高粱修复柴油污染土壤过程中植物生物量及土壤微生物总量的变化

通过温室盆栽试验,研究了高粱修复柴油污染土壤过程中植物生物量及土壤微生物总量的变化情况.通过定量分析土壤中柴油含量对高粱生物量和土壤微生物总量的影响,揭示柴油对土壤环境的生物学效应.结果表明,柴油污染胁迫下高粱的发芽率、存活率以及生物量受到不同程度的影响,在w(柴油)为0.1%的土壤中高粱的发芽率、存活率以及生物量与空白相比约有10%的增加,而在w(柴油)高于3.0%的污染土壤中高粱无法生长.土壤中微生物量随着土壤中柴油含量的增大而减小,但是随着修复过程的进行,土壤环境得到改善,土壤中微生物量有了明显的提高.      

泥炭保护紫花苜蓿根系对柴油污染土壤修复的研究

采用盆栽试验,观察了泥炭保护根系移栽和直播2种栽培方式处理的紫花苜蓿在柴油污染土壤中的生长情况及其对土壤中柴油污染物的去除情况,探讨了利用泥炭保护根系措施清除土壤柴油污染物的可行性.结果表明,泥炭保护根系处理有利于紫花营蓿根系形态发育,能促进根系细菌和真菌的繁殖,并显著提高根区土壤柴油降解率.     

高效石油降解菌的筛选鉴定及修复能力研究

为了得到高效的石油降解菌,本研究利用以柴油为唯一碳源的培养基从山东胜利油田、新疆克拉玛依油田和陕西长庆油田3处的石油污染土壤中富集纯化出3株高效的石油降解菌,分别命名为WTS、Z3-P和H4-1.测试结果显示,经过10d的降解实验,这3株降解菌对柴油的降解率均达到60%以上,降解效果良好,其中,WTS的降解效率最高,达到75%;用这3株菌进行污染土壤的修复实验,污染土壤中石油烃降解半衰期为30d左右,为自然情况下的1/4左右.对石油降解菌进行生理生化反应鉴定以及细菌16S rRNA鉴定结果表明,WTS是柠檬酸杆菌(Citrobacter sp.),H4-1是木糖氧化产碱菌(Alcaligenes xylosoxydans),Z3-P为芽孢杆菌(Bacillus sp.).     

O3纳米气泡强化表面活性剂修复柴油污染土壤

实验将纳米气泡(直径50~270nm)与臭氧相结合,对比臭氧纳米气泡处理后对3种表面活性剂去除土壤中柴油污染物的增效作用,并探讨表面活性剂浓度、土质以及土壤老化时间等不同条件对污染物去除率的影响。对不同方式处理后的土壤样品进行XRD、FTIR表征,采用GC/MS对柴油组分的降解产物进行分析。结果表明,同等条件下3种表面活性剂随着浓度的增加,对柴油的洗脱效率也随之提高,洗脱能力依次为SDS＞SDBS＞TX-100。表面活性剂在搅拌实验30min内对污染物的去除效果增效明显,30~40min增速放缓。臭氧纳米气泡提高表面活性剂对砂土中柴油去除率明显高于壤土,其中砂土和壤土中柴油去除率提高约13%和9%。壤土中污染物的老化时间与去除率成反比,臭氧纳米气泡处理对较长老化时间的壤土中柴油去除率也有显著提高,对老化60天污染壤土提高近8%。FTIR光谱表明含有臭氧纳米气泡的表面活性剂可以减少对土壤中有机质主要官能团的影响。GC/MS图谱分析表明残留污染物组分主要为烷烃,降解难度:烷烃<烯烃<环烷烃<芳香族化合物。     

土壤二维蒸气抽排去污效果的影响研究

土壤蒸气抽排是一种经济、高效、安全并已被广泛应用的污染场址现场修复技术,它能经济高效地去除非饱和带土壤中的挥发性有机污染物。以土壤和油污染物为例,进行了土壤二维抽排模拟实验,研究了气体抽排流量对去污效果的影响,通过实验可知:在增加气体抽排流量的情况下,抽排气中挥发性较强的有机物质正戊烷(C5h12)浓度下降的很快,最终保存在较低的浓度水平。挥发性一般的正辛烷(C8h18)和挥发性较弱的正癸烷(C10h22)经过长时间的抽排后,污染物也得到了降低,但是最终保持在比较高的浓度水平。得出增加气体抽排流量可以使污染物去除速率大幅度提高,从而缩短了净化时间,获得很好的去污效果。同时对二维抽排模拟实验和一维抽排模拟实验结果做了比较。     

油田污染土壤残油组成与特征参数分析

为揭示石油在土壤中的降解规律、残油组分特征,筛选土壤残油的生物降解性评价参数,选取大庆、胜利、百色3个油田区共18个深度降解的石油污染土样,利用气相色谱-质谱联用仪(GC-MS)分析了土壤残油中链烷烃(正烷烃+姥鲛烷+植烷)、多环芳烃(PAHs)、萜烷、甾烷及三芳甾烃等5类超过100种石油烃单体.结果表明,经长期降解后残留在土壤残油中总烷烃残留率低于10%,总PAHs残留率低于30%,而萜烷、甾烷及三芳甾烃等生物标志物较难降解.正烷烃降解性随碳数增加有下降的趋势,但碳数<37的正烷烃降解率平均值>80%;PAHs中2～4环PAHs降解率平均值>70%,5～6环PAHs较难生物降解;萘系列、菲系列、系列及苯并[e]芘系列中随烷基取代数增多而残留率增高.残油中可被GC-MS识别的组分<3%,主要为碳数高于20的正烷烃、烷基取代萘和菲、萜烷、甾烷及三芳甾烃等生物标志物.基于烷烃及多环芳烃组成特征,筛选出6个由易降解组分含量与总油或难降解组分含量的比值构成的标准残油的特征参数,可用于判断污染土壤中石油污染物的生物降解性.     

真菌-细菌协同修复石油污染土壤的场地试验

采用真菌-细菌微生物制剂对中原油田不同类型石油污染土壤进行原位修复小试和中试.第1期场地试验从2004-11-05～2005-03-07,共122 d,柴油、润滑油和石油的TPH降解率分别为61.0%、48.3%和38.3%.中试从2005-05-18～2005-11-03,共历时161 d.人工污染土壤、新鲜型石油污染土壤和陈旧型污染土壤的石油烃降解率分别达到75.0%、46.0%和56.6%,而对照组的降解率分别为15.7%、20.0%和28.0%.分析了修复过程中土壤中石油烃各组分含量的变化,结果表明真菌-细菌微生物制剂对饱和烃、芳烃、沥青胶质及非烃化合物均具有较好地降解能力.分别在修复后的人工污染、新鲜型污染和陈旧型污染地块种植小麦,产量分别为当地正常耕地产量的100%、57.2%和70.3%.本研究进一步证实了真菌-细菌协同修复石油烃污染耕地的可行性及其良好的应用前景.     

土壤石油生物降解影响因子正交实验分析

石油污染物进入土壤之后，多种因素同时制约着污染物的生物降解，为了定量化各因素对彼此的影响，探求促进正向作用，抑制负向作用的途径，为各因素制定适宜的施用时间顺序以及施用量，以最大限度地加快降解速度，笔者设计了本文中的复合生物降解实验，结果表明，使用多因素复合处理方法可以在土壤石油处理中收到很好的效果，在土壤石油含量为64g/kg水平下，三周内的降解率可以高达48％，在实验初期，表面活性剂和氧化剂的投加是影响降解速率的重要因素，它们的最优水平均为各受试水平中的最大值，到了实验的中后期，污染强度上升为降解的首要影响因子，并且在受试样品范围内，污染度越大降解率越高。     

1株筛自柴油污染土壤的铜绿假单胞菌对萘的降解特性研究

从柴油污染土壤中筛选分离出1株萘降解菌HD-5,经16S r DNA序列分析鉴定为铜绿假单胞菌(Pseudomonas aeruginosa),对功能基因进行PCR扩增证实该菌株中含有萘双加氧酶基因nah.采用生物强化、生物刺激以及二者相结合的方式修复萘含量为0.5%的自配污染土壤,综合比较了在不同修复方式下土壤中萘的降解率,修复过程中土壤FDA水解酶活和脱氢酶活的变化,以及运用定量PCR的方法动态分析了总细菌基因拷贝数和nah基因拷贝数.结果表明,在生物强化(B)、生物刺激(S)以及生物强化与生物刺激相结合(BS)这3种修复方式下,31 d后萘去除率分别为71.94%、62.22%和83.14%,BS组在修复过程中土壤FDA水解酶活和脱氢酶活明显高于另外两组,31 d后BS组土壤中总细菌基因拷贝数和nah基因拷贝数分别增长了约2.67×1011g-1和8.67×108g-1.上述研究结果表明筛选得到的萘降解菌株在土壤中具有良好的定植特性,在生物刺激与该降解菌株的共同作用下,可以有效地实现土壤中萘降解,这对此类污染生物修复过程研究具有一定的指导意义.     

石油类污染物在黏性土壤中的垂直分布规律

为了查明石油类污染物在黏性土壤中的垂直分布规律,本文选择某机械加工厂中机床下润滑油长期滴漏处为研究对象,研究了润滑油穿越地面混凝土层后在黏性土层中的分布特征,并结合土壤性质研究了该场地特征污染点在土壤0.2~3.0m深度范围内总石油烃(TPH)和挥发性有机物(VOCs)的垂直分布规律,以及土壤性质与土壤中TPH、VOCs含量的关系。结果表明:在工业企业石油类污染场地,污染物会透过素填土迁移进入较深层土壤;若地表污染源没有消除或刚停止持续污染,则TPH在表层素填土(0~0.5m)中含量较高,在浅层素填土(0.6~1.0m)中含量较低,而素填土中VOCs含量较低;在黏性土层中,大量TPH和VOCs会被吸附于在土层上方,且污染物浓度随土壤深度的增加显著降低。     

Distribution and ecological effect of mercury in Laogang landfill, Shanghai, China

Laogang landfill near Shanghai is the largest landfill in China, and receives about 10000 t of daily garbage per day, Samples of topsoil and plants were analyzed to evaluate mercury pollution from the landfill. For topsoil samples, there were significant correlations among total mercury （HgT）, combinative mercury （Hgc） and gaseous mercury （HgG）, and content of total organic carbon （TOC）, but, no significantly relationship was found between Hg content and filling time. Hg content changes in vertical profiles with time showed that the average Hgv of profiles 1992, 1996, and 2000 was similar, but their average HgG was quite different. HgT was significantly correlated with Hgc in profile 1992 and 2000, and Hgv was significantly correlated with Hg6 in profile 1996. HgG/Hgv ratio in profile samples decreased in the order of （HgG,/HgT）1992〉（HgG/HgT）1996〉〉（HgG/HgT）2000. A simple outline of Hg release in landfill could be drawn： with increasing of filling time, degradation undergoes different biodegradation, accordingly, gaseous mercury goes through small, more, and small proportion to total mercury. Distribution of Hg in plants was inhomogeneous, following the order of leaf〉root〉stem. The highest value of leaf may be associated with higher atmospheric Hg from landfill. Ligneous plants （e.g. Phyllostachys glanca, Prunus salicina and Ligustrum lucidum） are capable of enriching more Hg than herbaceous plants.     

EDTA-enhanced phytoremediation of lead contaminated soil by Bidens maximowicziana

Phytoremediation is a potential cleanup technology for the removal of heavy metals from contaminated soils.Bidens maximowicziana is a new Pb hyperaccumulator,which not only has remarkable tolerance to Pb but also extraordinary accumulation capacity for Pb.The maximum Pb concentration was 1509.3 mg/kg in roots and 2164.7 mg/kg in overground tissues.The Pb distribution order in the B. maximowicziana was:leaf>stem>root.The effect of amendments on phytoremediation was also studied.The mobility of soil Pb and the Pb concentrations in plants were both increased by EDTA application.Compared with CK(control check),EDTA application promoted translocation of Pb to overground parts of the plant.The Pb concentrations in overground parts of plants was increased from 24.23-680.56 mg/kg to 29.07-1905.57 mg/kg.This research demonstrated that B.maximowicziana appeared to be suitable for phytoremediation of Pb contaminated soil,especially,combination with EDTA.     

Decomposition of alachlor by ozonation and its mechanism

Decomposition and corresponding mechanism of alachlor, an endocrine disruptor in water by ozonation were investigated. Results showed that alachlor could not be completely mineralized by ozone alone. Many intermediates and final products were formed during the process, including aromatic compounds, aliphatic carboxylic acids, and inorganic ions. In evoluting these products, some of them with weak polarity were qualitatively identified by GC-MS. The information of inorganic ions suggested that the dechlorination was the first and the fastest step in the ozonation of alachlor.     

Enzymatic oxidation of aqueous pentachlorophenol

The influence of the nonionic surfactant Tween 80 on pentachlorophenol （PCP） oxidation catalyzed by horseradish peroxidase was studied. The surfactant was tested at concentrations below and above its critical micelle concentration （CMC）. Enhancement of PCP removal was observed at sub-CMCs. The presence of Tween 80 in the reaction mixture reduced enzyme inactivation which occurred through a combination of free radical attack and sorption by precipitated products. A simple first-order model was able to simulate time profiles for enzyme inactivation in the presence or absence of Tween 80. At supra-CMCs, the surfactant caused noticeable reductions in PCP removal, presumably through micelle partitioning of PCP which precluded the hydrophobic PCP molecule from interacting with the enzyme.     

基于综合水质标识指数和对应分析法的校园河道水质评价

以三峡大学的校园河道求索溪为研究对象,利用综合水质标识指数法确定求索溪水质类别,分析其水质时空变化规律,并利用对应分析法得出求索溪中不同监测点的主要污染因子.研究结果表明:求索溪整体的综合水质标识指数为7.423,整体水质为劣V类(地表水环境质量标准GB 3838-2002)且黑臭.从时间变化来看,求索溪4月份的水质最差,5月份次之,4、5月份所有监测点的水质都劣于V类且黑臭;8月份水质最好,水质为Ⅳ类;从空间分布来看,8个监测点综合水质标识指数均超过6.0,水质为劣V类,其中6号监测点的水质相对最好,监测点3号的水质相对最差;对应分析法得出求索溪的整体水体污染程度受总氮因子的影响最大,其次为总磷.该研究拟为求索溪及类似校园河道的水环境治理研究提供基础依据和参考.     

Effects of chitosan on growth of an aquatic plant (Hydrilla verticillata) in polluted waters with different chemical oxygen demands

Effects of chitosan on a submersed plant, Hydrilla verticillata, were investigated. Results indicated that H. venicillata could prevent ultrastructure phytotoxicities and oxidativereaction from polluted water with high chemical oxygen demand (COD). Superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity and malondialdehyde (MDA) contents in H. verticillata treated with 0.1% chitosan in wastewater increased with high COD (980 mg/L) and decreased with low COD (63 mg/L), respectively. Ultrastructural analysis showed that the stroma and grana of chloroplast basically remained normal. However, plant cells from the control experiment (untreated with chitosan) were vacuolated and the cell interval increased. The relict of protoplast moved to the center, with cells tending to disjoint. Our findings indicate that wastewater with high COD concentration can cause a substantial damage to submersed plant, nevertheless, chitosan probably could alleviate the membrane lipid peroxidization and ultrastructure phytotoxicities, and protect plant cells from stress of high COD concentration polluted water.     

Removal of cadmium using MnO2 loaded D301 resin

MnO2 loaded weak basic anion exchange resin D301 （Anion exchange resin, macroreticular weak basic styrene） as adsorbent has been prepared and applied to the removal of cadmium. The adsorption characteristics have been investigated with respect to effect of pH, equilibrium isotherms, removal kinetic data, and interference of the coexisting ions. The results indicated that the Cd^2＋ could be efficiently removed using MnO2 loaded D301 resin in the pH range of 3-8 from aqueous solutions with the co-existence of high concentration of alkali and alkaline-earth metals ions. The saturate adsorption capacity of the Cd^2＋ was 77.88 mg/g. The adsorption process followed the pseudo first-order kinetics. The equilibrium data obtained in this study accorded excellently with the Langmuir adsorption isotherm.     

Effect of coagulation pretreatment on the fouling of ultrafiltration membrane

The purpose of this study is to understand the effect and mechanism of preventing membrane fouling, by coagulation pretreatment, in terms of fractional component and molecular weight of natural organic matter （NOM）. A relatively higher molecular weight （MW） of hydrophobic compounds was responsible for a rapid decline in the ultrafiltration flux. Coagulation could effectively remove the hydrophobic organics, resulting in the increase of flux. It was found that a lower MW of neutral hydrophilic compounds, which could remove inadequately by coagulation, was responsible for the slow declining flux. The fluxes in the filtration of coagulated water and supernatant water were compared and the results showed that a lower MW of neutral hydrophilic compounds remained in the supernatant water after coagulation could be rejected by a membrane, resulting in fouling. It was also found that the coagulated flocs could absorb neutral hydrophilic compounds effectively. Therefore, with the coagulated flocs formed on the membrane surface, the flux decline could be improved.     

Penetration analysis of elements and bioleaching treatment of spent refractory for recycling

Acidithiobacillus ferrooxidans ATCC23270 and Acidithiobacillus thiooxidans TM-32 were used for bioleaching of spent refractories of aluminium and copper melting furnaces for their recycling.Firstly,penetration of elements into aluminium melting furnace refractory was investigated and it was found that up to 7 cm from surface was contaminated.Comparison on leaching efficiency by the strains ATCC23270 and TM-32 found that the strain ATCC23270 could treat larger amount of the refractories than the strain TM-32 could do.In the experiment of bioleaching of spent refractory aluminium melting furnace by the strain ATCC23270,high leaching efficiency were obtained on Al,Si,and Ca,and extremely low leaching performance was,however,shown on the rest of elements i.e.,Na,Mn,and Zn.Under the strain TM-32 use,relatively high leaching performance was recognized on Al,Si,Ca,Na,Mn,and Zn.In the experiment of bioleaching for spent refractory copper melting furnace,almost the same leaching trends were shown on Cu,Zn,Al,and Si under the strains ACTT23270 and TM-32 uses.     

Simultaneous removal of ammonium and phosphate by zeolite synthesized from coal fly ash as influenced by acid treatment

Zeolite synthesized from fly ash （ZFA） without modification is not efficient for the purification of NH4＋ and phosphate at low concentrations that occur in real effluents, despite the high potential removal capacity. To develop an effective technique to enhance the removal efficiency of ammonium and phosphate at low concentrations, ZFA was modified with acid treatment and the simultaneous removal of ammonium and phosphate in a wide range of concentration was investigated. It was seen that when compared with untreated ZFA, only the treatment by 0.01 mol/L of H2SO4 significantly improved the removal efficiency of ammonium at low initial concentrations. The behavior was well explained by the pH effect. Treatment by more concentrated H2SO4 led to the deterioration of the ZFA structure and a decrease in the cation exchange capacity. Treatment by 0.01 mol/L H2SO4 improved the removal efficiency of phosphate by ZFA at all initial P concentrations, while the treatment by concentrated H2SO4 （≥0.9 mol/L） resulted in a limited maximum phosphate immobilization capacity （PIC）. It was concluded that through a previous mild acid treatment （e.g. 0.01 mol/L of H2SO4）, ZFA can be used in the simultaneous removal of NH4＋ and P at low concentrations simulating real effluent.