中国牧区、半牧区的土地资源承载力,受人口集聚效应影响的城市地区以人口超载、粮食调入为主要特征,中国贫困地区2/3以上的县域仍处于人口超载或临界超载状态,人粮矛盾突出。     

滇池湖体及其主要入湖河流沉积物中重金属生态风险的时空分布特征评价

为了表征滇池流域20多年来的底泥重金属生态风险,用Hakanson潜在生态危害指数评价法和Muller地积累指数法对滇池湖体及其5条主要入湖河流的重金属污染进行时空特征评价。就空间分析,得出以下结论:(1)对于滇池湖体,两种评价方法结果一致,即草海污染程度大于外海,并且滇池湖体中污染程度最高的重金属为Cd;(2)对于滇池主要入湖河流,两种方法得到一致的污染程度排序:运粮河>新河>船房河>盘龙江>大清河;(3)关于入湖河流中污染程度最高的重金属,潜在生态危害指数法评价为:船房河、大清河、盘龙江是重金属Hg风险最高,而运粮河和新河是重金属Cd的风险最高。而通过地累积指数评价法得到,5条河流均是重金属Cd的污染程度最高。评价结果的差异,主要是由于潜在生态危害指数法较之地累积指数法还另外考虑了污染因子的毒性特征而产生的。就时间变化分析,以1989年和2005年为例,除了重金属Cr有上升趋势,其余金属总体上呈现随时间下降的趋势,说明滇池流域20多年来的污染治理工作取得了一定的成效。     

青藏高原粮食生产、消费及安全风险格局变化

青藏高原是中国粮食短缺地区之一,提高其粮食自给能力和确保粮食安全一直受到中央和地方政府的高度重视。在修订牧业区和半农半牧地区人均粮食消费需求量标准的基础上,利用1985-2015年青藏高原县级行政单元粮食产量和消费数据,采用波动系数法、分级法、重心模型以及粮食短缺指数模型,分析青藏高原粮食生产和消费的时空变化特征,并评估114个县市的粮食安全风险状况。结果表明：青藏高原粮食生产与消费空间分布不均衡,粮食生产呈环形分布在青藏高原东部湟黄谷地、藏东和藏南沿江河谷地带,中部和西部粮食产量较低,粮食消费呈东高西低格局;本地粮食生产不能满足居民消费需求,区域粮食缺口量达21.04万~121.69万t,相当于粮食消费需求的8.22%~40.11%,考虑旅游人口的影响,2015年区域粮食缺口达132.92万t;青藏高原粮食安全风险较高的地区广泛分布在藏北高原、青南高原、祁连山地以及城市化水平较高的拉萨市辖区和西宁市辖区,旅游业发展对林芝市的粮食安全风险影响显著;单纯依靠粮食增产不能解决区域粮食问题,建立完善的粮食储备和交通物流体系、加强与内地及周边国家的粮食贸易合作,是保障青藏高原粮食安全的关键。     

20 a来中国占补耕地光温生产潜力时空特征

研究占补耕地光温生产潜力的时空特征对指导耕地资源开发与粮食生产具有重要意义。论文基于1980年代末-2010年的多期土地利用和多年平均光温生产潜力,以占用耕地与增补耕地单位面积光温生产潜力为依据,分析20 a来中国占补耕地光温生产潜力时空特征,并进一步探讨其对光温生产潜力总量的影响。结果表明:①1980年代末-2010年,全国耕地存在明显的占优补劣情况;②从各分区看,东北平原主产区、北方干旱半干旱主产区、青藏高原区、华南主产区、云贵高原区占用耕地单位面积光温生产潜力持续高于增补耕地,长江中下游主产区占用耕地单位面积光温生产潜力持续低于增补耕地,四川盆地及周边地区、黄土高原区、海南由占优补劣变为占劣补优,黄淮海平原区由占劣补优变为占优补劣;③占优补劣对全国光温生产潜力总量变化有显著影响;④东北平原主产区等我国耕地开垦的主要区域受占优补劣的影响较大,华南主产区等耕地损失区受占优补劣的影响相对较小,占劣补优对缩小耕地占用对光温生产潜力总量影响的作用并不大。     

Extinction and re-evolution of similar adaptive types (ecomorphs) in Cenozoic North American ungulates and carnivores reflect van der Hammen's cycles

Numerous patterns in periodicity (e.g., climate, extinction, and sedimentary cycles) and evolutionary change (e.g., chronofaunas and coordinated stasis) have been described based on aspects of the geologic record. Recently, convergent occurrences of faunal types or "repeating faunas" have received attention, but a highly specific, iterative pattern was first reported over 40 years ago. In the late 1950s, van der Hammen described climatic/floral cycles on the order of six million years based on a succession of A, B, and C pollen community types in South America. These A-B-C cycles are also seen in the replacement pattern of particular carnivore and ungulate adaptive types in Cenozoic North America as reported by Martin in the 1980s. For example, in the last 36 million years, there were four iterations of a sabertooth cat ecomorph independently evolving, dominating the niche through an A-B-C cycle, and then going extinct. Here we show further support for the existence of these cycles in the dominance turnover in hippo and dog ecomorphs in the North American Cenozoic. Shared patterns of extinction and re-evolution of adaptive types among plants and mammals across two continents suggest a global mechanism, which appears to be climatic change. Iterative climatic cycles of various scales may form a predictive framework for understanding fundamental patterns in the geologic record, such as radiations, extinction, rates of change, convergence, and sedimentary cycles.     

贵州威宁麻窝山地区近五万年来土壤侵蚀速率研究

摘要定量研究喀斯特地区土壤侵蚀速率对了解石漠化过程具有重要意义.本文以重度石漠化贵州威宁麻窝山地区岩溶洼地堆积土壤为研究对象,采用了钻探取样、土壤有机质14C测年方法、137Cs含量测定并结合历史文献,定量研究了麻窝山地区近5万年来的土壤侵蚀速率变化.结果表明,距今4.69～3.08万年(Bp)间的侵蚀模数与距今3.0...     

Toxic marine diatoms of Hong Kong:A paleoecological study

To determine whether toxic diatoms in Hong Kong's Victoria Harbour have become more common during the last four decades,a gravity core was taken from the anaerobic sediments of Kowloon Bay in the harbour. Analysis of these sediments from a depth of 0-1cm,4-5cm and 9-10cm indicated that 6.4%,2.4% and 1.5% of the diatoms observed at each of these three respective depths belonged to the genus Pseudonitzschia. The abundance of Pseudonitzschia frustules in the surface sediments of Victoria Harbour was significantly higher(p<0.05)than it was in the harbour's deeper and older(ca.1965)sediments. The increase in potentially toxic diatom species over the last 30 years was attributed to a variety of factors including the addition of large amounts of nutrients to Hong Kong's coastal waters as a re- sult of man's activities.     

Atmospheric pollution in Beijing, China, as recorded in sediments of the Kunming Lake

The fluxes of heavy metals and magnetite, a fly-ash component, from coal burning, to sediments of the Kunming Lake in Beijing have increased measurably over the last fifty years. Ages were introduced to the sediment strata through Pb-210 geochronologies. Even with a doubling of coal usage by the year 2000, the anthropogenic metal fluxes will still be less than those recorded in metropolitan Tokyo and U.S. lakes.     

黄河源区鄂陵湖中多环芳烃的百年沉积记录

为研究黄河源区多环芳烃（PAHs）的污染历史,于2016年7月在鄂陵湖中采集了沉积物柱芯,采用²¹⁰Pb定年,利用气相色谱串联三重四级杆质谱仪（GC-MS/MS）分析了16种PAHs,运用有序聚类分析对PAHs的垂向分布进行分带,并采取主成分分析及多元线性回归定量分析了PAHs的来源.结果表明,鄂陵湖沉积柱的沉积速率为0.176cm/a,慢于青藏高原多数湖泊.总PAHs的含量为11.3~54.7ng/g,平均值为29.2ng/g,与其他高原和偏远地区湖泊沉积物相比,处于较低水平,可被视为PAHs的全球沉积物背景值.PAHs的垂向变化分为1948年以前、1948~1976和1976~2016年3个时间段,5~6环PAHs在1948~2016年间呈上升趋势,与青海省人口及大型牲畜数量显著相关,反映了鄂陵湖地区近70a来的人类活动以农牧业为主.PAHs来源分为本地源（23%）以及长距离迁移与本地混合源（77%）.本地源的垂向变化与5~6环PAHs一致,代表了青藏高原地区以牛粪饼为主要燃料的生物质燃烧源.     

黄河流域氮磷营养盐动态特征及主要影响因素

收集了黄河流域下游主要干流监测站近40a来(氮数据)或20a(磷数据)来的水质数据,同时,收集了流域各省人口、氮肥磷肥施用量(折纯)及工业废水排放量等数据,研究了黄河氮磷营养盐通量(或浓度)的多年变化趋势,并统计了水质变化与流域人口、化肥用量和工业废水排放量等社会经济指标的关系.结果表明,黄河氮输送通量近40a来有不断升高的趋势,但1990s后期受黄河断流影响有明显下降;同时,由于下游引黄灌区大量取水使得花园口-利津之间的氮通量相对入海口的氮通量为负值.黄河总磷含量在一定范围内波动,没有呈现趋势性变化,受断流影响1990s后期总磷含量值也明显减小.进一步分析表明,黄河氮输送通量的变化主要受流域内人口、氮肥施用量的影响,而与工业废水排放量没有统计上的相关性;黄河总磷含量和流域人口、磷肥施用量和废水排放量均无相关性,而与黄河水体中悬浮物含量显著相关.回归分析结果表明,黄河水体悬浮物中的总磷含量为0.54g·kg-1,与黄土高原总磷背景值十分接近.由于黄河悬浮物主要来自黄土高原,故判断黄河总磷输送的主要影响因素是黄土高原的水土流失.查明黄河流域氮磷输送量多年变化情况和主要影响因素可为流域和海域污染控制及负荷分配提供依据.     

Faecal sterols as sewage markers in the Langat River, Malaysia: Integration of biomarker and multivariate statistical approaches

The Langat River in Malaysia has been experiencing anthropogenic input from urban, rural and industrial activities for many years. Sewage contamination, possibly originating from the greater than three million inhabitants of the Langat River Basin, were examined. Sediment samples from 22 stations (SL01-SL22) along the Langat River were collected, extracted and analysed by GC-MS. Six different sterols were identified and quantified. The highest sterol concentration was found at station SL02 (618.29 ng/g dry weight), which situated in the Balak River whereas the other sediment samples ranged between 11.60 and 446.52 ng/g dry weight. Sterol ratios were used to identify sources, occurrence and partitioning of faecal matter in sediments and majority of the ratios clearly demonstrated that sewage contamination was occurring at most stations in the Langat River. A multivariate statistical analysis was used in conjunction with a combination of biomarkers to better understand the data that clearly separated the compounds. Most sediments of the Langat River were found to contain low to mid-range sewage contamination with some containing `significant' levels of contamination. This is the first report on sewage pollution in the Langat River based on a combination of biomarker and multivariate statistical approaches that will establish a new standard for sewage detection using faecal sterols.     

Associated skeletons of a new middle Triassic "Rauisuchia" from Brazil

For more than 30 million years, in early Mesozoic Pangea, ??rauisuchian?? archosaurs were the apex predators in most terrestrial ecosystems, but their biology and evolutionary history remain poorly understood. We describe a new ??rauisuchian?? based on ten individuals found in a single locality from the Middle Triassic (Ladinian) Santa Maria Formation of southern Brazil. Nine articulated and associated skeletons were discovered, three of which have nearly complete skulls. Along with sedimentological and taphonomic data, this suggests that those highly successful predators exhibited some kind of intraspecific interaction. Other monotaxic assemblages of Triassic archosaurs are Late Triassic (Norian-Rhaetian) in age, approximately 10 million years younger than the material described here. Indeed, the studied assemblage may represent the earliest evidence of gregariousness among archosaurs, adding to our knowledge on the origin of a behavior pattern typical of extant taxa.     

武汉东湖沉积物氮磷形态垂向分布研究

以武汉东湖为研究对象,分析并比较了3个采样点柱状沉积物中各种形态氮、磷的垂向分布,并结合pH进行了研究.结果表明:东湖沉积物pH小于上覆水中pH并随沉积物深度增加呈下降趋势.总氮与总磷均为处于湖湾区的1号点最高,2号点湖心最低,3号点居中.氨氮和硝酸盐氮也表现为1号点远远大于2号点和3号点.随着近年治污力度的加大,1号点的氮磷水平呈下降趋势,但是3号点受面源污染影响,氮、磷水平上升很快,甚至在表层已经和1号点持平.磷虽然仍然是东湖最主要的限制性营养元素,但受硝化与反硝化作用及聚磷菌的影响,近20a来,东湖沉积物总氮含量下降很大,氮磷比仅为3左右.     

深圳湾沉积物中重金属污染累积过程

通过测定深圳湾沉积物柱样中重金属的含量,分析重金属浓度的剖面分布情况,并结合²¹⁰Pb的测年资料,高分辨率地研究重金属的污染历史,并分析其污染的累积过程结果表明:深圳湾沉积物中重金属的浓度相对较低,但Pb、Cu、Zn等已明显受到人类污染源的影响;近20年深圳经济的快速发展,以及20世纪60～70年代香港经济的崛起时期,对深圳湾沉积物重金属污染累积有显著的贡献.     

黄土沉积物中次生细粒强磁性矿物记录的古气候信息

伊犁地区位于我国新疆地区西北部,为天山山脉环绕。区内降水自西向东递增,而温 度则由于海拔高度的抬升而逐渐降低。上述地理环境有利于分析和探讨温度和降水与黄土沉积 物中次生细粒强磁性颗粒数量之间关系。本研究在伊犁河谷西部地区,对不同海拔高度黄土表 层沉积物进行样品采集。环境磁学分析结果显示：黄土沉积物中次生细粒强磁性矿物含量与降 水量之间存在很好的正相关关系,而与温度之间存在反相关关系。结合黄土高原的研究结果可 以发现：温度对黄土沉积物中次生细粒强磁性矿物的数量影响微弱,降水是控制其含量的主要 因素;即：在黄土古气候研究中,次生细粒强磁性矿物的磁化率可以作为古降水量的代用指标, 但对温度变化不敏感。