雌酮和炔雌醇在污泥中的吸附特性

通过避光恒温振荡实验,研究了初始浓度、吸附时间、温度、pH、离子浓度等因素对内分泌干扰物雌酮(E1)和炔雌醇(EE2)在污泥中吸附行为的影响。结果表明:污泥对不同初始浓度的E1和EE2吸附效果有明显差异,总体上对EE2的吸附能力大于E1; E1和EE2分别在吸附1 h和15 min时达到最大吸附量,随后发生解吸,在2 h和1 h后达到吸附-解吸平衡状态,污泥吸附的E1和EE2分别占总量的9. 7%～12. 6%和85. 9～92. 2%;温度变化会影响污泥对E1和EE2的吸附量; EE2在污泥中的最大吸附量和平衡吸附量随着pH的升高而降低,而E1在偏碱性条件下,平衡吸附量随着pH的升高而增加; NH4+和Ca2+的浓度对EE2污泥中的吸附量影响较明显,当离子浓度为0. 005～0. 1 mol/L时,污泥对EE2的吸附量随离子浓度的增大而显著升高。     

冠状病毒IBV和噬菌体MS2在饱和多孔介质中的运移规律

 为研究病毒在土壤中的运移机理,选择鸡的传染性支气管炎冠状病毒(IBV)和噬菌体(MS2)为材料,采用土柱模拟实验研究2种病毒在不同输入方式(IBV脉冲,MS2阶跃)、不同饱和多孔介质中的运移规律.结果表明,IBV在饱和玻璃珠中的运移有少量滞留和延迟;MS2在饱和砂土中的运移随着离子强度的不同而不同,存在两个临界点,分别为0.065mol/L和0.080mol/L.在离子强度从0.002mol/L升高到0.065mol/L时,病毒吸附随着离子强度的增加而迅速增加;离子强度在0.065～0.080mol/L时,病毒吸附随着离子强度的增加而迅速降低;当离子强度超过临界点0.08mol/L后,随着离子强度的增加病毒吸附缓慢增加.在相同pH值和离子强度的不同介质中,IBV比MS2吸附和滞留较多.     

敌敌畏在土壤中吸附特性的研究

研究了敌敌畏在2种土壤(东胜土壤和杭锦2#土)中的吸附特性,观察了土壤的性质如w(有机质),w(粘粒),CEC,pH和离子强度等因素对吸附的影响.结果表明:敌敌畏在2种土壤中的吸附过程符合一级动力学规律,可用线性等温式描述,分配常数Kd分别为0.119 0和0.369 3 mL/g;敌敌畏在杭锦2#土中的吸附量比较大,在东胜土壤中的吸附速率比较快.土壤性质与分配常数的相关分析发现:支配敌敌畏在土壤中吸附的主要因素是pH和离子强度,随着pH的增加和离子强度的降低,敌敌畏在2种土壤中的吸附量增大.     

17α-雌二醇在土壤样品中的吸附特性研究

研究了pH值、温度、离子强度和土壤粒径等因素对17α-雌二醇(17α-E2)在土壤样品中吸附特性的影响。结果表明:17α-E2在土壤中的等温吸附浓度呈现先显著升高后保持相对稳定的趋势,等温吸附平衡时间约为0.5 h;土壤对17α-E2的吸附率随着环境温度的升高而显著降低。随着17α-E2溶液pH值的升高,土壤样品对17α-E2的吸附则逐渐降低;随着离子浓度的升高,土壤样品对17α-E2的吸附呈现先显著升高后保持相对稳定的趋势;随着土壤粒径的增大,土壤样品对于17α-E2的吸附作用则显著降低。     

纳米SiO2和纳米高岭土对阿特拉津的吸附

随着纳米材料的广泛应用,其生态环境效应及其在环境中对有机污染物迁移转化过程的影响逐渐引起人们的重视.应用振荡平衡法研究了纳米SiO2 和纳米高岭土对阿特拉津(AT)的吸附,并讨论了离子强度、吸附剂浓度和pH值对吸附过程的影响.结果表明,纳米SiO2 和纳米高岭土对AT的吸附量都随离子强度的增大而减小.在离子强度 0.001～0.1 mol. L-1 范围内,纳米SiO2 吸附 AT 的 Freundlich 系数 (Kf)由25.55降低到18.35,而纳米高岭土则由85.85降至20.57.不同浓度纳米SiO2:对AT吸附量的影响不明显,而随吸附剂浓度的增高,纳米高岭土吸附AT的Kf由5g·L-1,的71.55降低至20g·L-1 的37.22,浓度效应显著.随着溶液碱性的增强,AT在2种纳米吸附剂上的吸附量明显呈下降趋势. AT的存在形态对其在2种纳米颗粒上的吸附起主导作用.     

N-LED3A在土壤中的吸附特征及其影响因素

采用批平衡试验法,研究了新型螯合型表面活性剂N-十二酰基乙二胺三乙酸钠(N-LED3A)在土壤上的吸附特征,并探讨了pH值、温度、离子强度和水土比对N-LED3A在土壤上的吸附影响.结果表明:准二级动力学方程适合描述N-LED3A在土壤上的吸附过程.Langmuir、Freundlich和Dubinin-Radushkevich(D-R)吸附等温方程均可较好地用于拟合吸附行为.土壤有机质和粘土矿物对N-LED3A在土壤上的吸附起到重要作用.溶液pH值对N-LED3A在土壤上的吸附有显著影响,随pH值增大(5~11),N-LED3A在土壤上的吸附量明显减小.N-LED3A浓度低于1000mg/L时,升高温度(25,35,45℃)对吸附量影响不大,但当浓度大于3000mg/L吋,吸附量随温度的升高有所_低.N-LED3A在土壤上的吸附量随离子强度增大而增加.N-LED3A吸附量随水土比变化顺序为:水土(20:1)水土(40:1)水土(80:1).     

影响镍在新疆荒漠土壤中形态分布因素研究

选择新疆荒漠区某石化污水库周边土壤作为研究对象,采用室内静态吸附和Tessier连续提取技术对影响供试土壤中镍的形态分布和生物有效性因素进行研究。实验结果表明,在100-400 mg/L浓度范围内,随着土壤中加入镍离子量的增加,镍的碳酸盐结合态和铁锰氧化态比例降低,生物有效性系数K呈递减的趋势,当浓度大于250 mg/L时,这种递减趋势趋于平缓;土壤pH值增大,镍的残渣态比例升高,在pH值小于8范围内,生物有效性系数K减小趋势不明显,当pH值大于8时,生物有效性系数K急剧下降;土壤环境离子强度小于0.01 mol/L时,镍的形态分布变化较小,但当离子强度大于0.01 mol/L时,镍向不易被植物吸收的形态转化。     

胡敏酸-针铁矿复合胶体对Pb2+的吸附特征

采用批平衡试验法,研究了胡敏酸-针铁矿复合胶体对Pb2+的等温吸附特征及pH值、离子强度、温度及共存Cd2+对复合胶体吸附Pb2+的影响.结果表明:在相同离子强度和温度条件下,pH值升高,最大吸附量(Smax)和吸附平衡常数(k)均增大,有利于吸附反应的进行.等温吸附方程以Langmuir方程拟合效果最好.当Pb2+平衡浓度为124.7mg/L时,吸附量增幅最大,达35mg/g.复合胶体对Pb2+的吸附动力学方程以Elovich方程拟合效果最好.pH值增大,平衡吸附速率提高.在相同pH值和离子强度条件下,温度升高,最大吸附量、吸附平衡常数、自由能变△G°的绝对值均增加,表明升高温度有利于吸附反应的进行.在相同温度和pH值条件下,复合胶体对Pb2+的吸附量随着离子强度的增加而增加.当存在Cd2+时,复合胶体对Pb2+的吸附量有所降低,但Cd2+对Pb2+竞争吸附影响不大.     

赤铁矿对砷的吸附解吸及氧化特征

采用等温吸附热力学的方法,研究了赤铁矿(α-Fe2O3)对三价砷离子的吸附和氧化特征,以及温度、pH值等因素对吸附和氧化效果的影响.研究结果表明,Langmuir方程可以很好地表述吸附量与初始三价砷离子浓度的关系(R2=0.9939);随着初始砷离子浓度的增大,溶液中As(V)的浓度(氧化量)也逐渐增大,然而氧化率却随着初始砷离子浓度的增大而减小;35℃条件下的吸附量和吸附率、氧化量和氧化率都比25℃时大,表明升高温度有利于赤铁矿对砷离子的吸附和氧化作用.溶液酸度对于As(Ⅲ)的吸附和氧化有着不同的影响,在pH<8时,吸附量和吸附率随pH上升而增加,在pH=8时达到最大,随后随pH上升而减小;当pH低于6.0时,随着pH的增加As(Ⅲ)氧化量、氧化率逐渐增大,而当pH高于6.0时.随着pH增加As(Ⅲ)氧化量反而降低.最大氧化量出现在pH=6.0处.     

pH和水溶性有机质对苏打盐碱土壤吸附解吸汞的影响

苏打盐碱土壤是一种具有特殊理化性质的土壤。采用1次平衡法,研究不同pH和水溶性有机质(DOM)含量对苏打盐碱土壤吸附解吸Hg的动力学特征。结果表明:随着平衡溶液pH的增加,苏打盐碱土对Hg的吸附量呈现先升高后降低的趋势,其中最大吸附量出现在pH为3.5~5.5;对Hg的解吸量呈现先降低后升高的趋势,最小解吸量出现在pH为4.5~6.0。DOM对不同浓度Hg的吸附、解吸特征影响不一,当平衡溶液Hg浓度低于10 mg/L,DOM的增加显著降低土壤对Hg的吸附量;而当平衡溶液Hg浓度升高,DOM的增加反而促进Hg的吸附。当平衡溶液ρ(DOM)<100 mg/L时,DOM的增加对土壤中Hg的解吸起促进作用。苏打盐碱地土壤具有强碱性、低有机质的特性,不利于Hg在土壤中的存留。     

Evaluation of phytoextracting cadmium and lead by sunflower, ricinus, alfalfa and mustard in hydroponic culture

Soil contaminated with heavy metals cadmium(Cd)and lead(Pb)is hard to be remediated.Phytoremediation may be a feasible method to remove toxic metals from soil,but there are few suitable plants which can hyperaccumulate metals.In this study,Cd and Pb accumulation by four plants including sunflower(Helianthus annuus L.),mustard(Brassica juncea L.),alfalfa(Medicago sativa L.), ricinus(Ricinus communis L.)in hydroponic cultures was compared.Results showed that these plants could phytocxtract heavy metals, the ability of accumulation differed with species,concentrations and categories of heavy metals.Values of BCF(bioconcentration factor)and TF(translocation factor)indicated that four species had dissimilar abilities of phytoextraction and transportation of heavy metals.Changes on the biomass of plants,pH and Eh at different treatments revealed that these four plants had distinct responses to Cd and Pb in cultures.Measurements should be taken to improve the phytoremediation of sites contaminated with heavy metals,such as pH and Eh regulations,and so forth.     

Oxidation of As(Ⅲ) by potassium permanganate

The oxidation of As(Ⅲ) with potassium permanganate was studied under conditions including pH, initial As(Ⅲ) concentration and dosage of Mn(Ⅶ). The results have shown that potassium permanganate was an effective agent for oxidizing of As(Ⅲ) in a wide pH range. The pH value of tested water was not a significant factor affecting the oxidation of As(Ⅲ) by Mn(Ⅶ). Although theoretical redox analyses suggest that Mn(Ⅶ) should have better performance in oxidization of As(Ⅲ) within lower pH ranges, the experimental results show that the oxidation efficiencies of As(Ⅲ) under basic and acidic conditions were similar, which may be due to the adsorption of As(Ⅲ) on the Mn(OH)2 and MnO2 resulting from the oxidation of As(Ⅲ).     

Chlorobenzenes in waterweeds from the Xijiang River （Guangdong section） of the Pearl River

The Xijiang River is the major source of water for about 4.5 millions of urban population and 28.7 millions of rural population. The water quality is very important for the health of the rural population. The concentration and distribution of chlorobenzenes (CBs) in both water and waterweeds collected from 4 stations in the Xijiang River (Gangdong section) of the Pearl River in April and November were determined. The result showed that nearly every congener of CBs was detected. The total contents of CBs (∑CBs) in the river water ranged from 111.1 to 360.0 ng/L in April and from 151.9 to 481.7 ng/L in November, respectively. The pollution level of CBs in the water in April was higher than that in November. The contents of ∑ CBs in waterweeds ranged from 13.53×102 μg/g to 38.27×102μg/g dry weight (dw). There was no significant difference between April and November in waterweeds. The distribution of CBs in roots, caulis, and leaves of Vallisneria spiralis L. showed different patterns. The leaves mainly contained low-molecular-weight CBs(DCBs), whereas the roots accumulated more PCBs and HCBs. The average lgBCFlip (bioconcentration factor) of CBs ranged from 0.64 to 3.57 in the waterweeds. The spatial distribution character of CBs in the Xijiang River was: Fengkai County ＜ Yunan County ＜Yun'an County ＜ Gaoyao County according to the ∑CBs, and the pollution deteriorated from the upstream to the downstream of the Xijiang River. Further analysis demonstrated that the discharge of waste containing CBs may be the main source of CBs pollution in the Xijiang River.     

Degradation of 2,4-dichlorophenol with a novel TiO2/Ti-Fe-graphite felt photoelectrocatalytic oxidation process

Degradation of 2,4-dichlorophenol(2,4-DCP)was studied in a novel three-electrode photoelectrocatalytic(PEC)integrative oxidation process,and the factors influencing the degradation rate,such as applied current,flow speed of O_2,pH,adscititious voltage and initial 2,4-DCP concentration were investigated and optimized.H_2O_2 was produced nearby cathode and Fe~(2 )continuously generated from Fe anode in solution when current and O_2 were applied,so,main reactions,H_2O_2-assisted TiO_2 PEC oxidation and E-Fenton reaction,occurred during degradation of 2,4-DCP in this integrative system.The degradation ratio of 2,4-DCP was 93% in this integrative oxidation process,while it was only 31% in E-Fenton process and 46% in H_2O_2-assisted TiO_2 PEC process.So,it revealed that the degradation of 2,4-DCP was improved greatly by photoelectrical cooperation effect.By the investigation of pH,it showed that this integrative process could work well in a wide pH range from pH 3 to pH 9.     

Effect of copper on the degradation of pesticides cypermethrin and cyhalothrin

The influence of coexisting copper (Cu) ion on the degradation of pesticides pyrethroid cypermethrin and cyhalothrin in soil and photodegradation in water system were studied.Serial concentrations of the pesticides with the addition of copper ion were spiked in the soil and incubated for a regular period of time,the analysis of the extracts from the soil was carried out using gas chromatography (GC).The photodegradation of pyrethroids in water system was conducted under UV irradiation.The effect of Cu~(2 ) on the pesticides degradation was measured with half life (t_(0.5)) of degradation.It was found that a negative correlation between the degradation of the pyrethroid pesticides in soil and Cu addition was observed.But Cu~(2 ) could accelerate photodegradation of the pyrethroids in water.The t_(0.5) for cyhalothrin extended from 6.7 to 6.8 d while for cypermethrin extended from 8.1 to 10.9 d with the presence of copper ion in soil.As for photodegradation,t_(0.5) for cyhalothrin reduced from 173.3 to 115.5 rain and for cypermethrin from 115.5 to 99.0 min.The results suggested that copper influenced the degradation of the pesticides in soil by affecting the activity of microorganisms.However, it had catalyst tendency for photodegradation in water system.The difference for the degradation efficiency of pyrethroid isomers in soil was also observed.Copper could obviously accelerate the degradation of some special isomers.     

Effects of arsenic on seed germination and physiological activities in wheat seedlings

The effects of arsenic(As)were investigated on seed germination,root and shoot length and their biomass and some other factors to elucidate the toxicity of As.The results showed low concentrations of As(O-1 mg/kg)stimulated seed germination and the growth of root and shoot,however,these factors all decreased gradually at high concentrations of As(5-20 mg/kg).The contents Of O2-,MDA,soluble protein and peroxidase(POD)activity all increased with increasing As concentrations.Soluble sugar content,ascorbate peroxidase(APX),and superoxide dismutase(SOD)activities decreased at low concentrations of As,and increased at high concentrations of As.While acetylsalicylic acid(ASA)and chlorophyll contents,catalase(CAT)activity displayed increasing trend when the concentrations of As was lower than 1 mg/kg,and then decreasing trend.By polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis(PAGE).As induced the expression of POD isozymes of wheat seedlings.As induced the expression of CAT isozymes but inhibited the expression of SOD isozymes of wheat seedlings at concentrations lower than 1 mg/kg.However,As inhibited the expression of CAT isozymes but induced the expression of SOD isozymes at concentrations higher than 5 mg/kg.The results indicated As could exert harmfulness in the early development stage of wheat at inappropriate concentrations.     

Sustainability： A view from the wind-eroded field

This article explores the assessment of sustainability in fields subject to wind erosion. In the first part, simple sustainability audits are examined, as of soil depth and nutrients. Direct measurement of these characteristics has many problems, largely because of huge variability in space and time at all scales. Modelling still has its problems, but it may be possible to overcome many of them soon. It is true that wind erosion preferentially removes soil nutrients, but there are imponderables even here. The nutrient balance in many of these soils includes considerable input from dust. In West Africa, it has been shown that the amounts of calcium and potassium that are added in dust are sufficient to fertilize dispersed crops. In mildly acidic sandy soils, such as those found on the widespread palaeo- aeolian deposits, much of the phosphorus is fixed and unavailable to plants by the time it is removed by wind erosion, so that erosion has no added downside. Most of the nutrients carried by dust have been shown to travel close to the ground （even when they are attached to dust-sized particles）, and so are trapped in nearby fallow strips, and are thus not lost to the farming system. Second, the sustalnabillty of a whole semi-arid farming system is explored. Wind erosion in semi-arid areas （like China, the Sahel and Norflawestern Europe） generally takes place on aeolian deposits of the recent geological past. Most of these soils are deep enough to withstand centuries of wind erosion before they are totally lost to production, and some of these soils have greater fertility at greater depth （so that wind erosion may even improve the soil）. Finally some remarks are made about environmental change in relation to sustainability.     

Bioconcentration kinetics of PCBs in various parts of the lifecycle of the tadpoles Xenopus laevis

Polychlorinated biphenyls （PCBs） in Xenopus laevis have been reported only for a few congeners. Additionally, there is very little information on the ability of Xenopus laevis to bioconcentrate PCBs. To address these issues, the tadpole Xenopus laevis was exposed to Aroclor 1254 mixtures in water at room temperature for 110 d followed by an additional 110 d of nonspiked PCBs in the water for the control group. During the whole process, bioconcentration factors （BCFs） of PCBs ranged from 1180 to 15670. For most PCB congeners, the highest and lowest bioconcentrations of the kinetic curves were found to be remarkably simultaneous, respectively. All 141 PCB congeners under the same experimental conditions had no linear correlation on the lgBCF versus lgKow relationship. The relationship between lgBCFs and lgKow followed a parabolic pattern indicative of selective bioconcentration, suggesting that the kinetic curves of the PCB congeners observed in the lifecycle of the tadpoles may be concentrated due to the amphibian special species and internal metabolism. In contrast, lgBCFs for PCBs were inversely related to lgKow, suggesting that a metabolism of the higher Kow PCB congeners occurred. These results support the author＇s conclusion that the tadpole Xenopus laevis plays major roles in the bioconcentration of PCB congeners, and demonstrated that the exposure kinetic curves of PCB congeners are complex. Besides the amphibian metamorphous development, the lifecycle of the tadpole Xenopus laevis also may be of importance in determining the bioconcentration of PCB congeners.     

Amplification of plasmid DNA bound on soil colloidal particles and clay minerals by the polymerase chain reaction

Polymerase chain reaction(PCR)was used to amplify a 600-base pair(bp)sequence of plasmid pGEX-2T DNA bound on soil colloidal particles from Brown soil(Alfisol)and Red soil(Ultisol),and three different minerals(goethite,kaolinite,montmorillonite). DNA bound on soil colloids,kaolinite,and montmorillonite was not amplified when the complexes were used directly but amplification occurred when the soil colloid or kaolinite-DNA complex was diluted,10- and 20-fold.The montmorillonite-DNA complex required at least 100-fold dilution before amplification could be detected.DNA bound on goethile was amplified irrespective of whether the complex was used directly,or diluted 10- and 20-fold.The amplification of mineral-bound plasmid DNA by PCR is,therefore,markedly influenced by the type and concentration of minerals used.This information is of fundamental importance to soil molecular microbial ecology with particular reference to monitoring the fate of genetically engineered microorganisms and their recombinant DNA in soil environments.     

Arsenic uptake and transport of Pteris vittata L. as influenced by phosphate and inorganic arsenic species under sand cu｜ture

In order to understand the similarity or difference of inorganic As species uptake and transport related to phosphorus in As-hyperaccumulator, uptake and transport of arsenate (As(Ⅴ)) and arsenite (As(Ⅲ)) were studied using Pteris vittata L. under sand culture. Higher concentrations of phosphate were found to inhibit accumulation of arsenate and arsenite in the fronds of P. vittata. The reduction in As accumulation was greater in old fronds than in young fronds, and relatively weak in root and rhizome. Moderate increases, from 0.05 to 0.3 mmol/L, in phosphate reduced uptake of As(Ⅲ) more than As(Ⅴ), while the reverse was observed at high concentrations of phosphate (≥ 1.0 mmol/L). Phosphate apparently reduced As transport and the proportion of As accumulated in fronds of P. vittata when As was supplied as As(Ⅴ). It may in part be due to competition between phosphorus and As(Ⅴ) during transport. In contrast, phosphate had a much smaller effect on As transport when the As was supplied as As(Ⅲ). Therefore, the results from present experiments indicates that a higher concentration of phosphate suppressed As accumulation and transport in P. vittata, especially in the fronds, when exposure to As(Ⅴ); but the suppression of phosphate to As transport in the root or rhizome may be insignificant when P. vittata when exposure to As(Ⅲ) under sand culture conditions. The finding will help to understand the interaction of P and As during their uptake process in P. vittata.