Anaerobic benzene biodegradation by a pure bacterial culture of Bacillus cereus under nitrate reducing conditions

A pure culture using benzene as sole carbon and energy sources was isolated by screening procedure from gasoline contaminated soil. The analysis of the 16S rDNA gene sequence, morphological and physiological characteristics showed that the isolated strain was a member of genus Bacillus cereus. The biodegradation performance of benzene by B. cereus was evaluated, and the results showed that benzene could be e ciently biodegraded when the initial benzene concentration was below 150 mg/L. The metabolites of anaerobic nitrate-dependent benzene oxidation by strain B. cereus were identified as phenol and benzoate. The results of substrate interaction between binary combinations for benzene, phenol and benzoate showed that the simultaneous presence of benzene stimulated the degradation of benzoate, whereas the addition of benzene inhibited the degradation of phenol. Benzene degradation by B. cereus was enhanced by the addition of phenol and benzoate, the enhanced e ects were more pronounced at higher concentration. To our knowledge, this is the first report that the isolated bacterial culture of B. cereus can e ciently degraded benzene under nitrate reducing conditions.     

超声波/零价铁协同降解苯酚的研究

研究了超声波/零价铁协同降解苯酚的过程,并对其降解机理进行了研究,分别考察了零价铁投加量,溶液初始浓度,初始pH值,超声功率等因素对苯酚降解的影响规律。结果表明,超声波/零价铁工艺能有效的降解水中的苯酚,零价铁的最佳投加量为0.8 g/L,苯酚浓度越低处理效果越好,苯酚在酸性条件的降解率高于碱性条件,在0~400 W超声作用下,功率越大,降解率越大;超声波与零价铁粉对苯酚的降解具有协同作用,其降解过程符合一级动力学规律。在体系中加入自由基捕获剂正丁醇抑制了苯酚的降解,说明苯酚的降解过程主要依靠羟基自由基(.OH)的氧化作用。     

微量元素对黄孢原毛平革菌降解苯酚的影响

研究了氮源,铁、铜、锰等金属元素以及Tween 80等有机添加剂对黄孢原毛平革菌降解苯酚的影响。结果表明,氮源是黄孢原毛平革菌生长的必需元素,铜元素和锰元素对苯酚降解具有明显的促进作用,而铁元素的促进作用并不显著。各种微量元素的最佳浓度分别为:氮0.1 g/L、铁0.5 mmol/L、锰1.0 mmol/L、铜0.3 mmol/L、Tween 80 0.01 mmol/L。     

超声波/铁-炭微电解协同降解苯酚

采用超声波/铁-炭微电解联用体系,以苯酚为目标污染物,考察了苯酚溶液初始pH值、初始浓度、铁屑与活性炭投加量等因素对联用体系降解苯酚效果的影响.结果表明:考察范围内,苯酚降解率随其初始浓度和溶液初始pH值的增加而降低,随铁屑与活性炭投加量的增加而升高.当苯酚初始浓度由50mg·L-1增至270mg·L-1,溶液初始pH值由3.0增至9.0时,降解率分别由91.3%和78.4%降至34.7%和50.7%;铁屑投加量为每L苯酚溶液中40g、160g和320g,铁屑与活性炭体积比均为1∶1时,降解率依次为31.8%、51.9%和72.8%.对比实验及动力学分析表明:联用体系中超声波(US)和铁-炭微电解对苯酚降解具有明显的协同作用,协同因子Ｅ＝5.12,且降解过程符合假一级动力学规律,并根据降解速率常数随各影响因素的变化关系确定了宏观动力学模型.     

Degradation of phenol in an upflow anaerobic sludge blanket (UASB) reactor at ambient temperature

IntroductionPhenolistherawmaterialforthecommercialproductionofawidevarietyofresins ,includingphenolicresinsasconstructionmaterialsforautomobilesandappliances,expoxyresinsasadhesives ,andpolyamideforvariousapplications.Inaddition ,phenolsareoftenfoundinwas…     

Degradation of phenol in an upflow anaerobic sludge blanket(UASB) reactor at ambient temperatureKE

A synthetic wastewater containing phenol as sole substrate was treated in a 2.8 L upflow anaerobic sludge blanket(UASB) reactor at ambient temperature. The operation conditions and phenol removal efficiency were discussed, microbial population in the UASB sludge was identified based on DNA cloning, and pathway of anaerobic phenol degradation was proposed. Phenol in wastewater was degraded in an UASB reactor at loading rate up to 18 gCOD/(L·d), With a 1:1 recycle ratio, at 26(1℃, pH 7.0-7.5. An UASB reactor was able to remove 99% of phenol up to 1226 mg/L in wastewater with 24 h of hydraulic retention time(HRT). For HRT below 24 h, phenol degradation efficiency decreased with HRT, from 95.4% at 16 h to 93.8% at 12 h. It further deteriorated to 88.5% when HRT reached 8 h. When the concentration of influent phenol of the reactor was 1260 mg/L(corresponding COD 3000 mg/L), with the HRT decreasing(from 40 h to 4 h, corresponding COD loading increasing), the biomass yields tended to increase from 0.265 to 3.08 g/(L·d). While at 12 h of HRT, the biomass yield was lower. When HRT was 12 h, the methane yield was 0.308 L/(gCOD removed), which was the highest. Throughout the study, phenol was the sole organic substrate. The effluent contained only residual phenol without any detectable intermediates, such as benzoate, 4-hydrobenzoate or volatile fatty acids(VFAs). Based on DNA cloning analysis, the sludge was composed of five groups of microorganisms. Desulfotomaculum and Clostridium were likely responsible for the conversion of phenol to benzoate, which was further degraded by Syntrophus to acetate and H2/CO2. Methanogens lastly converted acetate and H2/CO2 to methane. The role of epsilon-Proteobacteria was, however, unsure.     

不同有机物对厌氧氨氧化耦合反硝化的影响

通过连续试验和血清瓶批式试验研究了不同种类有机物对厌氧氨氧化耦合异养反硝化脱氮性能的影响.结果表明,从TN去除率来看,对耦合反应器的影响:苯甲酸钠<邻苯二酚<间苯二酚<丙酸钠<乙酸钠;苯甲酸钠、邻苯二酚、间苯二酚、丙酸钠和乙酸钠对厌氧氨氧化菌的影响很小.苯酚反硝化菌能利用苯甲酸钠、邻苯二酚、间苯二酚、丙酸钠和乙酸钠作为电子供体进行反硝化.不同有机物对苯酚反硝化菌的影响不同,进而影响苯酚反硝化菌与厌氧氨氧化菌之间的协同和竞争关系.苯甲酸是苯酚降解过程中可能的中间产物.     

不同pH下纳米铁镍颗粒对生物降解苯酚的影响

研究不同pH(8.0、6.0和3.0)下金属纳米颗粒(Fe和Fe/Ni)对纺锤芽孢杆菌(BFN)降解苯酚的影响.实验结果发现pH在8.0和6.0时投加2种金属纳米颗粒(Fe和Fe/Ni)对BFN降解苯酚有促进作用,其原因主要是纳米颗粒在水中持续腐蚀产生H2,为BFN降解苯酚提供电子,促进BFN的生长.但在pH=3.0时,只有BFN-纳米Fe耦合体系才使苯酚得到部分降解,主要是因为纳米Fe颗粒与水反应产生OH-,使pH值有所升高,更适宜BFN的生长,同时提供电子供体H2促进BFN对苯酚的利用.扫描电镜(SEM)和能谱分析(EDS)数据证实金属纳米颗粒(Fe和Fe/Ni)在反应后附着在微生物表面,但微生物的表面形态并未发生显著改变.因此,纳米金属颗粒虽然通过附着影响微生物的活性,但其在腐蚀过程中产生的H2将作为电子供体而被BFN所利用,综合作用的结果是有利于BFN的生长进而提高苯酚的降解速率.     

瓦尔假丝酵母降解酚类污染物的研究

从橡胶厂工业废水中分离到1株降酚酵母,经鉴定为瓦尔假丝酵母(Candida vartiovanrai),该菌株能以苯酚作为唯一碳源和能源生长,还能以水杨酸、苯甲酸、苯、萘、对苯二酚、间苯二酚、邻苯二酚等作为唯一碳源生长,但不能以氯代酚作为唯一碳源生长.酚诱导有利于高浓度苯酚的降解,加入葡萄糖可抑制苯酚的降解.当以苯酚作为唯一碳源时,在诱导的情况下,约30 h可将培养液中的苯酚降解98.7%,可望应用于含高浓度酚类化合物的废水生物处理中.      

一种新型电化学体系降解苯酚的机理研究

通过使用自制的碳聚四氟乙烯(CPTFE)气体扩散电极作为阴极,TiIrO2RuO2材料为阳极,研究了隔膜电解槽中电化学降解苯酚的机理.结果表明,在阴极室,CPTFE气体扩散阴极通过外界曝气提供的O2在阴极还原产生H2O2,电解80min后H2O2的稳定浓度达到8.3mg·L-1.采用电子自旋共振法(ESR)在阴极室中检测到羟自由基(HO·)的存在.采用高效液相色谱(HPLC)在阴极室检测到羟基加合物对苯二酚,证明HO·参与了苯酚的降解过程.在该电化学体系中苯酚的降解是在阳极直接、间接氧化及阴极产生的H2O2、HO·的氧化共同作用下完成的.阴极室检测到了对苯二酚、苯醌等苯环化合物和顺丁烯二酸、反丁烯二酸、丙烯酸、丙二酸、草酸、乙酸、甲酸等短链羧酸,据此提出了苯酚降解的可能历程,并对阴、阳极室中苯酚降解途径之间的差异进行了初步比较.     

纳米磁铁矿/生物质炭催化对Fenton氧化降解苯酚的增强机理

以生物质炭负载纳米磁铁矿(nMBC)作为催化剂,采用非均相Fenton反应体系对模拟苯酚废水进行氧化降解处理研究,确定n MBC—Fenton法处理苯酚废水的最佳工艺条件,并揭示其强化机理。实验结果表明:对于质量浓度为50 mg/L的苯酚废水,其最佳降解条件为温度为45℃,pH为3.0,H_2O_2浓度为5 mmol/L,nMBC用量为2.0 g/L。反应进行20 min后,苯酚去除率可达约100%。nMBC剂量、废水初始pH和温度等因素均对处理效果有较大影响,其中pH决定苯酚去除率,而nMBC剂量是影响降解速率的主要因素。此外,nMBC—Fenton法催化氧化降解苯酚过程符合准一级动力学反应(R~2>0.97)。     

CuO/Ac催化过硫酸盐对模拟废水中苯酚的降解效果

含酚类废水所含有毒有害物质主要为苯酚,其排放量大,微溶于水且毒性较大,难以彻底处理.利用具有吸附性和催化性的CuO/Ac（活性炭负载CuO）催化过硫酸盐产生强氧化性的SO₄-·（硫酸根自由基）对模拟废水中苯酚进行降解,研究了不同因素（如反应温度、pH、水浴时间、CuO负载比、过硫酸盐投加量）对反应前、后模拟废水中苯酚和COD_Cr的去除率,并通过正交试验对这些因素进行了优化.结果表明:①过硫酸盐高级氧化法对苯酚的去除过程以氧化降解为主,在投加0.2 g负载比为1:5的CuO/Ac和过硫酸盐前提下,反应条件为pH 3、反应温度65℃,经过6 h的水浴反应,CuO/Ac催化过硫酸盐对于模拟废水中苯酚和COD_Cr的去除率分别可达到96.83%和91.90%.②通过正交试验得出,影响苯酚去除率大小的因素依次为反应温度>反应时间> pH,影响COD_Cr去除率大小的因素依次为反应温度> pH >反应时间.③在酸性、强碱性、高温条件下反应体系对苯酚的降解作用更明显,苯酚降解过程为先开环再进一步降解;相对于单独采用过硫酸盐和活性炭催化过硫酸盐法,采用活性炭负载CuO催化过硫酸盐法对模拟苯酚废水中苯酚具有去除率高、节省成本、处理速度快等优点.研究显示:在相同的试验设计情况下,应先考虑温度对反应的影响;在反应温度相同的条件下,根据对苯酚或对COD_Cr的去除率的不同要求,分别优先考虑反应时间、pH对试验的影响.      

Photoelectrochemical performance of birnessite films and photoelectrocatalytic activity toward oxidation of phenol

Birnessite films on fluorine-doped tin oxide(FTO) coated glass were prepared by cathodic reduction of aqueous KMnO_4. The deposited birnessite films were characterized with X-ray diffraction, Raman spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy and atomic force microscopy.The photoelectrochemical activity of birnessite films was investigated and a remarkable photocurrent in response to visible light was observed in the presence of phenol, resulting from localized manganese d–d transitions. Based on this result, the photoelectrocatalytic oxidation of phenol was investigated. Compared with phenol degradation by the electrochemical oxidation process or photocatalysis separately, a synergetic photoelectrocatalytic degradation effect was observed in the presence of the birnessite film coated FTO electrode.Photoelectrocatalytic degradation ratios were influenced by film thickness and initial phenol concentrations. Phenol degradation with the thinnest birnessite film and initial phenol concentration of 10 mg/L showed the highest efficiency of 91.4% after 8 hr. Meanwhile, the kinetics of phenol removal was fit well by the pseudofirst-order kinetic model.     

MnFe2O4 nanoparticles as new catalyst for oxidative degradation of phenol by peroxydisulfate

Manganese ferrite nanopowder was prepared by thermal decomposition at 400°C of the gel synthesized from manganese and iron nitrates and polyvinyl alcohol. X-ray diffractometry evidenced that manganese ferrite was formed as single crystalline phase at this temperature. Scanning electron microscope images evidenced the formation of very fine spherical particles(d 11 nm) of manganese ferrite, with specific surface area of 147 m~2/g.The powder obtained at 400°C was used as a catalyst for the oxidative degradation of phenol in aqueous solutions, in the presence of potassium peroxydisulfate as oxidant. High phenol removal efficiencies above 90% were reached at: pH 3–3.5, phenol initial concentration around 50 mg/L, peroxydisulfate:phenol mass ratio 10:1, and catalyst dose 3 g/L. Total organic carbon measurements showed that the degradation of phenol goes, under these conditions, to mineralization in an extent of 60%.     

石墨烯掺杂分子筛负载氧化铁芬顿催化降解苯酚影响因素的研究

通过水热晶化法制备了石墨烯掺杂介孔分子筛MCM-41复合载体,利用该载体浸渍负载氧化铁制备了非均相芬顿催化剂gh-MCM-41-Fe.以苯酚为模拟有机废水,考察了催化剂和H2O2投加量、水质因素(苯酚初始浓度、反应温度和水中腐殖酸和草酸)等对gh-MCM-41-Fe芬顿催化降解苯酚效能的影响.结果表明,当苯酚初始浓度为100 mg·L-1,催化剂在60 min催化降解苯酚去除率高达97.6%,COD去除率为65.9%,反应符合准一级反应动力学模型;苯酚降解速率随着催化剂和H2O2投加量的增加而增加,但投加过多会消耗·OH自由基从而不利苯酚降解过程;苯酚初始浓度从10 mg·L-1增至100 mg·L-1,苯酚降解速率相应降低,但体系中H2O2及·OH自由基的有效利用率反而增加;反应温度对于苯酚废水降解率和COD去除率影响不大,反应表观频率因子为105.68 min-1,表观活化能为18.43 k J·mol-1;腐殖酸和草酸对苯酚废水降解和COD去除均有抑制作用.     

超声波/零价铁体系降解五氯酚的机理

在超声波/零价铁体系中,以五氯酚为目标污染物,分别对各种形态铁离子浓度和羟基自由基表观生成率进行了定量测定,探讨了超声波与零价铁的协同作用机理.结果表明,在超声波/零价铁体系降解五氯酚过程中,同时存在超声波的羟基自由基氧化作用和零价铁的还原作用,其中超声波的羟基自由基氧化作用占主导,零价铁大大地促进了该体系羟基自由基的生成.同时,采用气相色谱.质谱联用仪测定中间产物,并结合相关研究推测,超声波/零价铁降解五氯酚主要是通过羟基自由基的氧化脱氯、五氯酚氧自由基的自身耦合,以及零价铁的还原脱氯3种降解途径完成的.     

H2O2引发的UV/Fenton苯酚光催化降解

研究了H2O2引发光催化降解方法对废水中微量苯酚的去除效果,应用传感技术分析了降解过程中H2O2浓度变化,及其H2O2引发光催化降解苯酚的机理,考察了影响苯酚光催化降解的因素,确定了最佳降解试验条件为:H2O2 0.075~0.30mmol/L,Fe3+ 0.1~0.15mmol/L,pH值 4~5.在此条件下,苯酚初始浓度为50mg/L的含酚废水反应2h,苯酚降解率达到95%,矿化去除率达77%.     

CTMAB/TiO_2表面修饰膨胀珍珠岩制备及降解苯酚研究

用溴化十六烷基三甲铵(CTMAB)和/或TiO2对膨胀珍珠岩(EP)进行表面修饰,获得不同表面修饰膨胀珍珠岩(EP、TiO2-EP、CTMAB-EP和TiO2/CTMAB-EP)。并研究了其对水中苯酚的吸附降解动力学方程以及去除效果和影响因素。结果表明,膨胀珍珠岩对苯酚的吸附去除能力很小,CTMAB对其进行表面修饰后可小幅提高对苯酚的去除率,同时负载CTMAB和TiO2的膨胀珍珠岩对水中苯酚的去除率有很大提高;修复材料投加量、振荡时间、苯酚初始浓度和pH值等对苯酚的去除效果有较大影响;在溶液初始pH小于8时,TiO2对苯酚的光催化降解能力随pH增加而提高,强酸或强碱环境均不适合苯酚的光催化降解。在膨胀珍珠岩上同时负载CTMAB和TiO2可望成为一种高效去除环境中有机污染物的新型环境修复材料。     

铁基双金属强化降解地下水中四氯化碳

采用沉积置换法制备了微米级的Ni-Fe、Cu-Fe、Ag-Fe双金属颗粒，应用扫描电镜（SEM）、X射线光电子能谱（XPS）分析了其表面特征，考察了负载金属类型、金属负载量对铁基双金属降解四氯化碳（CCl₄）的影响.结果表明：Ni、Cu、Ag等催化金属非均匀地负载在铁基体上，双金属颗粒表面发生了氧化.CCl₄的降解速率对催化金属的负载量比较敏感，双金属体系Ni、Cu、Ag的适宜负载量分别为1.0wt%、0.8wt%和0.4wt%.CCl₄在双金属体系中的降解途径为零价铁颗粒表面的直接还原及催化金属表面的催化加氢还原，以催化加氢还原为主.Ni-Fe、Cu-Fe、Ag-Fe对CCl₄的还原降解速率大小顺序与其电偶电池电动势的大小顺序一致，即Ag-Fe对CCl₄的降解速率最快，Cu-Fe次之，Ni-Fe最慢.     

苯酚降解菌的筛选及其降解性能研究

苯酚是造纸、塑料、农药、医药合成等行业生产的原料或中间体。随着经济的发展,未经处理的含酚废水对人类的生存环境已经造成了严重的威胁。利用微生物降解的方法处理含酚废水是一种经济有效且无二次污染的方法。论文通过从被苯酚废水污染的污泥和污水中进行筛选细菌,得到11株耐受菌和降酚菌,在以苯酚为单碳源的培养上筛选降酚菌,通过药物培养得到7株高效降解酚菌。选择8号菌为研究菌种,进一步测定苯酚降解的影响因素。考察了温度、pH值、苯酚初始浓度、接种量对苯酚降解的影响。得出该菌的最适温度为30℃,最适降酚pH为8.0～9．0,最适初始苯酚浓度为200—240mg/L,最适接菌量为10％～15％。通过对8号菌降解苯酚的应用价值进行研究,得出8号菌的苯酚降解率可达到90．01％,耐酚浓度可达1．6g/L。