餐厨废水中解磷菌、固氮菌及解钾菌的互作效应研究

针对餐厨垃圾无害化和资源化处理过程中产生的餐厨垃圾废水处理难题,探讨餐厨垃圾废水用作发酵基制备复合液态菌肥过程中菌株间的互作效应。将解磷菌、固氮菌及解钾菌在餐厨废水中单独和混合接种,通过测定菌悬液细胞密度的变化来研究它们之间的互作效应。研究表明,在餐厨垃圾废水中解磷巨大芽孢杆菌对圆褐固氮菌有促进作用,与解钾芽孢杆菌之间存在拮抗作用,同时圆褐固氮菌与解钾芽孢杆菌之间亦存在拮抗作用,3个菌株的混合培养中解磷巨大芽孢杆菌为优势菌种。研究结果同时显示,利用餐厨垃圾废水可以制备合格的复合菌肥。     

利用餐厨垃圾废液制备液态复合菌剂

选用圆褐固氮菌(Azotobacter chroococcum)和巨大芽孢杆菌(Bacillus megatherium)作为实验菌种,以某餐厨垃圾处理厂的2种餐厨垃圾废液(湿热脱出液和沼液)为培养基,成功制备了固氮、解磷微生物菌剂。研究菌种接种比(圆褐固氮菌∶巨大芽孢杆菌=1∶0,0∶1,1∶1,2∶1,3∶1)对微生物菌剂的影响,并应用于水稻种植试验中,考察菌剂的增产作用。结果表明:在餐厨垃圾湿热脱出液中两菌种最佳接种量比例为2∶1,沼液最佳接种比例为1∶1。在2种液体中接种圆褐固氮菌和巨大芽孢杆菌,有效活菌数均在2×10~8cfu/mL以上,杂菌率<10%,达到GB 20287—2006《农用微生物菌剂》标准。同时,培养制备菌剂可以有效降低餐厨垃圾废液中COD和氨氮浓度。以沼液为培养基所制备的固氮、解磷菌剂具有良好的田间增产效果,增产幅度为564. 0～2053. 5 kg/hm~2,增产率为8. 1%～29. 5%。     

EM菌组成鉴定及其消除垃圾渗滤液恶臭研究

实验将EM原液加入到适合不同菌种生长的固体培养基中分别培养分离,通过观察培养基上生长出的菌落形态和数量,结合培养基适合培养的细菌种类,鉴定出组成EM有效微生物的主要菌种,并将其用于垃圾渗滤液的除臭。结果表明:组成EM原液的有效微生物的主要菌种是乳酸菌、光合细菌、酵母菌、乙酸菌。当EM菌剂浓度为10%时,除臭效果较好。     

白腐真菌降解染料反应器微生物群落结构研究

利用DGGE分子标记技术分析了两种白腐真菌生物反应器处理染料废水过程中生物膜微生物群落结构的动态变化及其差异性,结果表明:运行方式和染料废水浓度对敞开式白腐真菌生物反应器处理染料废水过程中生物膜微生物群落结构及其变化趋势有一定影响。序批式反应器运行的起始阶段其生物膜上黄孢原毛平革菌在数量上占绝对优势,但约1个月后逐渐侵染了热带假丝酵母、白地霉和哈茨木霉等杂菌;连续运行的白腐真菌生物反应器虽然在起始阶段存在哈茨木霉等杂菌的侵染,但约3个月后杂菌被逐渐淘汰,黄孢原毛平革菌在数量上重新占据优势,使其有利于发挥高效的降解功能。     

陕北油田原油污染土壤的生物修复试验研究

为了探讨根际微生物和植物协同作用对原油污染土壤的修复效果及原油污染对大豆幼苗生长的影响。选择了固氮菌、解磷菌、产ACC脱氨酶菌、H2O2并与豆科植物扁豆的不同组合为调控因子,通过盆栽试验,进行了土壤石油污染物生物降解的初步研究。结果表明:31 d时,在修复过程中,大豆与根际微生物均能提高土壤石油降解率并存在一定的协同作用。处理前,石油土壤的污染水平为7.0%,经过31 d的修复试验,在添加固氮菌、解磷菌、产ACC脱氨酶菌和过氧化氢的基础上种植大豆的试验组比没有种植大豆的石油降解率高出8.6%。在种植大豆的基础上,同时添加固氮菌、解磷菌、产ACC脱氨酶菌和H2O2的石油降解率比对照组高出22.35%。当原油剂量为1~10 g/kg时,对大豆的根系长度有一定的促进作用,而当大于10 g/kg时,原油对大豆生长有一定的抑制作用,随原油浓度的增大,其抑制作用越来越强,并且原油污染土壤对大豆幼苗的影响表现为株高根系长度鲜重,这种根际协同作用在修复过程中发挥着重要作用。种植植物对土壤石油污染修复有较好的作用,同时合理添加微生物能够提高植物修复效果。     

耐高温解磷菌的筛选及解磷能力研究

以高温堆肥为原料,通过无机磷培养基筛选、耐高温驯化得到5株耐高温解磷菌,命名为P1～P5.各菌株最佳生长温度为40～50℃,其中P1可在35～53℃生长,P2～P15在35-50℃生长.通过50℃高温摇床发酵培养,分别测定了耐高温解磷菌P1～P5的发酵液中ρ(水溶性磷),ρ(微生物量磷),总解磷量和PH.结果表明,在50℃下摇床振荡培养耐高温解磷菌P1.P5,7d后发酵液中ρ(水溶性磷)为30.9～47.6 mg/L,ρ(微生物量磷)为116.4～164.4 mgL,总解磷量为152.1～201.6 mg/L,发酵液pH明显为酸性,但其与菌株解磷能力没有显著的相关性.在解磷方面,ρ(微生物量磷)明显高于JD(水溶性磷),因此ρ(微生物量磷)是分析解磷菌解磷能力不可忽视的重要部分.5株解磷菌均具有良好耐高温能力及解无机磷的生理生化功能.     

纤维素分解菌和EM菌协同作用在有机废弃物堆肥中的应用

从堆肥、马粪、果园土、污泥等原料筛选出活性较高的纤维素分解菌，采用紫外诱变技术培育优良菌株。利用培育的纤维素分解菌、EM菌及两者的混合菌种作堆肥对比试验，通过对比堆肥过程中温度、微生物数量、出口气体浓度，证明堆料中接种微生物菌剂，可以提高有益微生物的群体数目和质量，使微生物群落之间相互协调，形成复杂而稳定的生态系统，从而增强微生物的降解活性，使堆肥温度迅速升高并维持较长的时间，提高堆肥效率。     

EM及有效微生物群新技术

EM是日本琉球大学农学博士、日本地球财团理事长、B本自然农法国际开发中。C理事比嘉照夫教投研制的一种新型复合微生物制剂。这种菌剂由光合细菌、放线菌、酵母菌及乳酸菌等5科10多属80多种有益微生物复合培养而成，不含任何化学有毒物质，无毒副作用、不污染环境。自然界存在大量微生物，大体上可分为腐败系列和发酵系列两大类。EM有效做生物属于发酵系列类，在合适的条件下既可迅速促进有机物分解又可抑制腐败类微生物及某些病源菌的生长，还会产生氨基酸等活性物质以促进动植物的生长、抑制病害发生。1国际上应用概况目前，EM技术除…     

白腐菌对芳香化合物的降解及其机制

本文讨论了白腐菌（Ｗｈｉｔｅｒｏｔｆｕｎｇｉ）对芳香化合物的降解及其机制。白腐菌是目前发现的对芳香化合物有很强降解能力的真菌，它通过分泌木素过氧化物酶（Ｌｉｇｎｉｎｐｅｒｏｘｉｄａｓｅ）、锰过氧化物酶（Ｍａｎｇａｎｅｓｅ－ｄｅ－ｐｅｎｄｅｎｔｐｅｒｏｘｉｄａｓｅ）以单电子氧化、共代谢及脂肪过氧化等途径进行降解活动。白腐菌对芳香化合物的降解在污染的原位修复（ｉｎｓｉｔｕｂｉｏｒｅｍｅｄｉａｔｉｏｎ）上有重要的意义     

内蒙古荒漠灌木根际解磷菌多样性及其解磷和产铁载体能力

为深入挖掘解磷菌资源,采用无机磷和有机磷培养基对内蒙古荒漠灌木根际解磷菌（phosphorus-solubilizing bacteria,PSB）进行分离筛选,以16S rRNA基因序列初步分析PSB的分类地位;采用钼锑钪比色法和钒钼比色法分别测定菌株的解无机磷和有机磷能力;采用铬天青S（CAS）蓝色平板法筛选可产铁载体的菌株,根据分光光度法定量测定产铁载体能力.结果表明:从荒漠灌木根部共分离到62株解磷细菌,分属6纲和21属,其中放线菌纲（Actinobacteria,32.26%）为最优势菌纲,芽孢杆菌属（Bacillus,17.74%）为最优势菌属;其中23株菌可以使PVK培养基变色,解无机磷能力较强,为4.2~33.99 g/mL;32株菌可在有机磷培养基上生长,其解有机磷能力为0.30~191.03 IU;有22株菌具有产铁载体能力,其铁载体的相对含量（A_s/A_r）范围为0.47~0.99.研究显示:内蒙古荒漠灌木根际PSB类群多样,且不同灌木间PSB组成差异较为明显;含有多种较高解有机磷能力和产铁载体能力的PSB菌株是多种植物根际促生菌的重要来源.      

Evaluation of phytoextracting cadmium and lead by sunflower, ricinus, alfalfa and mustard in hydroponic culture

Soil contaminated with heavy metals cadmium(Cd)and lead(Pb)is hard to be remediated.Phytoremediation may be a feasible method to remove toxic metals from soil,but there are few suitable plants which can hyperaccumulate metals.In this study,Cd and Pb accumulation by four plants including sunflower(Helianthus annuus L.),mustard(Brassica juncea L.),alfalfa(Medicago sativa L.), ricinus(Ricinus communis L.)in hydroponic cultures was compared.Results showed that these plants could phytocxtract heavy metals, the ability of accumulation differed with species,concentrations and categories of heavy metals.Values of BCF(bioconcentration factor)and TF(translocation factor)indicated that four species had dissimilar abilities of phytoextraction and transportation of heavy metals.Changes on the biomass of plants,pH and Eh at different treatments revealed that these four plants had distinct responses to Cd and Pb in cultures.Measurements should be taken to improve the phytoremediation of sites contaminated with heavy metals,such as pH and Eh regulations,and so forth.     

Oxidation of As(Ⅲ) by potassium permanganate

The oxidation of As(Ⅲ) with potassium permanganate was studied under conditions including pH, initial As(Ⅲ) concentration and dosage of Mn(Ⅶ). The results have shown that potassium permanganate was an effective agent for oxidizing of As(Ⅲ) in a wide pH range. The pH value of tested water was not a significant factor affecting the oxidation of As(Ⅲ) by Mn(Ⅶ). Although theoretical redox analyses suggest that Mn(Ⅶ) should have better performance in oxidization of As(Ⅲ) within lower pH ranges, the experimental results show that the oxidation efficiencies of As(Ⅲ) under basic and acidic conditions were similar, which may be due to the adsorption of As(Ⅲ) on the Mn(OH)2 and MnO2 resulting from the oxidation of As(Ⅲ).     

Chlorobenzenes in waterweeds from the Xijiang River （Guangdong section） of the Pearl River

The Xijiang River is the major source of water for about 4.5 millions of urban population and 28.7 millions of rural population. The water quality is very important for the health of the rural population. The concentration and distribution of chlorobenzenes (CBs) in both water and waterweeds collected from 4 stations in the Xijiang River (Gangdong section) of the Pearl River in April and November were determined. The result showed that nearly every congener of CBs was detected. The total contents of CBs (∑CBs) in the river water ranged from 111.1 to 360.0 ng/L in April and from 151.9 to 481.7 ng/L in November, respectively. The pollution level of CBs in the water in April was higher than that in November. The contents of ∑ CBs in waterweeds ranged from 13.53×102 μg/g to 38.27×102μg/g dry weight (dw). There was no significant difference between April and November in waterweeds. The distribution of CBs in roots, caulis, and leaves of Vallisneria spiralis L. showed different patterns. The leaves mainly contained low-molecular-weight CBs(DCBs), whereas the roots accumulated more PCBs and HCBs. The average lgBCFlip (bioconcentration factor) of CBs ranged from 0.64 to 3.57 in the waterweeds. The spatial distribution character of CBs in the Xijiang River was: Fengkai County ＜ Yunan County ＜Yun'an County ＜ Gaoyao County according to the ∑CBs, and the pollution deteriorated from the upstream to the downstream of the Xijiang River. Further analysis demonstrated that the discharge of waste containing CBs may be the main source of CBs pollution in the Xijiang River.     

Degradation of 2,4-dichlorophenol with a novel TiO2/Ti-Fe-graphite felt photoelectrocatalytic oxidation process

Degradation of 2,4-dichlorophenol(2,4-DCP)was studied in a novel three-electrode photoelectrocatalytic(PEC)integrative oxidation process,and the factors influencing the degradation rate,such as applied current,flow speed of O_2,pH,adscititious voltage and initial 2,4-DCP concentration were investigated and optimized.H_2O_2 was produced nearby cathode and Fe~(2 )continuously generated from Fe anode in solution when current and O_2 were applied,so,main reactions,H_2O_2-assisted TiO_2 PEC oxidation and E-Fenton reaction,occurred during degradation of 2,4-DCP in this integrative system.The degradation ratio of 2,4-DCP was 93% in this integrative oxidation process,while it was only 31% in E-Fenton process and 46% in H_2O_2-assisted TiO_2 PEC process.So,it revealed that the degradation of 2,4-DCP was improved greatly by photoelectrical cooperation effect.By the investigation of pH,it showed that this integrative process could work well in a wide pH range from pH 3 to pH 9.     

Effect of copper on the degradation of pesticides cypermethrin and cyhalothrin

The influence of coexisting copper (Cu) ion on the degradation of pesticides pyrethroid cypermethrin and cyhalothrin in soil and photodegradation in water system were studied.Serial concentrations of the pesticides with the addition of copper ion were spiked in the soil and incubated for a regular period of time,the analysis of the extracts from the soil was carried out using gas chromatography (GC).The photodegradation of pyrethroids in water system was conducted under UV irradiation.The effect of Cu~(2 ) on the pesticides degradation was measured with half life (t_(0.5)) of degradation.It was found that a negative correlation between the degradation of the pyrethroid pesticides in soil and Cu addition was observed.But Cu~(2 ) could accelerate photodegradation of the pyrethroids in water.The t_(0.5) for cyhalothrin extended from 6.7 to 6.8 d while for cypermethrin extended from 8.1 to 10.9 d with the presence of copper ion in soil.As for photodegradation,t_(0.5) for cyhalothrin reduced from 173.3 to 115.5 rain and for cypermethrin from 115.5 to 99.0 min.The results suggested that copper influenced the degradation of the pesticides in soil by affecting the activity of microorganisms.However, it had catalyst tendency for photodegradation in water system.The difference for the degradation efficiency of pyrethroid isomers in soil was also observed.Copper could obviously accelerate the degradation of some special isomers.     

Effects of arsenic on seed germination and physiological activities in wheat seedlings

The effects of arsenic(As)were investigated on seed germination,root and shoot length and their biomass and some other factors to elucidate the toxicity of As.The results showed low concentrations of As(O-1 mg/kg)stimulated seed germination and the growth of root and shoot,however,these factors all decreased gradually at high concentrations of As(5-20 mg/kg).The contents Of O2-,MDA,soluble protein and peroxidase(POD)activity all increased with increasing As concentrations.Soluble sugar content,ascorbate peroxidase(APX),and superoxide dismutase(SOD)activities decreased at low concentrations of As,and increased at high concentrations of As.While acetylsalicylic acid(ASA)and chlorophyll contents,catalase(CAT)activity displayed increasing trend when the concentrations of As was lower than 1 mg/kg,and then decreasing trend.By polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis(PAGE).As induced the expression of POD isozymes of wheat seedlings.As induced the expression of CAT isozymes but inhibited the expression of SOD isozymes of wheat seedlings at concentrations lower than 1 mg/kg.However,As inhibited the expression of CAT isozymes but induced the expression of SOD isozymes at concentrations higher than 5 mg/kg.The results indicated As could exert harmfulness in the early development stage of wheat at inappropriate concentrations.     

Sustainability： A view from the wind-eroded field

This article explores the assessment of sustainability in fields subject to wind erosion. In the first part, simple sustainability audits are examined, as of soil depth and nutrients. Direct measurement of these characteristics has many problems, largely because of huge variability in space and time at all scales. Modelling still has its problems, but it may be possible to overcome many of them soon. It is true that wind erosion preferentially removes soil nutrients, but there are imponderables even here. The nutrient balance in many of these soils includes considerable input from dust. In West Africa, it has been shown that the amounts of calcium and potassium that are added in dust are sufficient to fertilize dispersed crops. In mildly acidic sandy soils, such as those found on the widespread palaeo- aeolian deposits, much of the phosphorus is fixed and unavailable to plants by the time it is removed by wind erosion, so that erosion has no added downside. Most of the nutrients carried by dust have been shown to travel close to the ground （even when they are attached to dust-sized particles）, and so are trapped in nearby fallow strips, and are thus not lost to the farming system. Second, the sustalnabillty of a whole semi-arid farming system is explored. Wind erosion in semi-arid areas （like China, the Sahel and Norflawestern Europe） generally takes place on aeolian deposits of the recent geological past. Most of these soils are deep enough to withstand centuries of wind erosion before they are totally lost to production, and some of these soils have greater fertility at greater depth （so that wind erosion may even improve the soil）. Finally some remarks are made about environmental change in relation to sustainability.     

Bioconcentration kinetics of PCBs in various parts of the lifecycle of the tadpoles Xenopus laevis

Polychlorinated biphenyls （PCBs） in Xenopus laevis have been reported only for a few congeners. Additionally, there is very little information on the ability of Xenopus laevis to bioconcentrate PCBs. To address these issues, the tadpole Xenopus laevis was exposed to Aroclor 1254 mixtures in water at room temperature for 110 d followed by an additional 110 d of nonspiked PCBs in the water for the control group. During the whole process, bioconcentration factors （BCFs） of PCBs ranged from 1180 to 15670. For most PCB congeners, the highest and lowest bioconcentrations of the kinetic curves were found to be remarkably simultaneous, respectively. All 141 PCB congeners under the same experimental conditions had no linear correlation on the lgBCF versus lgKow relationship. The relationship between lgBCFs and lgKow followed a parabolic pattern indicative of selective bioconcentration, suggesting that the kinetic curves of the PCB congeners observed in the lifecycle of the tadpoles may be concentrated due to the amphibian special species and internal metabolism. In contrast, lgBCFs for PCBs were inversely related to lgKow, suggesting that a metabolism of the higher Kow PCB congeners occurred. These results support the author＇s conclusion that the tadpole Xenopus laevis plays major roles in the bioconcentration of PCB congeners, and demonstrated that the exposure kinetic curves of PCB congeners are complex. Besides the amphibian metamorphous development, the lifecycle of the tadpole Xenopus laevis also may be of importance in determining the bioconcentration of PCB congeners.     

Amplification of plasmid DNA bound on soil colloidal particles and clay minerals by the polymerase chain reaction

Polymerase chain reaction(PCR)was used to amplify a 600-base pair(bp)sequence of plasmid pGEX-2T DNA bound on soil colloidal particles from Brown soil(Alfisol)and Red soil(Ultisol),and three different minerals(goethite,kaolinite,montmorillonite). DNA bound on soil colloids,kaolinite,and montmorillonite was not amplified when the complexes were used directly but amplification occurred when the soil colloid or kaolinite-DNA complex was diluted,10- and 20-fold.The montmorillonite-DNA complex required at least 100-fold dilution before amplification could be detected.DNA bound on goethile was amplified irrespective of whether the complex was used directly,or diluted 10- and 20-fold.The amplification of mineral-bound plasmid DNA by PCR is,therefore,markedly influenced by the type and concentration of minerals used.This information is of fundamental importance to soil molecular microbial ecology with particular reference to monitoring the fate of genetically engineered microorganisms and their recombinant DNA in soil environments.     

Arsenic uptake and transport of Pteris vittata L. as influenced by phosphate and inorganic arsenic species under sand cu｜ture

In order to understand the similarity or difference of inorganic As species uptake and transport related to phosphorus in As-hyperaccumulator, uptake and transport of arsenate (As(Ⅴ)) and arsenite (As(Ⅲ)) were studied using Pteris vittata L. under sand culture. Higher concentrations of phosphate were found to inhibit accumulation of arsenate and arsenite in the fronds of P. vittata. The reduction in As accumulation was greater in old fronds than in young fronds, and relatively weak in root and rhizome. Moderate increases, from 0.05 to 0.3 mmol/L, in phosphate reduced uptake of As(Ⅲ) more than As(Ⅴ), while the reverse was observed at high concentrations of phosphate (≥ 1.0 mmol/L). Phosphate apparently reduced As transport and the proportion of As accumulated in fronds of P. vittata when As was supplied as As(Ⅴ). It may in part be due to competition between phosphorus and As(Ⅴ) during transport. In contrast, phosphate had a much smaller effect on As transport when the As was supplied as As(Ⅲ). Therefore, the results from present experiments indicates that a higher concentration of phosphate suppressed As accumulation and transport in P. vittata, especially in the fronds, when exposure to As(Ⅴ); but the suppression of phosphate to As transport in the root or rhizome may be insignificant when P. vittata when exposure to As(Ⅲ) under sand culture conditions. The finding will help to understand the interaction of P and As during their uptake process in P. vittata.