深圳市城区大气颗粒物及主要水溶性无机离子的污染特征

基于2015年深圳市大气颗粒物和主要水溶性无机离子的观测数据,深入分析了大气颗粒物的浓度变化及二次污染特征.结果表明2015年深圳的大气颗粒物（PM₁₀、PM_2.5、PM₁）浓度虽然低,但其中细粒子占比高,PM_2.5/PM₁₀的比值高达0.744,甚至大于广州典型灰霾过程中的粗细粒子比.大气颗粒物浓度季节变化明显,秋冬高,春夏低.其日变化特征明显受到交通高峰的影响,汽车尾气可能是污染来源之一.SO₄^2-、NO₃^-和NH₄⁺（SNA）质量浓度在PM_2.5中的占比超过1/3（37.7%）,且全年硫转化率都大于0.1,这说明深圳市细颗粒物主要来自于二次转化.深圳大气颗粒物浓度受气象要素影响显著,与气压正相关,与气温、相对湿度、降水及风速负相关;若将风速、气温、气压、相对湿度和降水作为一个整体考虑,这些气象要素对深圳大气颗粒物浓度的影响大小是PM₁ > PM₁₀ > PM_2.5.本工作不仅对深圳的大气环境管理和经济可持续发展有着重要参考价值,还对空气相对清洁地区的大气颗粒物和霾治理具有指导意义.     

西南涡对四川盆地PM2.5污染的影响研究

利用2015—2016年西南涡个例数据与同期的细颗粒物（PM_2.5）浓度数据进行时空匹配,对比分析西南涡过境前后四川盆地PM_2.5浓度变化,并结合温度、湿度、风等气象要素及逆温特征,深入研究西南涡对PM_2.5污染的影响机理.结果表明：①2015—2016年四川盆地共182个西南涡,其中,干涡72个（多集中在春季）,弱降水涡75个（多集中在春季和冬季）,强降水涡35个（多集中在夏季）.②总体而言,干涡过境使四川盆地PM_2.5浓度增加,降水涡使PM_2.5浓度减小,强降水涡的削减作用强于弱降水涡.全年来看,干涡过境使四川盆地PM_2.5浓度增加10.52%,强、弱降水涡过境分别使PM_2.5浓度减小29.72%、9.71%.③除降水外,3类西南涡对PM_2.5影响的主导气象要素和逆温条件为相对湿度、风速和逆温层底高.而主导季节差异的气象要素和逆温条件各异：干涡的主导因素是温度垂直变化和逆温强度,在温度随高度递减和逆温强度较小的春季和夏季,对PM_2.5浓度的增幅减小（甚至有削减作用）;弱降水涡的主导因素是湿度和风速、逆温强度和逆温层厚度,春季其过境时湿度和风速最小,逆温强度和逆温厚度仅次于冬季,甚至使PM_2.5浓度增加;强降水涡的主导因素是风速、湿度和逆温层底高,夏季其过境时风速和低层湿度最小,逆温层底高最低,对PM_2.5的削减作用远弱于其他季节.     

2014—2016年四川盆地重污染大气环流形势特征分析

利用2014—2016年四川盆地7个主要城市国家环境空气监测子站资料,结合2015—2016年MICAPS常规气象数据、NECP和ERA Interim再分析资料,统计分析四川盆地细颗粒物（PM_2.5）浓度时间分布特征及重污染期间的气象要素和环流背景.结果发现,2014—2016年四川盆地大气重污染主要发生在冬季,重污染日数分别为41、30和16 d,呈逐年降低的趋势.大气重污染期间,温度廓线出现多层逆温,逆温层大多出现在近地面925 hPa以下和700~600 hPa之间.四川盆地大气重污染主要对应两种环流形势,一种为500 hPa高空盛行西风气流,850 hPa高空等值线稀疏,另一种为四川盆地受到500 hPa高空槽后西北气流控制,地面为弱高压.以上两种环流形势下,四川盆地850 hPa高空附近气压梯度小,污染物不易扩散,导致重污染天气发生.本研究结论可为四川盆地大气重污染预报预警提供科学依据.     

燃煤电厂区域颗粒物及颗粒物汞分布特征研究

对东南沿海平原地区某燃煤电厂不同方位距离的9个采样点进行为期9个月的大气颗粒物采集,以PM_2.5、PM₁₀为对象,研究了颗粒物与颗粒物汞的时空分布,探讨了燃煤电厂排放对周边大气颗粒物与颗粒物汞分布的影响.结果表明：①本研究区PM_2.5平均浓度为78.10 μg·m^-3,其中颗粒物汞平均浓度为294.88 pg·m^-3;PM₁₀平均浓度为114.48 μg·m^-3,其中颗粒物汞平均浓度为363.41 pg·m^-3,均高于海内外众多城市.②冬季颗粒物、碳组分及颗粒物汞的浓度远高于春、夏、秋三季,冬季燃煤量大、逆温等气象因素及远距离污染物传输均造成当地冬季颗粒物累积.③大气颗粒物汞浓度随距电厂距离的增加先增加后降低,最大浓度范围为电厂W-NW方向1.3~2.5 km处.④各采样点均受到多种污染源共同影响,以燃煤尘为主,餐饮油烟、机动车尾气、生物质燃烧和扬尘次之,燃煤电厂对周边区域环境大气可吸入颗粒物主要影响区域为W-NW方向1.3~2.5 km.     

两湖盆地冬季区域大气颗粒物污染特征及独特的风场和下垫面影响

为认识近年来长江流域中游两湖（湖南-湖北）盆地大气环境变化特征,本文利用两湖盆地2015~2019年冬季近地面PM_2.5和PM₁₀观测数据,结合风速、地形和植被指数等资料,探讨两湖盆地冬季大气颗粒物PM_2.5和PM₁₀的变化特征及其与风速、地形和下垫面的关联.结果表明：①两湖盆地2015~2019年冬季PM_2.5污染频发,其中两湖盆地西北部的襄阳和荆门的冬季平均分别多达62 d和61 d出现PM_2.5污染（PM_2.5>75 μg·m^-3）,襄阳重污染（PM_2.5>150 μg·m^-3）多达19 d,表明两湖盆地是长江流域中游地区一个区域性PM_2.5污染中心.②在空间上,两湖盆地污染呈现出西北重东南轻、城市群污染较重的特征,这主要与冬季风驱动的大气污染物的区域传输和两湖盆地城市地区的强排放有关.③近地面风速与PM_2.5和PM₁₀地面浓度变化呈现特殊的"U"型非线性关系,PM_2.5和PM₁₀浓度拐点值分别为153 μg·m^-3和210 μg·m^-3,揭示了两湖盆地局地大气颗粒物累积主导了轻/中度污染,大气污染物区域传输决定了重度污染的独特区域特征.④两湖盆地冬季PM_2.5和PM₁₀地面浓度与地形高度和植被指数均呈显著负相关,反映了两湖盆地地形和城市化下垫面变化的大气环境效应.     

基于无人机垂直观测塔克拉玛干沙漠一次沙尘污染过程研究

利用多旋翼无人机于2021年7月30—31日对塔克拉玛干沙漠的塔中（飞行高度0~2000 m）、民丰地区（飞行高度0~1000 m）不同粒径 颗粒物浓度、气温、相对湿度和风速进行垂直观测,结合多地面站点、再分析资料、后向轨迹模型和卫星遥感数据,对沙尘污染过程中的影响 因素、颗粒物垂直分布特征及污染成因进行了分析.结果表明：①近地面低气温、高相对湿度、高风速的气象条件有利于沙尘污染事件的发生,通过无人机探测数据发现高相对湿度有利于颗粒物吸湿增长,气温和风速的上升能够加强大气对流运动,有利于污染物的输送.②在沙尘污染期间,塔中地区PM₁、PM_2.5和PM₁₀的浓度分别为0.8~45.7、1.0~267.0和1.0~588.7 μg·m^-3;民丰地区PM₁、PM_2.5和PM₁₀的浓度分别为21.5~126.9、39.6~263.6和48.5~520.6 μg·m^-3.③在沙尘污染期间,塔克拉玛干沙漠腹地颗粒物组成以粗颗粒物为主,南缘则以细颗粒物为主.民丰地区PM₁/PM_2.5比值（0.48~0.55）和PM_2.5/PM₁₀比值（0.55~0.83）在同时刻均高于塔中地区（PM₁/PM_2.5为0.18~0.33, PM_2.5/PM₁₀为0.33~0.51）.④天气形势和后向轨迹表明,此次污染主要由西风环流导致,气团分别从北面翻越天山和东面绕道进入塔克拉玛干沙漠,携带了塔克拉玛干沙漠东部地区沙尘颗粒和新疆北部人为污染物.⑤CALIPSO卫星数据表明,此次污染中气溶胶存在于海拔1~8 km之间,主要集中在低层（消光系数在 海拔1.0~2.2 km左右最大）.气溶胶类型为沙尘气溶胶、污染沙尘气溶胶和烟雾气溶胶,其中,沙尘气溶胶占主要部分.     

基于AOD数据与GWR模型的2016年新疆地区PM2.5和PM10时空分布特征

PM_2.5与PM₁₀的时空分布特征及其相关性是大气颗粒物研究的主要内容,传统方法是基于监测站点数据进行分析,难以揭示PM_2.5与PM₁₀时空分布的区域特征.为此,本文利用地理加权回归模型估算了2016年新疆地区PM_2.5与PM₁₀的月均浓度,在此基础上对区域尺度的PM_2.5与PM₁₀浓度特征进行分析.结果表明：地理加权回归相较最小二乘回归的拟合精度更高,PM_2.5和PM₁₀的决定系数分别为0.93和0.96,且误差较小;PM_2.5和PM₁₀年均浓度分别为70.88 μg·m^-3和194.53 μg·m^-3,说明大气颗粒物污染严重,且空间分布呈西南高、东北低的特征;PM_2.5和PM₁₀季节浓度均为春季最高,夏季最低;PM_2.5月均浓度2月最高,9月最低,PM₁₀月均浓度3月最高,8月最低;PM_2.5与PM₁₀年均浓度的相关系数r为0.95,相关性较高;PM_2.5/PM₁₀冬季最高为51%,其余季节小于50%,说明冬季PM_2.5对大气颗粒物污染贡献率较高,其余季节则以可吸入颗粒物中的粗颗粒贡献为主.     

邯郸市大气颗粒物污染特征的监测研究

使用振荡天平颗粒物在线监测仪连续监测了邯郸市PM₁₀和PM_2.5浓度,分析了2012年7月31日—12月2日4个月内PM₁₀、PM_2.5的浓度水平、时变规律和PM_2.5/PM₁₀的变化情况.结果表明,监测时段内PM₁₀和PM_2.5的日均浓度平均值分别为208.4 μg·m^-3和99.1 μg·m^-3,是国家二级标准的1.4倍和1.3倍;浓度超标的天数占总观测天数的61.6%和60.0%,其污染程度与北京、天津相当,属污染较严重的地区.PM_2.5/PM₁₀在19.3%~89.8%之间周期性波动,平均值为49.4%,接近北方城市的平均水平.PM₁₀和PM_2.5的浓度变化具有很好的正相关性;日均值在4个月中呈现明显的周期性变化和月际波动,10、11月的PM₁₀和PM_2.5浓度变化剧烈且大大高于8、9月份.PM₁₀和PM_2.5浓度一天中小时均值的变化呈同步的双峰型分布,最高值出现在9:00和20:00左右,最低值出现在15:00~17:00之间.本研究系统分析了夏秋季节邯郸市大气颗粒物污染状况,以期为当地颗粒物污染的控制提供科学依据.     

成都市冬季相对湿度对颗粒物浓度和大气能见度的影响

利用成都市城区2015年12月的连续在线观测数据,如相对湿度（RH）、能见度、颗粒物（PM₁₀、PM_2.5和PM₁）浓度、气态污染物（SO₂和NO₂）浓度以及PM_2.5中SO₄^2-和NO₃^-浓度,探讨RH对颗粒物浓度和大气能见度的影响.结果表明,高颗粒物浓度和高RH协同作用导致低能见度事件.观测阶段,PM_2.5在PM₁₀中的平均比重为64%,表明成都市冬季细颗粒物污染严重;随着RH增加,PM_2.5/PM₁₀显著增加,表明高RH会加重细颗粒物污染.随着PM_2.5浓度增加,能见度呈幂指数下降;在相同PM_2.5浓度下,RH越高,能见度越低.当颗粒物浓度较低时,RH对能见度的影响作用较强;当颗粒物浓度较高时,大气消光主要由PM_2.5浓度控制,RH对能见度的影响减弱.当RH大于70%时,硫氧化率（SOR）和氮氧化率（NOR）的均值分别从0.27和0.11（RH小于40%）增长至0.40和0.19,表明较高RH对二次硫酸盐和硝酸盐的生成有显著的促进作用,二次硫酸盐和硝酸盐单独或协同影响空气质量.     

太行山两侧污染物传输对横谷城市气溶胶的影响分析

利用2017~2019年太行山横谷城市阳泉PM₁₀和PM_2.5逐时浓度资料和对应时刻风速风向数据,结合HYSPLIT后向轨迹模型通过聚类分析、潜在源贡献因子和浓度权重轨迹方法分析了横谷城市气流输送特征及对阳泉市气溶胶的影响,并进一步探讨了太行山两侧大气污染物的交换特征.阳泉市气溶胶日变化为单峰单谷型,冬季最高值出现在10：00~11：00,其他季节多在09：00,最小值均在15：00~16：00;月际变化呈1月最高、8月最低.受横谷地形影响,地面风向以偏东风和偏西风频率最高;除小风天气外,春秋季偏西风引起的沙尘天气和冬季偏东风输送也会引起阳泉气溶胶浓度升高;后向轨迹结合污染特征显示,各季节污染轨迹占比为春季26.2%、秋季36.4%和冬季33.7%,主要分布在阳泉的西南和东南区域,冬季在东北区域也有分布;山脉两侧均存在显著的细颗粒物传输,而起源或途经太行山西侧的轨迹粗颗粒物输送亦相对较多;污染轨迹中偏西气流输送对PM₁₀超标率影响更大,偏东气流则主要影响PM_2.5的超标率.不同季节阳泉市气溶胶主要污染潜在源区存在差异,春季为西南和东南两区域;秋季为西南及偏南区域,冬季主要位于偏南和偏东方向区域,山西东南部及与河南北部交界区域是主要的污染贡献源区,太行山两侧通过井陉通道进行大气污染物的相互传输过程显著,其中东向西的PM_2.5传输影响更显著.     

Distribution and ecological effect of mercury in Laogang landfill, Shanghai, China

Laogang landfill near Shanghai is the largest landfill in China, and receives about 10000 t of daily garbage per day, Samples of topsoil and plants were analyzed to evaluate mercury pollution from the landfill. For topsoil samples, there were significant correlations among total mercury （HgT）, combinative mercury （Hgc） and gaseous mercury （HgG）, and content of total organic carbon （TOC）, but, no significantly relationship was found between Hg content and filling time. Hg content changes in vertical profiles with time showed that the average Hgv of profiles 1992, 1996, and 2000 was similar, but their average HgG was quite different. HgT was significantly correlated with Hgc in profile 1992 and 2000, and Hgv was significantly correlated with Hg6 in profile 1996. HgG/Hgv ratio in profile samples decreased in the order of （HgG,/HgT）1992〉（HgG/HgT）1996〉〉（HgG/HgT）2000. A simple outline of Hg release in landfill could be drawn： with increasing of filling time, degradation undergoes different biodegradation, accordingly, gaseous mercury goes through small, more, and small proportion to total mercury. Distribution of Hg in plants was inhomogeneous, following the order of leaf〉root〉stem. The highest value of leaf may be associated with higher atmospheric Hg from landfill. Ligneous plants （e.g. Phyllostachys glanca, Prunus salicina and Ligustrum lucidum） are capable of enriching more Hg than herbaceous plants.     

EDTA-enhanced phytoremediation of lead contaminated soil by Bidens maximowicziana

Phytoremediation is a potential cleanup technology for the removal of heavy metals from contaminated soils.Bidens maximowicziana is a new Pb hyperaccumulator,which not only has remarkable tolerance to Pb but also extraordinary accumulation capacity for Pb.The maximum Pb concentration was 1509.3 mg/kg in roots and 2164.7 mg/kg in overground tissues.The Pb distribution order in the B. maximowicziana was:leaf>stem>root.The effect of amendments on phytoremediation was also studied.The mobility of soil Pb and the Pb concentrations in plants were both increased by EDTA application.Compared with CK(control check),EDTA application promoted translocation of Pb to overground parts of the plant.The Pb concentrations in overground parts of plants was increased from 24.23-680.56 mg/kg to 29.07-1905.57 mg/kg.This research demonstrated that B.maximowicziana appeared to be suitable for phytoremediation of Pb contaminated soil,especially,combination with EDTA.     

Decomposition of alachlor by ozonation and its mechanism

Decomposition and corresponding mechanism of alachlor, an endocrine disruptor in water by ozonation were investigated. Results showed that alachlor could not be completely mineralized by ozone alone. Many intermediates and final products were formed during the process, including aromatic compounds, aliphatic carboxylic acids, and inorganic ions. In evoluting these products, some of them with weak polarity were qualitatively identified by GC-MS. The information of inorganic ions suggested that the dechlorination was the first and the fastest step in the ozonation of alachlor.     

Enzymatic oxidation of aqueous pentachlorophenol

The influence of the nonionic surfactant Tween 80 on pentachlorophenol （PCP） oxidation catalyzed by horseradish peroxidase was studied. The surfactant was tested at concentrations below and above its critical micelle concentration （CMC）. Enhancement of PCP removal was observed at sub-CMCs. The presence of Tween 80 in the reaction mixture reduced enzyme inactivation which occurred through a combination of free radical attack and sorption by precipitated products. A simple first-order model was able to simulate time profiles for enzyme inactivation in the presence or absence of Tween 80. At supra-CMCs, the surfactant caused noticeable reductions in PCP removal, presumably through micelle partitioning of PCP which precluded the hydrophobic PCP molecule from interacting with the enzyme.     

基于综合水质标识指数和对应分析法的校园河道水质评价

以三峡大学的校园河道求索溪为研究对象,利用综合水质标识指数法确定求索溪水质类别,分析其水质时空变化规律,并利用对应分析法得出求索溪中不同监测点的主要污染因子.研究结果表明:求索溪整体的综合水质标识指数为7.423,整体水质为劣V类(地表水环境质量标准GB 3838-2002)且黑臭.从时间变化来看,求索溪4月份的水质最差,5月份次之,4、5月份所有监测点的水质都劣于V类且黑臭;8月份水质最好,水质为Ⅳ类;从空间分布来看,8个监测点综合水质标识指数均超过6.0,水质为劣V类,其中6号监测点的水质相对最好,监测点3号的水质相对最差;对应分析法得出求索溪的整体水体污染程度受总氮因子的影响最大,其次为总磷.该研究拟为求索溪及类似校园河道的水环境治理研究提供基础依据和参考.     

Effects of chitosan on growth of an aquatic plant (Hydrilla verticillata) in polluted waters with different chemical oxygen demands

Effects of chitosan on a submersed plant, Hydrilla verticillata, were investigated. Results indicated that H. venicillata could prevent ultrastructure phytotoxicities and oxidativereaction from polluted water with high chemical oxygen demand (COD). Superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity and malondialdehyde (MDA) contents in H. verticillata treated with 0.1% chitosan in wastewater increased with high COD (980 mg/L) and decreased with low COD (63 mg/L), respectively. Ultrastructural analysis showed that the stroma and grana of chloroplast basically remained normal. However, plant cells from the control experiment (untreated with chitosan) were vacuolated and the cell interval increased. The relict of protoplast moved to the center, with cells tending to disjoint. Our findings indicate that wastewater with high COD concentration can cause a substantial damage to submersed plant, nevertheless, chitosan probably could alleviate the membrane lipid peroxidization and ultrastructure phytotoxicities, and protect plant cells from stress of high COD concentration polluted water.     

Removal of cadmium using MnO2 loaded D301 resin

MnO2 loaded weak basic anion exchange resin D301 （Anion exchange resin, macroreticular weak basic styrene） as adsorbent has been prepared and applied to the removal of cadmium. The adsorption characteristics have been investigated with respect to effect of pH, equilibrium isotherms, removal kinetic data, and interference of the coexisting ions. The results indicated that the Cd^2＋ could be efficiently removed using MnO2 loaded D301 resin in the pH range of 3-8 from aqueous solutions with the co-existence of high concentration of alkali and alkaline-earth metals ions. The saturate adsorption capacity of the Cd^2＋ was 77.88 mg/g. The adsorption process followed the pseudo first-order kinetics. The equilibrium data obtained in this study accorded excellently with the Langmuir adsorption isotherm.     

Evaluation of phytoextracting cadmium and lead by sunflower, ricinus, alfalfa and mustard in hydroponic culture

Soil contaminated with heavy metals cadmium(Cd)and lead(Pb)is hard to be remediated.Phytoremediation may be a feasible method to remove toxic metals from soil,but there are few suitable plants which can hyperaccumulate metals.In this study,Cd and Pb accumulation by four plants including sunflower(Helianthus annuus L.),mustard(Brassica juncea L.),alfalfa(Medicago sativa L.), ricinus(Ricinus communis L.)in hydroponic cultures was compared.Results showed that these plants could phytocxtract heavy metals, the ability of accumulation differed with species,concentrations and categories of heavy metals.Values of BCF(bioconcentration factor)and TF(translocation factor)indicated that four species had dissimilar abilities of phytoextraction and transportation of heavy metals.Changes on the biomass of plants,pH and Eh at different treatments revealed that these four plants had distinct responses to Cd and Pb in cultures.Measurements should be taken to improve the phytoremediation of sites contaminated with heavy metals,such as pH and Eh regulations,and so forth.     

Effect of coagulation pretreatment on the fouling of ultrafiltration membrane

The purpose of this study is to understand the effect and mechanism of preventing membrane fouling, by coagulation pretreatment, in terms of fractional component and molecular weight of natural organic matter （NOM）. A relatively higher molecular weight （MW） of hydrophobic compounds was responsible for a rapid decline in the ultrafiltration flux. Coagulation could effectively remove the hydrophobic organics, resulting in the increase of flux. It was found that a lower MW of neutral hydrophilic compounds, which could remove inadequately by coagulation, was responsible for the slow declining flux. The fluxes in the filtration of coagulated water and supernatant water were compared and the results showed that a lower MW of neutral hydrophilic compounds remained in the supernatant water after coagulation could be rejected by a membrane, resulting in fouling. It was also found that the coagulated flocs could absorb neutral hydrophilic compounds effectively. Therefore, with the coagulated flocs formed on the membrane surface, the flux decline could be improved.     

Penetration analysis of elements and bioleaching treatment of spent refractory for recycling

Acidithiobacillus ferrooxidans ATCC23270 and Acidithiobacillus thiooxidans TM-32 were used for bioleaching of spent refractories of aluminium and copper melting furnaces for their recycling.Firstly,penetration of elements into aluminium melting furnace refractory was investigated and it was found that up to 7 cm from surface was contaminated.Comparison on leaching efficiency by the strains ATCC23270 and TM-32 found that the strain ATCC23270 could treat larger amount of the refractories than the strain TM-32 could do.In the experiment of bioleaching of spent refractory aluminium melting furnace by the strain ATCC23270,high leaching efficiency were obtained on Al,Si,and Ca,and extremely low leaching performance was,however,shown on the rest of elements i.e.,Na,Mn,and Zn.Under the strain TM-32 use,relatively high leaching performance was recognized on Al,Si,Ca,Na,Mn,and Zn.In the experiment of bioleaching for spent refractory copper melting furnace,almost the same leaching trends were shown on Cu,Zn,Al,and Si under the strains ACTT23270 and TM-32 uses.