光照时间对外源性磷在模拟水生态系统中迁移的影响

采用同位素示踪法,模拟研究不同光照时间对外源性无机磷酸盐在水体,铜绿微囊蓝细菌和底泥中迁移的影响.外源性磷在加入水体后先是一种物理化学的快速分配,然后其在水体中的迁移主要受微囊蓝细菌的生长状况的影响.延长光照时间能加快微囊蓝细菌的生长速率和提高微囊蓝细菌的密度.水体中外源性磷的浓度随时间下降,蓝细菌中外源性磷的最大浓度与光照时间无关,只有蓝细菌中超积累了一定数量的外源性磷,随后的对数生长就与细胞磷的含量无关.延长光照时间能增加微囊蓝细菌中总的外源性磷数量,随着蓝细菌的衰亡,外源性磷不断向底泥迁移,最终绝大部分外源性磷都迁移到底泥中.     

电厂温排水对铜绿微囊藻生长影响的模拟研究

以水华藻种铜绿微囊藻为例,在实验室内模拟内陆电厂温排水中温升和游离余氯的联合作用,研究其对铜绿微囊藻生长与光合活性的影响.结果表明,在适宜铜绿微囊藻生长的温度范围内,一定程度的温升会促进其生长,且水域温度本底值较低时,温升更有利于铜绿微囊藻的生长.铜绿微囊藻对游离余氯非常敏感,在大于0.1mg/L情况下,光合活性会下降,抑制作用非常明显,联合作用下,温升对于0.1mg/L游离余氯作用下铜绿微囊藻光合活性的恢复具有一定的促进作用,对于0.2mg/L作用下则没有.电厂排水口铜绿微囊藻会受到很强烈的抑制作用,藻细胞受到严重破坏,当加氯方式为连续加氯时,0.1mg/L余氯作用下的水域,微囊藻生长也会受到抑制.     

水生观赏植物红掌对铜绿微囊藻的化感作用

为研究红掌根部浸提液和红掌种植水对铜绿微囊藻生长的化感抑制作用,考察了红掌根添加量(以ρ计)分别为0、0.5、1.0、2.0、3.0、4.0 g/L及红掌种植水对铜绿微囊藻生长的抑制作用,同时研究了不同红掌根添加量下铜绿微囊藻的光合作用指标及生理活性指标的变化. 结果表明,红掌根部浸提液能有效抑制铜绿微囊藻的生长,在红掌根添加量(3.0、4.0 g/L)较高时,对铜绿微囊藻的抑制率超过90%. 藻类的光合活性也受到极大的损伤,具体表现为最大光量子产量和有效光量子产量的降低,最大相对电子传递速率的降低等. 铜绿微囊藻细胞内的酶系统工作也受到抑制,细胞膜和细胞器膜受自由基严重攻击,细胞受损伤程度较大,具体表现为MDA(丙二醛)的快速积累和POD(过氧化物酶)活性的急剧降低. 随着红掌根添加量的升高,其对铜绿微囊藻生长的化感抑制效果显著加强. 与对照组相比,高红掌根添加量组(3.0、4.0 g/L)的光量子产量降低了0.3,c(MDA)升高了10 nmol/mL以上,POD活性降低了3 U/mg. 试验第18天时,对照组、0.5、1.0、2.0、3.0、4.0 g/L红掌根添加组ρ(Chla)分别为515.80、396.35、246.44、160.50、3.67和4.13 μg/L. 红掌种植水对于铜绿微囊藻的生长具有抑制作用,其抑制效果差于高红掌根添加量试验组的抑制效果.      

Fe(Ⅲ)对太湖铜绿微囊藻和四尾栅藻竞争的影响

采用批量培养的方法研究Fe(Ⅲ)及其不同化学形态与EDTA,柠檬酸和羟基等配体作用对铜绿微囊藻和四尾栅藻的生长和光合作用的影响.结果表明, 当Fe(Ⅲ)浓度(18 μmol/L)高于强有机配体EDTA浓度(2.69 μmol/L)时,Fe(Ⅲ)主要以胶体和沉淀形态存在,但Fe3+及Fe(Ⅲ)的羟基配合物等藻类易于利用的化学态能维持较高的浓度,铜绿微囊藻和四尾栅藻都生长良好;Fe(Ⅲ)浓度(≤1.0 μmol/L)低于强有机配体的浓度(2.69 μmol/L)时,有机配体可以与Fe(Ⅲ)形成稳定的鳌合物; 可利用态的Fe(Ⅲ)浓度较低,铜绿微囊藻和四尾栅藻的生长、单位细胞叶绿素a质量、最大光合作用速率、呼吸速率、光限制部分P-I曲线斜率都下降,但铜绿微囊藻变化较快,表明Fe(Ⅲ)与强有机配体络合造成的限制有利于四尾栅藻占据优势.      

Effects of stable aqueous fullerene nanocrystal (nC60) on Daphnia magna: Evaluation of hop frequency and accumulations under different conditions

We investigated the effects of environmental factors and properties of water-stable crystal fullerene (nC60) on the uptake of nC60 by Daphnia magna based on known accumulation in our laboratory. This study was performed for seven days using different environmental factors including temperature, pH, water hardness, concentration (density of particle), and particle size. Results demonstrated that body burden of C60 increased with time in all experiments. Body burden of C60 increased with increasing concentration and particle size, and uptake of particles >100 nm reached their maximums more quickly than those <100 nm. Under high hardness in aqueous systems with lower pH and high temperature, uptake was higher than those under opposite conditions. Uptake in all batch tests reached balance within five days. Both nC60 properties and environmental factors influenced uptake of nC60 by D. magna in an aqueous system. Additionally, environmental factors may have affected accumulation by changing nC60 properties, which are critical to understand the accumulation of fullerenes in aqueous systems.     

Effects of stable aqueous fullerene nanocrystal （nC60） on Daphnia magna： Evaluation of hop frequency and accumulations under different conditions

We investigated the e ects of environmental factors and properties of water-stable crystal fullerene (nC60) on the uptake of nC60 by Daphnia magna based on known accumulation in our laboratory. This study was performed for seven days using di erent environmental factors including temperature, pH, water hardness, concentration (density of particle), and particle size. Results demonstrated that body burden of C60 increased with time in all experiments. Body burden of C60 increased with increasing concentration and particle size, and uptake of particles >100 nm reached their maximums more quickly than those <100 nm. Under high hardness in aqueous systems with lower pH and high temperature, uptake was higher than those under opposite conditions. Uptake in all batch tests reached balance within five days. Both nC60 properties and environmental factors influenced uptake of nC60 by D. magna in an aqueous system. Additionally, environmental factors may have a ected accumulation by changing nC60 properties, which are critical to understand the accumulation of fullerenes in aqueous systems.     

EDTA和铁对铜绿微囊藻和四尾栅藻生长和竞争的影响

铁限制不但会影响浮游植物的种群密度,而且会影响浮游植物的群落结构.为了探讨有机配体和铁的作用对湖泊中浮游植物的种群竞争,采用批量培养的方法,研究了不同EDTA及Fe浓度下,太湖蓝藻铜绿微囊藻和绿藻四尾栅藻的生长和竞争.结果表明,较高浓度的EDTA（≥13 .5 μmol/L）可以抑制铜绿微囊藻的生长,但不抑制四尾栅藻,因而有利于四尾栅藻占据优势;铁的浓度由3 μmol/L增大至18 μmol/L时,可缓解较高浓度EDTA（13 .5～27 μmol/L）对铜绿微囊藻的抑制作用,而增大其它微量元素浓度（B、Mn、Zn、Cu、Mo等）则无此作用;说明高浓度EDTA与铁的螯合作用能抑制铜绿微囊藻而不抑制四尾栅藻.高浓度EDTA对2种藻具有不同影响的原因可能是2种藻对铁的吸收机制不同.     

Adsorption and desorption characteristics of diphenylarsenicals in two contrasting soils

Diphenylarsinic acid(DPAA) is formed during the leakage of aromatic arsenic chemical weapons in soils,is persistent in nature,and results in arsenic contamination in the field.The adsorption and desorption characteristics of DPAA were investigated in two typical Chinese soils,an Acrisol(a variable-charge soil) and a Phaeozem(a constant-charge soil).Their thermodynamics and some of the factors influencing them(i.e.,initial pH value,ionic strength and phosphate) were also evaluated using the batch method in order to understand the environmental fate of DPAA in soils.The results indicate that Acrisol had a stronger adsorption capacity for DPAA than Phaeozem.Soil DPAA adsorption was a spontaneous and endothermic process and the amount of DPAA adsorbed was affected significantly by variation in soil pH and phosphate.In contrast,soil organic matter and ionic strength had no significant effect on adsorption.This suggests that DPAA adsorption may be due to specific adsorption on soil mineral surfaces.Therefore,monitoring the fate of DPAA in soils is recommended in areas contaminated by leakage from chemical weapons.     

好氧颗粒污泥同时脱氮除磷实时控制的研究

为实现以厌氧/好氧方式处理生活污水常低温同时脱氮除磷好氧颗粒污泥(AGS)工艺的实时控制,研究了冬季低温条件下磷负荷变化对系统同时脱氮除磷的影响及DO、pH值和ORP的变化规律;并通过静态实验研究了同时脱氮除磷AGS中聚磷菌(PAO)的组成.结果表明,DO、pH值和ORP的特征点对应反硝化结束、厌氧放磷结束、吸磷结束以及硝化结束等阶段,可以作为AGS同时脱氮除磷的实时控制参数.同时脱氮除磷AGS中,以氧作为电子受体的PAO能够去除总磷酸盐的14.19%;以氧和NO3--N作为电子受体的PAO能够去除总磷酸盐的74.32%;以氧、NO3--N和NO2--N作为电子受体的PAO能够去除总磷酸盐的11.47%.在好氧条件下AGS可以实现同时硝化、反硝化、好氧吸磷和反硝化吸磷.     

光照与磷对铜绿微囊藻生长的交互作用

采用单种分批培养的方法研究了光照与磷对铜绿微囊藻比生长速率、细胞叶绿素a和P含量的交互作用。通过光照强度和培养基P浓度的双因素试验设计,设置了4种培养基P浓度,每种P浓度下又设置了6种光照强度。结果显示:铜绿微囊藻生长的饱和光照强度为40～100μmol(/m·2s),培养基P浓度对其生长速率的影响符合Monod方程;随着光照增强,细胞叶绿素a含量呈下降趋势;提高P浓度,细胞叶绿素a含量会升高,但在较低P浓度下,铜绿微囊藻也能维持一定的细胞叶绿素a含量;细胞P含量的变化趋势与比生长速率的变化趋势相似。因此,光照和P浓度对铜绿微囊藻的生长、细胞叶绿素a和P含量均存在交互作用,且微囊藻生长变化与另外两种特征变化存在一定的关联。     

钙、镁离子在水流作用下对铜绿微囊藻生长的影响

为了解在"引江济太"过程中大量钙、镁离子的引入对铜绿微囊藻生长的影响,本实验在控制温度和光照条件下,室内模拟不同钙、镁离子浓度在两个特征流速5 cm/s和15 cm/s下微囊藻的生长。实验结果表明,微囊藻藻密度随钙、镁离子浓度的增加而增加,流速在15cm/s下微囊藻最大藻密度(9 236.4×104cell/mL)是流速为5 cm/s下最大藻密度(2 873.72×104cell/mL)的3倍,流速为15 cm/s下微囊藻最大比增长速率均较5 cm/s下的高。这可能是在水流产生的剪切力作用下藻细胞胞外多糖增加,粘附更多的钙、镁离子更利于钙、镁离子迁移到胞内,同时胞外附着的钙、镁离子尤其钙离子形成桥联,使微囊藻细胞形成群体产生微环境利于微囊藻的生长。水流对微囊藻利用钙、镁离子有重要的影响,这为有效调水抑制蓝藻生长提供科学依据。     

氮磷营养盐水平对灰化薹草浸泡液化感抑藻的影响

为了解不同氮、磷营养盐水平下植物化感作用对铜绿微囊藻生长的影响,以鄱阳湖洲滩优势植物灰化薹草为研究对象,在室内控温、控光无菌条件下,采用锥形瓶批式培养法,分别观测3组氮、磷营养盐水平〔5.0、0.5 mg/L（超富营养）;2.0、0.2 mg/L（富营养）;1.0、0.1 mg/L（中营养）〕条件下,灰化薹草质量浓度（以干质量计）为0（对照组）、0.05、0.1、1.5、3和6 g/L时,培养液中铜绿微囊藻细胞密度.通过对比分析铜绿微囊藻的生长曲线、最大比增长率和抑制率得到不同培养条件下铜绿微囊藻生长特征的差异.结果表明:在超富营养和富营养水平下,灰化薹草浸泡液对铜绿微囊藻的生长均呈现“低促高抑”现象,抑制率分别在-23.3%~26.1%和-10%~76.5%之间,由促转抑时灰化薹草质量浓度分别为3和1.5 g/L;而在中营养水平下抑制铜绿微囊藻生长,抑制率在1.6%~85.6%之间.铜绿微囊藻最大比增长速率随氮、磷营养盐水平表现为超富营养（0.81~0.88 d-1）>富营养（0.55~0.80 d-1）>中营养（0.40~0.76 d-1）.相同灰化薹草质量浓度对铜绿微囊藻的化感抑制作用,随氮、磷营养盐水平的增加而降低.3组氮、磷营养盐水平间最大比增长速率的差值,随灰化薹草质量浓度的增加而增大.研究显示,水体氮、磷营养盐对植物化感抑藻起着重要作用,因此利用植物化感控藻效果需综合考虑水体氮、磷质量浓度.      

氮磷形态与浓度对铜绿微囊藻和斜生栅藻生长的影响

以铜绿微囊藻（Microcystis aeruginosa）和斜生栅藻（Scendesmus obliquus）为研究对象,分别以硝酸钠、氯化铵和尿素为氮源,以磷酸氢二钾、甘油磷酸钠和三磷酸腺苷为磷源,配置不同浓度的氮磷培养基（氮浓度1.00,4.00,8.00mg/L,磷浓度0.20,2.00mg/L）,通过一次性培养实验研究2种藻氮、磷饥饿时对不同形态和不同浓度氮磷的生长响应.结果表明,2种藻对氮、磷的形态和浓度响应均不同,且藻种之间也有明显的响应差异.铜绿微囊藻在3种浓度硝酸钠培养下比生长速率无显著差异,而斜生栅藻的比生长速率在硝酸钠4.00mg/L时达到最高,说明1.00mg/L的硝酸钠已满足铜绿微囊藻对氮的生长需求,斜生栅藻对氮的需求高于铜绿微囊藻.铜绿微囊藻在1.00,4.00mg/L氯化铵和尿素培养下的比生长速率相同,且比生长速率和现存量均高于同浓度硝酸钠培养组,说明相比于硝酸钠,铜绿微囊藻更喜欢利用还原态的氯化铵和尿素.但当氯化铵浓度高达8.00mg/L时,铜绿微囊藻比生长速率低于相同浓度尿素和硝酸钠培养组,也低于低浓度氯化铵培养组,说明高浓度氯化铵不利于铜绿微囊藻的生长.然而,斜生栅藻在8.00mg/L氯化铵培养下比生长速率和现存量与尿素培养时无显著差异,而且均高于硝酸钠培养组,说明斜生栅藻对氯化铵的耐受能力比铜绿微囊藻高.3种形态的磷均能被铜绿微囊藻和斜生栅藻利用,但铜绿微囊藻用高浓度有机磷培养时的现存量更高,斜生栅藻则在高浓度无机磷培养下生长更好,说明铜绿微囊藻比斜生栅藻能更好的利用有机磷,高浓度的无机磷不利于铜绿微囊藻生长.太湖目前铵氮浓度降低显著,水体无机磷占比很低,溶解态有机磷浓度占比较高,这些都更有利于蓝藻形成优势.     

Biological nitrogen removal with enhanced phosphate uptake in (AO)2 SBR using single sludge system

IntroductionBiologicalphosphorusandnitrogenremovalprocesshasprovidedsignificantbenefitstoameliorateeutrophicationofsurfacewaterwithoutexacerbatingsalination .Recentresearchesonnitrogenremovalaremostlyeithertowardsimprovementofperformanceandenergysavingsintraditionalprocessesortowardsdevelopmentofnewprocesses microorganismsthatareabletoconvertammonium oxidatednitrogenintoharmlessforms.Shorternitrificationanddenitrification ,i.e .partialoxidationofNH 4toNO-2 andsubsequentreductionofthelatterto…     

压力下伪空胞破裂对3种水华蓝藻生长及光合作用的影响

采用批量培养方式,研究了伪空胞的破裂对3种典型水华蓝藻——铜绿微囊藻(Microcystis aeruginosa)、螺旋鱼腥藻(Anabaena spiroides)和孟氏浮游蓝丝藻(Plankothrix mougeotii)生长的影响,同时分析了伪空胞破裂对3种藻光合作用及细胞形态的影响.结果表明,伪空胞破裂对3种藻的生长影响不同,铜绿微囊藻和孟氏浮游蓝丝藻的细胞生长不受伪空胞破裂的影响,而螺旋鱼腥藻生长初期出现了5 d的延滞期;伪空胞破裂对3种藻光合作用影响较小,其中铜绿微囊藻和螺旋鱼腥藻的光合作用没有受到影响,而孟氏浮游蓝丝藻在饱和光强时最大光合作用速率降低了12.6%.铜绿微囊藻、孟氏浮游蓝丝藻及螺旋鱼腥藻细胞在伪空胞破裂后恢复较快,在3～5 d内又重新生成了大部分的伪空胞.      

预处理的铜绿假单胞菌对Cu2+的生物吸附研究

从电镀废水污泥中分离，纯化获一高抗铜菌株，经鉴定为铜绿假单胞菌（Pseudomonas aeruginosa)，采用不同浓度盐酸对铜绿假单胞菌进行预处理，同时考察了不同因素如溶液的pH，温度，摇床转速，接触反应时间对未处理菌和预处理的影响，结果表明，经0．1NHCl预处理的菌体具有最佳吸附效果，pH、摇床转速对菌体的吸附具有较显著影响，温度对菌体吸附影响不大。     

不同磷水平下铜绿微囊藻对砷酸盐的吸收和净化

通过室内培养实验,研究了富磷(+P)和缺磷(–P)环境下,铜绿微囊藻对砷酸盐(As(Ⅴ))的累积和净化动力学特征,探讨了净化过程中培养介质砷形态的变化.结果表明:缺磷环境下虽然可显著提升铜绿微囊藻对砷酸盐的吸收,但该环境下的高砷藻体又具较高的砷释放风险.+P和–P环境下,藻体中分别有41.5%和46.3%的胞内砷可在快速清除阶段(2h)被迅速排出.+P环境下经10μmol/L As(Ⅴ)暴露后的含砷藻体,经13d净化培养后,+P培养介质中藻体以砷酸盐释放为主,-P培养介质中则存在砷的还原和甲基化现象,这表明不同磷水平下藻体对砷的净化机理可能存在明显差异.     

Effect of phosphorus fluctuation caused by river water dilution in eutrophic lake on competition between blue-green alga Microcystis aeruginosa and diatom Cyclotella sp.

Tega-numa (Lake Tega) is one of the eutrophic lakes in Japan. For the improvement of water quality in Lake Tega, the Northchiba Water Conveyance Channel was constructed in 2000, which transfer water from Tone River into the lake. After 2000, the dominant species of diatoms, mainly Cyclotella sp., have been replacing blue-green algae, mainly Microcystis aeruginosa in Lake Tega. This transition of dominant species would be due to the dilution, but the detail mechanism has not been understood yet. This study examined the relationship between phosphorus fluctuation caused by river water dilution to Lake Tega and dominance of algal species, M. aeruginosa or Cyclotella sp. based on the single-species and the mixed-species culture experiments. The single-species culture experiment showed that the half-saturation constant and uptake rate of phosphorus were one order lower and seven times higher for M. aeruginosa than those for Cyclotella sp. These findings implied that M. aeruginosa would possess a potential for the growth and survival over Cyclotella sp. in the phosphorus limited condition. The superiority of M. aeruginosa was reflected in the outcome of the mixed-species culture experiment, i.e., dominance of M. aeruginosa, even phosphorus concentration was lowered to 0.01 mg-P/L. Therefore, it could be concluded that the decrease in phosphorus concentration due to the river water dilution to Lake Tega would be interpreted as a minor factor for the transition of dominant species from M. aeruginosa to Cyclotella sp.     

低碳源条件下BSBR工艺磷酸盐强化吸收影响因素分析

相较于传统强化生物除磷工艺通过测流实现污泥磷酸盐的富集和回收,生物膜法可对废水中的磷酸盐进行高效同步去除和富集,具有应用潜力。针对生物膜法厌氧释磷需要高碳源刺激的问题,通过优化工艺条件强化生物膜好氧吸磷能力提高生物膜蓄磷量,进而减少厌氧释磷时的碳源消耗。采用生物膜法序批式反应器(BSBR),考察了在低碳源投加下,蓄磷量与磷富集罐磷浓度的响应关系,采用正交试验探究溶解氧、搅拌速度以及好氧时间对磷酸盐强化吸收的影响。结果表明:当温度为(25±2)℃、厌氧外加碳源为(180±20) mg/L时,富集罐磷浓度随着生物膜蓄磷量的增加而增加,最高可达到90.62 mg/L。相同蓄磷量下,溶解氧浓度从2 mg/L增加至8 mg/L,磷酸盐最大吸收速率可从2.60 mg/(L·h)上升到8.70 mg/(L·h)。正交实验结果表明:各因素对磷酸盐强化吸收的影响顺序为溶解氧>好氧时间>搅拌速度。当溶解氧浓度为6 mg/L,搅拌速度为200 r/min,好氧时间为5 h时,除磷效率最高可达99.98%。     

高效铜绿微囊藻溶藻菌WJ6的分离鉴定及溶藻特性

以铜绿微囊藻为研究对象,从富营养化水体分离了一株高效溶藻菌,通过分析形态学、生理生化特征及16S rDNA序列比对,鉴定了该溶藻菌株,分析了该菌株对铜绿微囊藻的溶藻方式、溶藻特性及其不同培养时期、不同浓度菌液及不同环境因子对溶藻效果的影响,并探讨了其可能的溶藻机制.研究表明：WJ6属于沙雷氏菌属（Serratia sp.GenBank登录号为KY462187）;溶藻菌WJ6以胞外释放溶藻物质为主直接溶藻为辅的溶藻方式;溶藻菌WJ6处于对数期时的溶藻率最高达87.50%;菌液浓度达1.4×10⁹CFU/mL以上,溶藻率最高为95.69%;在30℃、pH8条件下,溶藻率达90.00%;改良的基本培养基培养的溶藻菌溶藻率最高达98.50%;铵离子浓度大于2mol/L时,溶藻菌的溶藻率98.33%;当盐度为0.5%时,溶藻率较高为92.77%.溶藻菌株WJ6是1株高效溶铜绿微囊藻菌,在富营养化治理方面具有较好的应用前景.