CDM问题的冷思考

CDM,即清洁发展机制,是基于《京都议定书》衍生出的温室气体跨界减排的三大机制之一。发达国家可以通过向不承担减排义务的发展中国家购买"可核证的排放削减量(CERs)",从而履行《京都议定书》所规定的减排义务。目前中国正在积极发展CDM项目。在CDM给中国带来利益的同时,也要警惕审批程序带来的不确定性、恶性价格竞争、未来政策的变动及额外性要求和成本偏高等风险,提高认识水平、加强内外沟通、深入方法学研究、拓展CDM项目领域、把握技术规则和排放标准的主动权是我们应该积极主动采取的对策。     

中国针对CDM机制的策略选择研究

CDM机制为发展中国家从发达国家获得资金和技术支持,以实现其自身和全球的碳减排提供了一个很好的机会.我国作为发展中国家之一,现阶段也正享受着CDM机制带给我们的经济利益等一系列好处.然而,"巴厘行动计划"中关于发展中国家2012年之后应开展"可度量、可报告、可证实"的国家减缓气候变化行动的迹象标明,中国作为世界碳排放大国,随着经济的高速增长,也正朝着"承诺碳减排义务"的方向逐步前进.在这一预期下笔者认为,现阶段我们对根据CDM机制所进行的交易成果过于乐观,若想在未来我国承诺履行碳减排义务之后仍然保持较高的经济增长速度,我国就应适当提高CDM项目交易中目前的碳排放权交易价格;争取得到先进的碳减排技术转让.此外,还要从我国长远利益出发安排碳减排项目的开发;抓紧开展碳减排技术的自主创新和研发,大力发展低碳经济;抓紧研究"碳排放权交易机制";在国际谈判中,坚持至少从2012年至2020年,仍然保留CDM机制,在不影响我国未来经济增长的前提下,尽可能地最大化我国的经济利益.     

林业碳汇项目基准线和监测方法学及应用分析——以贵州省贞丰县林业碳汇项目为例

气候变化给全球社会经济发展带来了重大影响,林业碳汇在适应和减缓气候变化、促进可持续发展三方面的重要作用日益被世界各国所认可。林业碳汇项目实施的难点在于准确掌握林业碳汇项目设计的规则、标准体系,重点在于基准线判别、碳汇计量、监测的方法学和工具。本文系统介绍了国际清洁发展机制造林再造林(CDM A/R)项目方法学和国内碳汇造林项目方法学、标准体系等最新成果,并以贵州省贞丰县林业碳汇项目为例,分析了基准线和监测方法学在林业碳汇项目开发设计中的实际应用。     

高浓度有机废水处理领域的CDM项目分析

清洁发展机制(CDM)项目的开发,既有利于发达国家温室气体减排任务的实现,又有利于发展中国家技术的进步。针对高浓度有机废水的特点,结合河北省石家庄市某酿酒厂废水处理沼气发电项目,对高浓度有机废水处理中的沼气发电CDM项目进行了分析,根据CDM方法学AMS-III-H计算该项目的减排量。结果表明,在CDM机制下该项目年减排量预计为39,378 tCO2,并可以获得可观的资金收益。大大减少了温室气体的排放量,具有良好的社会、经济和环境效益。     

中国工业废水处理过程CDM项目机会研究

文章通过对联合国环境署制订的用于工业废水处理项目中实施清洁发展机制（CDM）合格性识别的方法学进行分析,以及根据项目建议书和官方网站信息统计归纳的国外工业废水处理项目CDM开发的成功案例,并结合中国工业废水氧化塘处理法的现状情况,对中国工业废水尤其是高浓度有机废水处理中CDM项目开发机会进行了探索性的研究,提出在食品工业尤其是酒精废水、淀粉废水、酿酒废水的处理过程中开展CDM项目的可行性。以此对中国工业废水中CDM项目的未来开发情况进行了设想与建议。     

上海开发风电CDM项目的机遇分析

《京都议定书》的正式生效，促进了世界清洁发展机制（cDM）项目的迅速开发。由于上海经济发展迅速，能源消耗较大，有潜力进行CDM项目开发。上海电力是上海能耗较大的行业之一，应该积极进行CDM项目研究。文章分析了国家电力行业开发CDM的主导方向，根据已有方法学的选择原则。上海电力行业首选发展风电CDM项目。探讨了上海发展风力发电项目的潜力和可行性。以辉腾锡勒风电场CDM项目为例，介绍了我国风电CDM项目注册成功的经验。     

清洁发展机制对我国节能减排的作用

清洁发展机制（CDM）是《京都议定书》发达国家和发展中国家就减排温室气体进行交易的合作机制。我国“十一五”规划《纲要》提出了节能减排的目标,而我国还是一个发展中国家,要实现节能减排面临很多的困难。CDM项目大部分是与提高能效和开发利用新能源直接有关,因此,CDM能为此提供一定的推动力,能够促进我国的节能减排。文章分析了当前我国节能减排面临的困难,探讨了CDM在我国节能减排所起的作用,提出我国对积极开发CDM项目应采取的相应对策。     

碳交易促进宁夏煤层气综合利用的研究

碳交易为煤层气利用提供了一条重要的市场化融资渠道。目前国际、国内碳市场均只有1个方法学适用于煤层气利用项目。我国共注册了84个煤层气利用CDM项目,年减排量3 577万t(CO_2当量),已有40个项目获得了3 767万t(CO_2当量)减排量的签发,山西占最大比例。宁夏有4座煤层气发电站开展了碳交易工作,其中3个CDM项目实现了134.1万t(CO_2当量)交易。建议依托国际、国内碳市场,从加强政府引导、整体规划布局、探索规划类碳交易等4个方面促进宁夏煤层气的利用。     

以清洁发展机制推进节能减排目标实现

清洁发展机制是发达国家为实现温室气体减排义务,向发展中国家提供资金和技术实施温室气体减排项目的合作共赢机制.通过CDM,发达国家低成本履行了减排义务,发展中国家则获得了资金和技术援助,减少了温室气体排放.发展CDM项目既有助于推进中国实现节能减排目标,也为减缓全球气候变化做出积极贡献,是保护全球环境,促进世界经济与环境可持续发展的重要举措.     

内蒙古清洁发展机制(CDM)项目现状分析及对策

清洁发展机制(Clean Development Mechanism,简称CDM)是《京都议定书》规定的3种温室气体减排途径之一,也是发展中国家唯一的参与温室气体减排的机制。本文以我国现阶段CDM项目发展现状为背景,具体针对内蒙古CDM项目现状及存在的问题(截止2010年9月7日)展开分析,提出内蒙古发展CDM项目的解决对策。     

我国小型CDM项目开发障碍及其对策研究

2005年《京都议定书》生效以来,我国一直是全球CDM开发的重要国家之一,在CDM开发方面取得显著成就。但是由于信息流通、项目规模以及市场因素的影响,我国小型CDM项目在开发范围和深度方面都存在显著的不足。在对以上原因进行分析的基础上,本文认为采取多个小项目打包开发、以地区为单位整体开发以及促进CDM信息交流等方法可以解决以上阻碍小项目开发的因素,促进我国CDM健康发展。     

The elephant in the room – A comparative study of uncertainties in carbon offsets

The clean development mechanism (CDM) is a flexible mechanism under the Kyoto Protocol, which makes it possible for developed countries to offset their emissions of greenhouse gases through investing in climate change mitigation projects in developing countries. When the mitigation benefit of a CDM project is quantified, measurable uncertainties arise that can be minimised using established statistical methods. In addition, some unmeasurable uncertainties arise, such as the rebound effect of demand-side energy efficiency projects. Many project types related to land use, land-use change and forestry (LULUCF) have been excluded from the CDM in part because of the high degree of statistical uncertainty in measurements of the carbon sink and risk of non-permanence. However, recent discussions within the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) have opened up for the possibility of including more LULUCF activities in the future. In the light of this discussion, we highlight different aspects of uncertainties in LULUCF projects (e.g. the risk of non-permanence and the size of the carbon sink) in relation to other CDM project categories such as renewables and demand-side energy efficiency. We quantify the uncertainties, compare the magnitudes of the uncertainties in different project categories and conclude that uncertainties could be just as significant in CDM project categories such as renewables as in LULUCF projects. The CDM is a useful way of including and engaging developing countries in climate change mitigation and could be a good source of financial support for LULUCF mitigation activities. Given their enormous mitigation potential, we argue that additional LULUCF activities should be included in the CDM and other future climate policy instruments. Furthermore, we note that Nationally Appropriate Mitigation Actions (NAMAs) are currently being submitted to the UNFCCC by developing countries. Unfortunately, the under-representation of LULUCF in comparison to its potential is evident in the NAMAs submitted so far, just as it has been in the CDM. Capacity building under the CDM may influence NAMAs and there is a risk of transferring the view on uncertainties to NAMAs.     

Reforming the CDM for sustainable development: lessons learned and policy futures

The Clean Development Mechanism (CDM) has successfully demonstrated that market-based mechanisms can achieve some cost effective emissions reductions in developing countries. However the distribution of CDM projects has been extremely uneven across countries and regions, and a few technologies and sectors have dominated the early stages of CDM experience. This has caused some to question whether the CDM has fallen short of its potential in contributing to sustainable development. We review the broad patterns of CDM project approvals and evaluate 10 CDM projects according to their sustainability benefits. The difficulty of defining “sustainable development” and the process of defining criteria by individual non-Annex 1 governments has meant that sustainable development concerns have been marginalized in some countries. Given these observed limitations, we present possible CDM policy futures, focusing on the main proposals for a post-2012 climate regime. Five options for enhancing the sustainable development benefits in the CDM are discussed, including proactive approaches to favour eligibility of emission reduction projects which ensure such co-benefits.     

Unilateral Clean Development Mechanism – An approach for a least developed country?: The case of Yemen

Decision parameters prevailing in the market lead to a slim expression of interest of foreign investors for Clean Development Mechanism (CDM) projects in a bi- or multilateral design in Yemen. The Designated National Authority Secretariat in Yemen experiences the preference of Annex I entities of merely buying Certified Emission Reductions rather than investing in projects. Yemen's ability, like many least developed countries, to carry out unilateral CDM projects is moderate. Domestic project developers perceive difficulties in procuring underlying finance as key barrier in materializing CDM project activities in a unilateral design. The country remains trapped in a “catch 22 situation”. International assistance through low interest loans and capacity building for domestic financial institutions tailored to CDM project activities may trigger the market. Aggravation can be assisted by amending the policies of Annex I countries, in consequence to allocate a substantial share of their procurement activities to Certified Emission Reductions from least developed countries. Acquisition programmes may give preference to projects from host countries not traditionally represented in the pool of attractive CDM destinations.     

中国CDM项目开发现状及存在问题分析研究

清洁发展机制(CDM)是国际社会实现温室气体减排的履约机制之一。目前中国已成为CDM市场的主要输出国,但在CDM项目开发过程中还存在很多问题,例如区域分布不平衡、碳排放权交易标准不统一、缺乏激励机制等。在经济发展和节能减排的双重压力下,中国政府声明将严格遵守《巴黎协定》,正在积极落实已提出的到2020年控制温室气体排放行动目标,并向联合国提交了到2030年的"国家自主贡献"行动目标。中国的积极行动推动了全球气候问题的解决。     

Millennium development goals and clean development: synergies in the Pacific

This paper addresses synergies between the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) and the Clean Development Mechanism (CDM), and considers how the CDM can facilitate the MDGs in Pacific Island Countries (PICs). To date, only 6 CDM projects have been registered in PICs, highlighting the ‘lose-lose’ business case that applies to this type of project development. This paper identifies constraints on and opportunities for CDM project development in PICs, and proposes a range of specific policy reform measures that could alter existing negative investment profiles. Key findings are that small-scale agricultural projects providing renewable energy from existing sources of biomass (currently seen as waste) are ideal candidates for CDM investment in PICs, and that the single most important reform to facilitate CDM activity and contribute to achieving the MDGs would be the implementation of a regional approach to CDM administration, in which a regional body became the designated CDM Authority for all states in the region. This would offset investment risk, improve governance transparency, and facilitate a targeted approach to sustainable development activities in the Pacific region.     

CDM host country institution building

Contrary to earlier forecasts, the global greenhouse gas market will initially be characterised by low prices and a strong competition between the different Kyoto Mechanisms. The CDM involves higher transaction costs than the other mechanisms and has lost a considerable share of its ‘early start’ advantage due to the continuous delays in defining the CDM rules on the international level. Host countries will have to compete intensively for CDM investments. Thus the development of effective institutions is crucial to reap benefits from this market, especially if a unilateral strategy is chosen. Countries should develop approval criteria and sectoral priorities in a broad stakeholder consultation. Moreover, capacity building of local actors, information exchange as well as marketing has to be organised. Experience from several countries shows that clear competencies are crucial to get investor confidence. Long-term professional staff is also an important asset. Fights between ministries will scare off investors. The optimum institution will be a CDM Office that is independent but has full approval powers. A second-best solution is a two-tiered system. A CDM Board with representatives of ministries would define criteria and priorities whereas a CDM Secretariat would evaluate (and possibly approve) project proposals and do outreach and marketing. Small countries would preferably use the existing focal point of the UNFCCC and flexibly involve consultants if project proposalscome in. Even under an optimal institutional structure, CDM projects will only be implemented if financing and contractual issues can be resolved. This revised version was published online in August 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.