焦化项目环境风险评价要点解析

焦化项目工艺复杂,环境风险较大,然而目前焦化环境风险评价过程中存在标准选取、模型选用等方面的不足。以西北某240万t/年焦化项目为例,通过风险源项分析、污染气象条件假定及预测模型选取等方面分析和探讨了此类项目环境风险评价的重点和技术要点。项目确定最大可信事故为粗苯泄露扩散,采用AEGLs标准并增加LC50作为比较,通过重质气模型对其预测,结果表明采用LC50标准计算结果明显偏小,存在适用局限性。根据预测结果项目需要对边界外900~1 990 m内的敏感点进行风险防范。     

浅议环境风险评价--以焦化行业为例

近年来,我国工业恶性事故不断发生,不仅严重污染了环境,危害了大量人群的生命和健康,造成了巨大的经济、社会损失,而且还引起了环境纠纷.因此对建设项目进行环境风险评价是十分必要的.焦化行业是以煤为原料,在高温、干馏炼焦的同时会产生荒煤气发散,苯并芘是焦化项目的特征污染物,荒煤气放散对周围环境和人身健康造成严重影响.以焦化项目为例阐述了环境风险评价的程序和方法.     

石化企业环境风险评价研究

随着环评的不断发展,环境风险这一问题也日益受到关注,细化石化行业的环境风险评价方法和内容也显得十分必要。本研究结合长庆石化500万吨常压蒸馏装置项目对石化企业进行环境风险的工作程序和方法进行论述,介绍了常压蒸馏的工艺流程,对本项目进行风险识别,源项分析,事故后果预测及分析,风险计算和评价,最后得出了最大风险值,该项目事故风险最大值小于化工行业风险统计值,并且提出事故风险的防范措施和对策及应急预案,以期为石化企业进行环境风险评价提供方法依据。     

焦化行业环境风险案例分析研究

焦化项目生产过程中涉及众多危险物质,存在着诸多环境风险隐患。本文主要从焦化行业特征污染物出发,以外排大气颗粒物及BaP这两种典型的行业特征污染物为例,研究山西某焦化技改项目生产事故中特征污染物的排放给区域带来的环境风险,并提出相关建议。     

尾矿库环境风险评价方法探讨

环境风险评价是有色金属选矿项目环境影响评价的重要内容,目前尚没有统一的、系统的评价方法。采用定量预测的方法系统地对某拟建锑矿选厂尾矿库进行了环境风险评价,结果表明:该尾矿库属于重大危险源,溃坝事故概率为0.3%,溃坝影响范围为636m,溃坝将使下游河流遭受污染,As、Pb超标严重,对下游居民生活用水造成影响,必须加强风险防范。定量预测方法可以准确地预测溃坝影响的范围和程度,对于尾矿库环境风险评价有一定的指导作用。     

利用AERMOD预测焦化行业大气环境影响实例分析

随着焦化行业的快速发展,其环境污染问题也日益暴露出来,以大气污染最为严重。不同的焦化项目运行之后将会排放不同量的苯、CO、NH3、H2S、SO2和苯并芘等有毒有害气体,其排放量大小对项目所在地周围环境有着巨大影响,因此准确预测一个焦化项目对周围大气环境影响的程度,对决定此项目是否可行有着重大意义。以甘肃省某100万t焦化项目为例,在确定污染源的前提下,利用AERMOD模型,从气象数据及地形数据的获取方式、污染源选项、污染源设置、背景图、评价范围、网格点关心点的选取等方面详细介绍了利用AERMOD预测焦化行业大气环境影响的重点及技术要点,最后以SO2预测结果为例,分析了污染物对周围环境的影响程度,并简要介绍了影响污染物浓度分布的各个因素。希望为焦化行业大气环境影响预测以及AERMOD模型使用提供一定参考。     

基于机器学习和情景分析的我国焦化行业企业用地污染预测

针对焦化行业企业用地缺乏时序连续监测数据而无法预测其污染趋势的问题,从企业特征、企业管理水平、污染物特征和自然地理要素等4个方面选取13个影响企业用地污染的指标,识别焦化行业企业用地污染主控因子,在此基础上构建基于机器学习的焦化行业企业用地污染预测模型,并在不同情境下,对2025年和2030年焦化行业企业用地污染状况进行预测.结果表明,生产经营活动时间、建厂时间、企业环境监管记录、土壤黏粒和年均风速是焦化行业企业用地污染的主控因子;相对于支持向量机模型、BP神经网络模型和决策树模型,逻辑斯蒂模型预测价值高、性能指标稳健,其预测精度受试者工作曲线面积为0.91,模型准确率和召回率分别为84%和88%.在乐观情境下,2025年和2030年焦化行业高概率污染地块数量分别为1599块和1695块;在悲观情境下,2025年和2030年焦化行业高概率污染地块数量分别为1671块和1715块.研究结果可为焦化行业企业用地的修复治理和生态环境的宏观决策提供科学依据.     

干气制乙苯项目的环境风险评价

环境风险评价是建设项目环境影响评价工作的新内容,特别针对安全隐患极高的化工项目显得尤为重要,但目前我国尚未出台针对某种行业或项目的环境风险评价技术规范。本文针对干气制乙苯项目的环境风险评价,以某6万t/a干气制乙苯项目为例,从风险识别、源项分析、风险预测和事故风险防范措施及应急预案等方面分析和探讨了此类项目环境风险评价的重点和技术要点,以期为干气制乙苯项目的环境风险评价工作提供参考和借鉴。     

甲醇项目环境风险评价案例分析

以某年产150万t煤化工甲醇项目为案例,详细分析甲醇项目环境风险评价,包括项目工程分析、物质环境风险识别、重大危险源辨识、事故环境风险预测分析与评价、环境风险防范措施及应急预案,其中事故源强（储罐泄漏量及泄露蒸发量）核算和风险预测分析为环境风险评价的重点与难点。对甲醇储罐泄露环境风险进行识别、预测与评价,并分析项目存在的潜在事故隐患与环境风险,并在此基础之上提出甲醇储罐泄露事故环境风险防范措施及应急预案。     

焦化项目的环境风险评价之我见

本文以焦化项目为例，阐述了环境风险评价程序、方法。     

Distribution and ecological effect of mercury in Laogang landfill, Shanghai, China

Laogang landfill near Shanghai is the largest landfill in China, and receives about 10000 t of daily garbage per day, Samples of topsoil and plants were analyzed to evaluate mercury pollution from the landfill. For topsoil samples, there were significant correlations among total mercury （HgT）, combinative mercury （Hgc） and gaseous mercury （HgG）, and content of total organic carbon （TOC）, but, no significantly relationship was found between Hg content and filling time. Hg content changes in vertical profiles with time showed that the average Hgv of profiles 1992, 1996, and 2000 was similar, but their average HgG was quite different. HgT was significantly correlated with Hgc in profile 1992 and 2000, and Hgv was significantly correlated with Hg6 in profile 1996. HgG/Hgv ratio in profile samples decreased in the order of （HgG,/HgT）1992〉（HgG/HgT）1996〉〉（HgG/HgT）2000. A simple outline of Hg release in landfill could be drawn： with increasing of filling time, degradation undergoes different biodegradation, accordingly, gaseous mercury goes through small, more, and small proportion to total mercury. Distribution of Hg in plants was inhomogeneous, following the order of leaf〉root〉stem. The highest value of leaf may be associated with higher atmospheric Hg from landfill. Ligneous plants （e.g. Phyllostachys glanca, Prunus salicina and Ligustrum lucidum） are capable of enriching more Hg than herbaceous plants.     

EDTA-enhanced phytoremediation of lead contaminated soil by Bidens maximowicziana

Phytoremediation is a potential cleanup technology for the removal of heavy metals from contaminated soils.Bidens maximowicziana is a new Pb hyperaccumulator,which not only has remarkable tolerance to Pb but also extraordinary accumulation capacity for Pb.The maximum Pb concentration was 1509.3 mg/kg in roots and 2164.7 mg/kg in overground tissues.The Pb distribution order in the B. maximowicziana was:leaf>stem>root.The effect of amendments on phytoremediation was also studied.The mobility of soil Pb and the Pb concentrations in plants were both increased by EDTA application.Compared with CK(control check),EDTA application promoted translocation of Pb to overground parts of the plant.The Pb concentrations in overground parts of plants was increased from 24.23-680.56 mg/kg to 29.07-1905.57 mg/kg.This research demonstrated that B.maximowicziana appeared to be suitable for phytoremediation of Pb contaminated soil,especially,combination with EDTA.     

Decomposition of alachlor by ozonation and its mechanism

Decomposition and corresponding mechanism of alachlor, an endocrine disruptor in water by ozonation were investigated. Results showed that alachlor could not be completely mineralized by ozone alone. Many intermediates and final products were formed during the process, including aromatic compounds, aliphatic carboxylic acids, and inorganic ions. In evoluting these products, some of them with weak polarity were qualitatively identified by GC-MS. The information of inorganic ions suggested that the dechlorination was the first and the fastest step in the ozonation of alachlor.     

Enzymatic oxidation of aqueous pentachlorophenol

The influence of the nonionic surfactant Tween 80 on pentachlorophenol （PCP） oxidation catalyzed by horseradish peroxidase was studied. The surfactant was tested at concentrations below and above its critical micelle concentration （CMC）. Enhancement of PCP removal was observed at sub-CMCs. The presence of Tween 80 in the reaction mixture reduced enzyme inactivation which occurred through a combination of free radical attack and sorption by precipitated products. A simple first-order model was able to simulate time profiles for enzyme inactivation in the presence or absence of Tween 80. At supra-CMCs, the surfactant caused noticeable reductions in PCP removal, presumably through micelle partitioning of PCP which precluded the hydrophobic PCP molecule from interacting with the enzyme.     

基于综合水质标识指数和对应分析法的校园河道水质评价

以三峡大学的校园河道求索溪为研究对象,利用综合水质标识指数法确定求索溪水质类别,分析其水质时空变化规律,并利用对应分析法得出求索溪中不同监测点的主要污染因子.研究结果表明:求索溪整体的综合水质标识指数为7.423,整体水质为劣V类(地表水环境质量标准GB 3838-2002)且黑臭.从时间变化来看,求索溪4月份的水质最差,5月份次之,4、5月份所有监测点的水质都劣于V类且黑臭;8月份水质最好,水质为Ⅳ类;从空间分布来看,8个监测点综合水质标识指数均超过6.0,水质为劣V类,其中6号监测点的水质相对最好,监测点3号的水质相对最差;对应分析法得出求索溪的整体水体污染程度受总氮因子的影响最大,其次为总磷.该研究拟为求索溪及类似校园河道的水环境治理研究提供基础依据和参考.     

Effects of chitosan on growth of an aquatic plant (Hydrilla verticillata) in polluted waters with different chemical oxygen demands

Effects of chitosan on a submersed plant, Hydrilla verticillata, were investigated. Results indicated that H. venicillata could prevent ultrastructure phytotoxicities and oxidativereaction from polluted water with high chemical oxygen demand (COD). Superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity and malondialdehyde (MDA) contents in H. verticillata treated with 0.1% chitosan in wastewater increased with high COD (980 mg/L) and decreased with low COD (63 mg/L), respectively. Ultrastructural analysis showed that the stroma and grana of chloroplast basically remained normal. However, plant cells from the control experiment (untreated with chitosan) were vacuolated and the cell interval increased. The relict of protoplast moved to the center, with cells tending to disjoint. Our findings indicate that wastewater with high COD concentration can cause a substantial damage to submersed plant, nevertheless, chitosan probably could alleviate the membrane lipid peroxidization and ultrastructure phytotoxicities, and protect plant cells from stress of high COD concentration polluted water.     

Removal of cadmium using MnO2 loaded D301 resin

MnO2 loaded weak basic anion exchange resin D301 （Anion exchange resin, macroreticular weak basic styrene） as adsorbent has been prepared and applied to the removal of cadmium. The adsorption characteristics have been investigated with respect to effect of pH, equilibrium isotherms, removal kinetic data, and interference of the coexisting ions. The results indicated that the Cd^2＋ could be efficiently removed using MnO2 loaded D301 resin in the pH range of 3-8 from aqueous solutions with the co-existence of high concentration of alkali and alkaline-earth metals ions. The saturate adsorption capacity of the Cd^2＋ was 77.88 mg/g. The adsorption process followed the pseudo first-order kinetics. The equilibrium data obtained in this study accorded excellently with the Langmuir adsorption isotherm.     

Effect of coagulation pretreatment on the fouling of ultrafiltration membrane

The purpose of this study is to understand the effect and mechanism of preventing membrane fouling, by coagulation pretreatment, in terms of fractional component and molecular weight of natural organic matter （NOM）. A relatively higher molecular weight （MW） of hydrophobic compounds was responsible for a rapid decline in the ultrafiltration flux. Coagulation could effectively remove the hydrophobic organics, resulting in the increase of flux. It was found that a lower MW of neutral hydrophilic compounds, which could remove inadequately by coagulation, was responsible for the slow declining flux. The fluxes in the filtration of coagulated water and supernatant water were compared and the results showed that a lower MW of neutral hydrophilic compounds remained in the supernatant water after coagulation could be rejected by a membrane, resulting in fouling. It was also found that the coagulated flocs could absorb neutral hydrophilic compounds effectively. Therefore, with the coagulated flocs formed on the membrane surface, the flux decline could be improved.     

Penetration analysis of elements and bioleaching treatment of spent refractory for recycling

Acidithiobacillus ferrooxidans ATCC23270 and Acidithiobacillus thiooxidans TM-32 were used for bioleaching of spent refractories of aluminium and copper melting furnaces for their recycling.Firstly,penetration of elements into aluminium melting furnace refractory was investigated and it was found that up to 7 cm from surface was contaminated.Comparison on leaching efficiency by the strains ATCC23270 and TM-32 found that the strain ATCC23270 could treat larger amount of the refractories than the strain TM-32 could do.In the experiment of bioleaching of spent refractory aluminium melting furnace by the strain ATCC23270,high leaching efficiency were obtained on Al,Si,and Ca,and extremely low leaching performance was,however,shown on the rest of elements i.e.,Na,Mn,and Zn.Under the strain TM-32 use,relatively high leaching performance was recognized on Al,Si,Ca,Na,Mn,and Zn.In the experiment of bioleaching for spent refractory copper melting furnace,almost the same leaching trends were shown on Cu,Zn,Al,and Si under the strains ACTT23270 and TM-32 uses.     

Simultaneous removal of ammonium and phosphate by zeolite synthesized from coal fly ash as influenced by acid treatment

Zeolite synthesized from fly ash （ZFA） without modification is not efficient for the purification of NH4＋ and phosphate at low concentrations that occur in real effluents, despite the high potential removal capacity. To develop an effective technique to enhance the removal efficiency of ammonium and phosphate at low concentrations, ZFA was modified with acid treatment and the simultaneous removal of ammonium and phosphate in a wide range of concentration was investigated. It was seen that when compared with untreated ZFA, only the treatment by 0.01 mol/L of H2SO4 significantly improved the removal efficiency of ammonium at low initial concentrations. The behavior was well explained by the pH effect. Treatment by more concentrated H2SO4 led to the deterioration of the ZFA structure and a decrease in the cation exchange capacity. Treatment by 0.01 mol/L H2SO4 improved the removal efficiency of phosphate by ZFA at all initial P concentrations, while the treatment by concentrated H2SO4 （≥0.9 mol/L） resulted in a limited maximum phosphate immobilization capacity （PIC）. It was concluded that through a previous mild acid treatment （e.g. 0.01 mol/L of H2SO4）, ZFA can be used in the simultaneous removal of NH4＋ and P at low concentrations simulating real effluent.