生物炭添加比例及冻融对沟渠土壤氮素淋失的影响

三江平原大规模集约化农业生产活动破坏了土壤养分平衡,加快了营养物质输移过程,而沟渠土壤中高有机物含量有利于营养元素的化学循环.为了研究冻融过程及添加不同比例生物炭对沟渠土壤氮素淋失的影响效果,本研究采用室内土柱模拟淋溶方法,探究了冻融过程及添加不同比例生物炭土壤对淋溶液中铵态氮(NH~+_4-N)和硝态氮(NO~-_3-N)淋失量的影响规律.实验采用400℃烧制的玉米秸秆生物炭,分别按照炭土质量比0、0.75%、1.50%、3.00%的比例施用于沟渠土壤中.结果表明:施加生物炭加快了溶液的淋溶速率;施加生物炭能够增加土壤对氮素的固持,且不同配比生物炭的土壤对铵态氮的固持能力优于硝态氮,添加0.75%生物炭的土壤对硝态氮表现出较好的固持能力;冻融条件下土壤氮素的淋失有所增加,生物炭对氮素的固持能力随着冻融次数的增加也有所降低,在本实验中,当冻融频次为1时,冻融过程对生物炭固持土壤氮素能力的抵消作用最大.     

生物炭对菜地土壤氮平衡及酸碱缓冲能力的影响

针对太湖地区菜地化肥氮投入量较大导致氮淋失严重及土壤酸化的现状,选取太湖地区的菜地土壤,利用盆栽试验连续种植三季小白菜,结合生物炭埋袋回收技术,研究不同化肥氮施用量(以N计,0和110 mg/kg)及生物炭添加量(w为0%、1%、2%和5%)对土壤氮淋失及酸碱缓冲能力的影响. 结果表明:在化肥氮施用量为110 mg/kg条件下,与无生物炭添加相比,生物炭添加量为2%时可使作物对土壤矿质态氮的利用效率提高约1倍(由41%增至81%),因化肥氮施用引起的土壤氮素残留量降低83%;生物炭添加可有效减少48%~65%的土壤氮淋失量,当添加量为1%、2%时,生物炭主要通过削减淋失液中ρ(TN)来降低土壤氮淋失量;添加量为5%时,则主要通过削减淋失液体积来实现. 无论是否添加化肥氮,生物炭均能有效维持土壤原有的pH、w(有机质)及w(盐基离子);促使土壤酸碱缓冲能容量增加22%~37%,致酸速率降低17%~80%,显著提升了土壤的酸碱缓冲能力. 研究显示,在化肥氮施用量为110 mg/kg条件下,生物炭添加量为2%时能对土壤酸化产生较好的缓冲效果.     

有机-无机肥配施对紫色土坡耕地氮素淋失的影响

通过坡地渗漏小区定位试验,研究总施氮量相同情况下,施肥方式对紫色土坡耕地氮素淋失的影响.结果表明,有机-无机肥配施会影响紫色土硝酸盐向下累积过程,显著降低紫色土坡耕地硝酸盐累积量.渗漏液中硝态氮含量在0.15～46.99mg·L-1之间,占总氮含量的66.4%～96.3%;总氮淋失量在(4.05±0.37)～(37.82±0.86)kg.hm-2之间,占当季施氮量的2.7%～25.2%.在维持总施氮量相同的条件下,与常规氮磷钾施肥相比,农家肥、秸秆与化肥配合施用的渗漏液总氮含量分别降低了71.0%、61.4%,总氮淋失量分别降低了48.1%、31.6%.这表明有机-无机肥配施能显著降低紫色土坡耕地氮素淋失量,对有效控制紫色土区浅层地下水硝酸盐污染具有重要作用.     

碳酸钙与生物炭对酸化菜地土壤持氮能力的影响

针对太湖地区稻田改种菜地后带来的土壤酸化现象,以碳酸钙与生物炭作为酸化改良剂,开展室内培养及多次淋洗模拟试验,比较两种改良剂对酸化菜地土壤持氮能力及酸化修复效果的影响.结果表明,基于碱缓冲曲线法,本试验用酸化菜地土壤每提高1个p H单位需向土壤中添加碳酸钙3.92×10-2mol·kg~(-1)或生物炭27.73 g·kg~(-1).无外源氮条件下碳酸钙添加使土壤氮矿化速率显著提高了37%,对土壤铵态氮、硝态氮含量影响不显著;生物炭添加使土壤氮矿化速率显著提高了35%~44%,且显著增加了土壤硝态氮含量42%~58%.模拟淋洗下,生物炭添加显著消减渗漏液体积24%,渗漏液氮浓度45%,显著减少氮淋失量42%~57%,而碳酸钙添加对渗漏液体积没有影响,增加了渗漏液中氮浓度,氮淋失量增加了12%~76%.淋洗后,各处理土壤p H值发生不同程度的降低,无外源氮条件下添加碳酸钙处理土壤p H值降幅最低,外源氮添加条件下生物炭添加处理降幅最低.由此可见,碳酸钙对酸化土壤修复效率较高,但在外源氮添加条件下降低了土壤持氮能力,更适用于酸化严重且需要休耕改良的菜地土壤;生物炭在维持土壤p H值的同时可以有效提高土壤矿质氮留存量,降低氮淋失,更适用于仍在高强度种植的菜地土壤.     

基于Meta-analysis的生物炭对土壤硝态氮淋失和磷酸盐固持影响

如何控制农业土壤硝态氮和磷酸盐淋失及其所导致的面源污染是人类社会当前面临的一个重要的全球性环境问题.生物炭因其在土壤改良方面表现出的巨大潜力而备受关注,针对其应用对土壤养分保持、利用的影响也展开了诸多研究.然而,已有的独立实验研究所报道的相关结果之间存在很大的差异,使得生物炭减少土壤硝态氮和磷酸盐淋失的潜在机制以及适宜生物炭制备条件（生物炭类型）等方面尚不明确.基于荟萃分析（MA）方法,通过整合不同文献中的实验结果,系统研究了生物炭对土壤硝态氮淋失和磷酸盐固持影响及其内在机制.总体上,生物炭能够显著减少硝态氮淋失37.1%,显著提高磷酸盐固持20.8%;从各影响因素分组的结果来看,生物炭碳氮比、热解温度和添加率对硝态氮淋失响应具有显著影响;而生物炭比表面积、热解温度和土壤有机碳含量对磷酸盐固持响应具有显著影响.基于MA得到的结果,分别从不同的角度探讨了生物炭降低土壤硝态氮淋失和提高磷酸盐固持的潜在机制.综合上述结果,秸秆和木质类原料、中高温热解温度（400~600℃）条件下制备的生物炭适宜于减少硝态氮的淋失;秸秆和木质类原料、高温热解温度（>600℃）条件下制备的生物炭适宜于提高磷酸盐的固持.研究结果能够为更好地指导生物炭用于控制土壤硝态氮和磷酸盐面源污染的实践应用提供科学理论依据.     

酒糟生物炭短期施用对贵州黄壤氮素有效性及细菌群落结构多样性的影响

为实现酱香型酒糟资源化综合利用和黄壤氮素有效性提升,采取田间培养试验,通过设置5个生物炭施用量0%（MB₀）、0.5%（MB_0.5）、1.0%（MB_1.0）、2.0%（MB_2.0）和4.0%（MB_4.0）,研究酒糟生物炭短期施用对贵州黄壤氮素有效性及细菌群落结构多样性的影响.结果表明,施用酒糟生物炭使土壤全氮（TN）和硝态氮（NN）含量分别提高35.79%~365.26%和122.96%~171.80%,微生物量氮（MBN）含量降低34.10%~59.95%,且随着生物炭施用量的增加,铵态氮/全氮（AN/TN）、硝态氮/全氮（NN/TN）和微生物量氮/全氮（MBN/TN）呈现出降低趋势.施用酒糟生物炭显著降低了土壤细菌OTU数量、群落丰富度和多样性,且随酒糟生物炭施用量的增加,该影响程度随之增加.与未施用酒糟生物炭MB₀处理相比,酒糟生物炭的施用显著改变土壤细菌群落结构,随着生物炭施用量的增加,拟杆菌门（Bacteroidetes）相对丰度提高了1.76~2.11倍,而酸杆菌门（Acidobacteria）、绿弯菌门（Chloroflexi）、芽单胞菌门（Gemmatimonadetes）、浮霉菌门（Planctomycetes）、装甲菌门（Armatimonadetes）、奇古菌门（Thaumarchaeota）和硝化螺旋菌门（Nitrospirae）相对丰度均出现不同程度的降低,均以MB_4.0处理降幅最为显著.同时,酒糟生物炭的施用还增加了一些土壤功能细菌的相对丰度,如链霉菌属（Streptomyces）、极小单胞菌属（Pusillimonas）等,降低了溶杆菌属（Lysobacter）和芽孢杆菌属（Gemmatimonas）等优势菌属的相对丰度.此外,冗余分析（RDA）结果显示,MBN/TN、NN和MBN是引起土壤细菌群落结构变化的主要氮素环境因子,而且MBN/TN、MBN与奇古菌门（Thaumarchaeota）和硝化螺旋菌属（Nitrospira）均呈显著正相关性,说明短期内酒糟生物炭的施用可以显著降低氨氧化古菌和硝化细菌的丰度,抑制土壤氨氧化作用和硝化速率,提高土壤氮素有效性.综上所述,短期内施用酒糟生物炭可以提高黄壤氮素养分,改变土壤细菌群落结构和多样性,并可以通过抑制土壤氨氧化作用和硝化作用有效阻控土壤氮素淋溶发生的风险,提高土壤氮素有效性.     

新鲜和老化生物炭对土壤氮淋失及油菜氮吸收的影响

粮食需求日益增加,为了实现增产,大量氮肥被施入土壤,而氮肥利用率较低导致土壤氮淋失严重,造成水体污染. 生物炭施入土壤被认为是减少土壤氮淋失的有效措施. 本文通过室内土柱模拟淋溶试验,共设置5个处理——对照(仅施氮肥,B₀)、氮肥+1%新鲜生物炭(B₁)、氮肥+4%新鲜生物炭(B₄)、氮肥+1%老化生物炭(Ba₁)、氮肥+4%老化生物炭(Ba₄). 在植物-土壤-淋溶液系统内探究不同施加量的新鲜和老化生物炭对土壤氮淋失和油菜氮吸收的影响,并通过物质守恒定律来探究其对气态氮损失的影响. 结果表明:与对照相比,添加1%和4%新鲜生物炭时土壤氮素含量分别提高4.63%和9.68%,淋溶液氮素含量分别降低33.91%和61.18%,油菜氮素含量分别增加40.70%和129.65%;添加1%和4%老化生物炭时土壤氮素含量分别提高7.46%和13.30%,淋溶液氮素含量分别降低53.68%和72.05%,油菜氮素含量分别增加78.20%和185.76%;气态损失的氮量随生物炭老化和施加量的增加而减少. 研究显示,土壤中施加生物炭对于提高土壤氮素固持能力、减少氮素淋失、促进油菜氮吸收和减少气态氮损失均具有显著效果,且施加老化生物炭的促进效果优于新鲜生物炭,证明生物炭减少土壤氮淋失的效应具有长期性.      

生物炭负载铁前后对复合污染土壤中Cd、Cu、As淋失和形态转化的影响研究

复合污染土壤中Cd、Cu等阳离子重金属与As具有不同的化学性质和迁移转化行为.本研究以负载铁前后的小麦秸秆生物炭作为修复材料,研究酸雨淋溶条件下两者对复合污染土壤中Cd、Cu、As淋失量及赋存形态的影响;通过分析淋滤液pH值、电导率和溶解性有机碳含量等,探讨其可能的作用机制.结果表明,生物炭和负载铁生物炭均显著提高了淋滤液pH值和电导率.溶解性有机碳淋失量在生物炭处理中较对照(CK)处理提高3.4%~15.9%,而在负载铁生物炭处理中则降低27.3%~60.8%.与生物炭不同,负载铁生物炭能够不同程度地降低Cd、Cu和As的淋失,5%施用量下累积淋失量较CK处理分别降低85.7%、19.0%和62.1%.对淋溶后土壤中重金属和As赋存形态进行分析发现,施用生物炭促进了土壤中Cd和Cu由酸提取态向残渣态转化,却使As由无定形及弱结晶铁铝氧化物结合态向专性吸附态转化.负载铁生物炭能够降低土壤中有效态Cd、Cu和As含量,相较于CK处理酸提取态Cd、Cu和非专性吸附态As含量分别减少3.6%~13.4%、7.5%~24.4%和19.0%~58.8%,而可还原态Cd和残渣态Cu、As含量分别增加4.3%~43.3%、2.2%~18.1%和44.9%~53.5%,其中,5%施用量下差异达到显著水平.综合而言,在5%施用量下,生物炭能够降低土壤中有效态Cd、Cu含量,却提高了As的迁移性和有效性;而负载铁生物炭既降低了酸雨淋溶条件下Cd、Cu、As的淋失,还促进了土壤中Cd、Cu、As由有效态向潜在有效态或稳定态转化,是修复重金属和砷复合污染土壤的有效材料.     

小麦-玉米轮作体系农田氮素淋失特征及氮素表观平衡

连续6年采用渗漏计法研究了不同施氮处理下陕西关中小麦-玉米轮作区农田土壤90 cm深度处氮素(N)淋失特征和土壤-作物体系氮素表观平衡状况.结果表明:该地区农田氮素淋溶主要发生在降雨量较多的玉米季,且集中在8月和9月.监测期内,TN和NO-3-N年平均流失量分别为2.72~23.07 kg·hm-2和1.53~18.72 kg·hm-2,年流失率分别为0.65%~3.44%和0.82%~3.32%,且年总氮、硝态氮流失量均随年施氮量增加呈指数增加.氮素淋失形态中,NO-3-N比例较高,可占总氮淋失量的56.00%~81.00%,且随着氮肥用量的降低,其占总氮淋失量的比例也随之减小.可见,施氮量的大小在一定程度上会影响淋失液中各形态氮的比例.氮素表观平衡结果显示,随着施氮量提高,氮素在土壤中的残留和表观氮盈余均呈现指数增加趋势.长期施氮条件下,土壤-作物体系氮素表观损失率的幅度为32.60%~55.20%,土壤表观残留率为-0.17%~8.20%.多年监测结果表明,优化施氮模式下,作物不仅可以获得较高的产量和氮肥利用率,农田氮素淋失量也大幅降低,在节约肥料资源的同时减轻了潜在的环境风险.     

表面活性剂影响下的紫色土氮素垂向迁移风险

采用模拟淋溶试验,研究了表面活性剂十二烷基苯磺酸钠(SDBS)对紫色土氮素的垂向迁移的影响.SDBS减少紫色土铵态氮的淋溶损失,且SDBS浓度越高,铵态氮损失越少.SDBS促进紫色土硝态氮的淋失,累积淋失量依次为SDBS100SDBS40SDBS0SDBS5.低浓度SDBS抑制紫色土总凯氏氮(TKN)损失,但高浓度SDBS则显示促进作用,SDBS40、SDBS100的TKN累积淋失量分别较SDBS0增加了16.8%、22.36%.SDBS淋溶影响紫色土氮素的垂向分布,紫色土氮素有明显向下迁移的趋势,且SDBS浓度越高,迁移性越强.     

Terra Preta Australis: Reassessing the carbon storage capacity of temperate soils

Soils developed on the sites of Australian Aboriginal oven mounds along the Murray River in SE Australia, classified as Cumulic Anthroposols under the Australian Soil Classification, are shown to have traits similar to the Terra Preta de Indio of the Amazon basin. Seven such sites were characterised and compared with adjacent soils. The Cumulic Anthroposols contained significantly (p < 0.05) more soil carbon (C), compared to adjacent non-Anthroposols. Solid-state ¹³C NMR spectroscopy showed that the C in the Cumulic Anthroposols was predominantly aromatic, especially at depth, confirming the presence of charcoal. Radiocarbon analysis carried out on charcoal collected from two of these sites showed that it was deposited 650 ± 30 years BP at one site and 1609 ± 34 years BP at the other site, demonstrating its recalcitrance in soil. The charcoal originated from plant material, as shown by SEM, and had high levels of Ca agglomeration on its surfaces. The Cumulic Anthroposols were shown to have altered nutrient status, with total N, P, K and Ca being significantly greater than in the adjacent soils throughout the profile. This was also reflected in the higher mean CEC of 31.2 cmol (+) kg^?1 and higher pH by 1.3 units, compared to the adjacent soils. Based on the similarity of these Cumulic Anthroposols with the Terra Preta de Indio of the Amazon, we suggest that these Cumulic Anthroposols can be classified as Terra Preta Australis. The existence of these soils demonstrates that Australian soils, in temperate climates, are capable of storing C in much higher quantities than has been previously recognised, and that this capability is founded on the unique stability and properties of charred organic matter. Furthermore, the addition of charcoal appears to have improved the physical and chemical properties of these soils. Together, this provides important support for the concept of soil amendment with “biochar”, the charred residue produced by pyrolysis of biomass, as a means for sequestering C and enhancing agricultural productivity.     

骨炭粉对Cd污染农田的修复效果与稳定性评价

为了探明骨炭粉对Cd污染土壤的修复效果及稳定性,以潮土与红壤Cd污染农田土壤为对象,基于土壤Cd有效态、作物降Cd率（DR,%）及降Cd失活率（IR,%）等指标,研究田间条件下施用3种浓度（0.25%、0.50%及1.0%）骨炭粉对Cd污染土壤的修复效果及120,360d后修复效果的稳定性.结果表明：骨炭粉处理均能有效促进潮土与红壤中作物生长,增加作物产量.施用骨炭粉能不同程度提高土壤中pH值、阳离子交换量（CEC）、全磷及有效磷含量;其中,0.5%和1.0%骨炭粉处理均显著（P<0.05）提高土壤pH值、土壤全磷及有效磷含量.与对照相比,不同骨炭粉处理120d后潮土和红壤中有效态Cd含量分别降低32.1%~48.4%、32.8%~56.2%,360d后土壤中有效态Cd仍然显著低于对照,降幅为26.9%~37.8%、25.8%~39.5%.对修复后三季作物Cd吸收测定结果表明,与对照相比,不同浓度（0.25%~1.0%）骨炭粉处理的第一季作物降Cd率（DR_-Cd）分别达36.0%~60.4%、33.9%~58.2%,作物降Cd率随骨炭粉施用量增加而增加.基于降Cd失活率（IR_-Cd）对骨炭粉修复效果的稳定性测定结果表明,潮土与红壤施用骨炭粉360d后,第三季作物降Cd失活率IR_-Cd为21.2%~34.7%和6.2%~21.6%,表明在酸性红壤中修复效果的稳定性大于潮土.综上骨炭粉对Cd污染土壤的修复效果及其稳定性结果表明,骨炭粉在Cd污染农田土壤修复中具有较大应用价值.     

骨炭粉对Cd污染农田的修复效果与稳定性评价

为了探明骨炭粉对Cd污染土壤的修复效果及稳定性,以潮土与红壤Cd污染农田土壤为对象,基于土壤Cd有效态、作物降Cd率（DR,%）及降Cd失活率（IR,%）等指标,研究田间条件下施用3种浓度（0.25%、0.50%及1.0%）骨炭粉对Cd污染土壤的修复效果及120,360d后修复效果的稳定性.结果表明：骨炭粉处理均能有效促进潮土与红壤中作物生长,增加作物产量.施用骨炭粉能不同程度提高土壤中pH值、阳离子交换量（CEC）、全磷及有效磷含量;其中,0.5%和1.0%骨炭粉处理均显著（P<0.05）提高土壤pH值、土壤全磷及有效磷含量.与对照相比,不同骨炭粉处理120d后潮土和红壤中有效态Cd含量分别降低32.1%~48.4%、32.8%~56.2%,360d后土壤中有效态Cd仍然显著低于对照,降幅为26.9%~37.8%、25.8%~39.5%.对修复后三季作物Cd吸收测定结果表明,与对照相比,不同浓度（0.25%~1.0%）骨炭粉处理的第一季作物降Cd率（DR_-Cd）分别达36.0%~60.4%、33.9%~58.2%,作物降Cd率随骨炭粉施用量增加而增加.基于降Cd失活率（IR_-Cd）对骨炭粉修复效果的稳定性测定结果表明,潮土与红壤施用骨炭粉360d后,第三季作物降Cd失活率IR_-Cd为21.2%~34.7%和6.2%~21.6%,表明在酸性红壤中修复效果的稳定性大于潮土.综上骨炭粉对Cd污染土壤的修复效果及其稳定性结果表明,骨炭粉在Cd污染农田土壤修复中具有较大应用价值.     

Nutrient and mercury variations in soils from family farms of the Tapajós region (Brazilian Amazon): Recommendations for better farming

In the Brazilian Amazon, colonization is modifying the landscape at an exceedingly fast pace. Recently established households practice slash-and-burn agriculture and participate in the overall deforestation of the Amazon. Near the Transamazon highway, these family agricultural practices are the main cause of deforestation. The study presented here is oriented toward a better understanding of the impacts of farming practices on soil chemical composition. This study used a sampling design based on soil samples taken on farm plots, which had been submitted to a wide range of spatial and temporal sequential land-uses, including soils that were only recently denuded. The data shows that soil responses (organic matter (OM) content, fertility and mercury (Hg) retention) to these varied land-uses were relatively similar, suggesting that the most important event determining the responses was deforestation itself. This is well illustrated by the Hg content of soils, which changed immediately after deforestation and then only slightly thereafter. This phenomenon could also be seen in the base cation (calcium (Ca), potassium (K) and magnesium (Mg)) content which rose drastically after deforestation and tended to stay high for a period up to 10 years of cropping and pasture. This lasting cation rise is reflected by ammonium (NH₄) displacement from surface soils. Indeed, inorganic nitrogen (N) is the most important nutrient loss upon deforestation. Nonetheless, when time spent in fallow was greater than 15 years, base cations (Ca, Mg, K), available N and phosphorus (P) contents tended to go back to initial forest soil values and in some cases to exceed them. Soil type was seen to mediate responses to land-use. Clay-sandy soils showed a lower content of available N and carbon (C) than clayey soils at the soil surface, a difference that was accentuated by deforestation. Conversely, the higher initial content of Hg in clayey soils was associated with a more important Hg loss from the soil's surface. By shedding light on the consequences of family practices for OM, nutrient status and Hg depletion, this paper gives a new perspective on soil responses to agricultural practices. These conclusions need to be addressed in a strategy plan to limit family land-use impacts on soils and the surrounding ecosystems. Recommendations for more sustainable land uses are proposed based on what has been learned about soil responses to local agricultural practices.     

改良剂对土壤铜镉有效性和微生物群落结构的影响

以一次性添加木炭、石灰和磷灰石稳定化修复4年后的土壤为研究对象,探讨了土壤中铜镉有效性和土壤微生物群落结构的变化.结果表明,3种改良剂的添加提高了土壤p H值,降低了土壤交换性酸和交换性铝的含量,使铜镉由活性态向非活性态和潜在活性态转化,其中磷灰石和石灰的处理效果优于木炭处理;Biolog测试发现,培养192h,木炭、石灰和磷灰石处理土壤AWCD值(0.61、0.76和0.70)分别是对照的1.33、1.65和1.52倍;且Shannon和Mc Intosh指数均较对照有所提高,表现为:石灰磷灰石木炭,表明改良剂处理后增加了土壤微生物对碳源的利用能力,提高了其功能多样性.PCR-DGGE分析结果显示,改良剂处理后土壤细菌优势群的数量显著增加,木炭、石灰和磷灰石处理Shannon指数分别比对照提高了0.22、0.39和0.24.相关性分析表明,土壤酸度和重金属有效性是影响稳定化修复重金属污染土壤细菌结构多样性差异的主要因素.     

Profiling the antibiotic resistome in soils between pristine and human-affected sites on the Tibetan Plateau

With increasing pressure from anthropogenic activity in pristine environments, the comprehensive profiling of antibiotic resistance genes(ARGs) is essential to evaluate the potential risks from human-induced antibiotic resistance in these under-studied places. Here, we characterized the microbial resistome in relatively pristine soil samples collected from four distinct habitats on the Tibetan Plateau, using a Smart chip based high-throughput q PCR approach. We compared these to soils from the s...     

Runoff water quality from manured riparian grasslands with contrasting drainage and simulated grazing pressure

Globally, management of grazed riparian areas is critically important to agricultural sustainability and environmental quality. However, the potential impacts of riparian grazing management on water quality are not well-documented, particularly in the southeastern USA. The objective of this work was to determine sediment and nutrient export under simulated rainfall from poorly drained and well-drained riparian soils where heavy or light grazing pressure by cattle was simulated. Plots were established on stands of existing vegetation to create grazing pressure treatments of (a) light-use (full ground cover, uncompacted), and with stands modified to establish (b) heavy-use (bare ground, compacted) treatments. Vegetation on poorly drained soils consisted of several typical wetland species (e.g., Pontederia cordata L., Juncus coriaceus Mackenzie) in the southeastern USA, whereas mixed tall fescue (Festuca arundinacea Schreb.)–dallisgrass (Paspalum dilatatum Poir.) stands were the dominant vegetation on well-drained soils. Runoff volume was generally greater from heavy-use than from light-use for poorly drained soils and for well-drained soils. Greater runoff volume was also observed from poorly drained soils compared to well-drained soils for both light-use and for heavy-use treatments. Light-use plots were remarkably effective at minimizing export of total suspended solids (TSS) on both soils (<30 kg ha⁻¹). Mean total Kjeldahl P (TKP) export was fourfold greater from heavy-use plots than from light-use plots on both soils. While export of nitrate-nitrogen (NO₃-N) was unaffected by grazing pressure and soil drainage, mean ammonium-nitrogen (NH₄-N) and total N (TN) export from poorly drained heavy-use plots was greater than fivefold that from well-drained light-use plots. Results indicate that livestock heavy-use areas in the riparian zone may export substantial TSS and nutrients, especially on poorly drained soils. However, when full ground cover is maintained on well-drained soils, TSS and nutrient losses may be limited.     

Reductions in non-point source pollution through different management practices for an agricultural watershed in the Three Gorges Reservoir Area

Non-point source water pollution generated by agricultural production is considered a major environmental issue in the Three Gorges Reservoir Area(TGRA) of China.The Annualised Agricultural Non-Point Source Pollution(AnnAGNPS) model was selected to assess the impact of the application of various management treats,including seven crops,five fertilizer levels and three-group management practice scenarios,on water quality from Heigou River Watershed in TGRA.The scenario subsets include conservation tillage practice(CTP),conservation reserve program(CRP) and conversion of cropland into forestland program(CCFP).Results indicated that tea can not be replaced by other crops because comparatively tea resulted in a higher sediment yield.CTP with no-tillage was more effective to reduce sediment yield,but could increased nutrient loss.CRP reduced sediment yield significantly,but slightly benefited on nutrient loss.CCFP reduced not only sediment yield but also the nutrient loss significantly.The conversion of cropland with a slope greater than 10 ° into forestland was found to be the best scenario as the sediment yield export is less than 5 tons/ha and nutrient loss is within the permissible limit.     

电动力学-新型竹炭联合作用下土壤镉的迁移吸附及其机理

研究了土壤中镉在均匀电动力学作用下的迁移特征及其影响因素,以及电场双向切换并加有新型竹炭材料条件下电动力学对镉的去除特性,揭示了利用均匀电动力学-新型竹炭材料联合修复镉污染土壤的特征及其可行性.结果表明,竹炭是一种良好的吸附材料,对镉具有较强的吸附作用,可以用 Freundlich和Langmuir模型很好的模拟吸附过程（R²>0.96）;在电压梯度为1.0 V/cm的条件下,受试土壤中Cd²⁺在均匀电动力学下的迁移速率为0.678 6～0.687 5　cm/h,并且迁移速率大小与Cd²⁺浓度和场强分布有关,电动力场可以有效地迁移土壤中的重金属离子;使用竹炭作为吸附剂的新型工艺中,在与速率实验相同的电压梯度,电场48　h的切换周期下,土壤中镉能够在电场作用下高效迁移至处理区并被吸附去除（12　d去除79.6%）,过程中可以很好地维持土壤的pH和水分条件,过程的电流随切换呈周期性的变化.电动迁移-竹炭吸附作为一种新型工艺具有广泛的应用前景.