城市污水三污泥系统自养脱氮与强化生物除磷

采用"A/O除磷+半亚硝化-厌氧氨氧化自养脱氮"三污泥系统,实现了城市污水营养物经济高效去除.结果表明,在水力停留时间(HRT)为3.6h条件下,A/O除磷系统出水总磷(TP)≤0.5mg/L;在常温、DO0.2mg/L和HRT=4.6h条件下,半亚硝化系统实现了亚硝氮累积率为75%～96%的半亚硝化;在温度为27～30℃和HRT=1.4h条件下,厌氧氨氧化(ANAMMOX)系统出水总氮(TN)≤8mg/L,最低值为1.6mg/L,TN去除负荷达到0.57kg/(m3·d).三污泥系统中聚磷菌、氨氧化菌和ANAMMOX菌均在各自适宜的环境条件下生存,优化了污泥种群,提高了各工艺单元的处理效率.城市污水自养脱氮系统理论上可以减少62.5%的供氧量,节省100%反硝化碳源,同时降低了污泥产量,大大减少了CO2的排放.与传统的生物脱氮除磷工艺相比,三污泥系统具有节能降耗减排上的巨大优势和潜力,也有利于实现水资源的循环利用和可持续发展.     

基于能源回收的城市污水厌氧氨氧化生物脱氮新工艺

采用"甲烷化+半亚硝化+厌氧氨氧化自养脱氮"新工艺,实现了生活污水能源质回收及氮素低碳化去除.结果表明,联合工艺出水NH4+-N≈0,NO2--N≤0.5 mg.L-1,NO3--N平均为3.6 mg.L-1,溶解性COD<10 mg.L-1,去除率高达98%.其中采用升流式厌氧污泥固定床(UAFB)实现甲烷化,能去除80%以上的进水溶解性COD,甲烷平均日产气量为3.3 L,产气量与COD去除量之间的关系为0.3 L.g-1,39.2%的进水溶解性COD转化为CODCH4,只有6.52%转化为CODVFAs.采用序批式反应器(SBR)实现半亚硝化,亚硝化累积率达到97%,出水基本达到厌氧氨氧化进水基质配比(NH4+-N∶NO2--N=1∶1.13),半亚硝化的主要作用是转化NH4+-N,转化率为36.59%.厌氧氨氧化(ANAMMOX)反应器氨氮去除量、亚硝态氮去除量和硝态氮生成量之比为1∶1.18∶1.25,总氮容积去除负荷为0.62 kg.(m3.d)-1,对氮素去除的贡献率为56.91%,为氮素脱除的主导工艺环节.新工艺通过厌氧产甲烷实现能源质回收,并通过亚硝化-厌氧氨氧化实现自养脱氮,为现有城市污水处理厂工艺改造提供了一种新的思路和技术.     

城市生活污水SNAD工艺的启动研究

采用SBR反应器,以城市生活污水为原水,进行同步亚硝化、厌氧氨氧化、反硝化(SNAD)工艺的启动研究.首先接种厌氧氨氧化(anammox)颗粒污泥,在高曝气量下(500L/h)培养得到亚硝化颗粒污泥,然后再次接种anammox颗粒污泥,在低曝气量下(40L/h)培养得到SNAD颗粒污泥.在亚硝化稳定期,氨氮平均去除率达到94%,亚硝态氮平均积累率达到95%.在SNAD稳定期,总氮平均去除率为85%.批试实验结果表明,亚硝化稳定期亚硝化颗粒污泥的好氧氨氮和亚硝态氮氧化活性分别为为0.234和0kgN/(kgVSS×d).SNAD颗粒污泥的厌氧氨氧化总氮去除、亚硝态氮反硝化、好氧氨氮氧化、好氧亚硝态氮氧化活性分别为0.158、0.104、0.281、0kg/(kgVSS×d),其中硝态氮反硝化活性在0~120min和120~360min内分别为0.061和0.104kg/(kgVSS×d).扫描电镜显示,SNAD颗粒污泥表面以短杆状菌和球状菌为主,可能为好氧氨氧化菌(AOB)和反硝化菌,颗粒污泥内部以火山口状的细菌为主,可能为anammox菌.     

ABR工艺ANAMMOX耦合短程硝化协同脱氮处理城市污水

厌氧氨氧化技术如能替代市政污水厂的主流工艺,将大幅降低市政污水处理能耗.故采用ABR反应器,构建除碳系统、短程硝化系统和厌氧氨氧化系统,将三者耦合成一体化短程硝化-厌氧氨氧化反应器进行城市污水脱氮.结果表明,ABR除碳系统的HRT为4.5 h时,其出水COD平均浓度为80 mg·L~(-1),不会对后续短程硝化系统产生不利影响,出水TN平均浓度为10mg·L~(-1),厌氧氨氧化系统TN容积负荷为0.36 kg·(m~3·d)~(-1).当控制DO为1~2 mg·L~(-1)时,亚硝化率能长时间维持在90%左右,有利于保证后续厌氧氨氧化系统的稳定运行.当控制温度为30℃左右,好氧区DO为1~2 mg·L~(-1)良时,短程硝化-ANAMMOX一体化ABR工艺可以对城市污水稳定高效地脱氮.     

控制ORP实现连续流反应器部分亚硝化稳定运行

利用ORP在线监控设备,研究了控制ORP值实现连续流部分亚硝化反应器稳定运行的可行性,并使出水水质满足厌氧氨氧化需求.结果表明,在亚硝氮与氨氮比值、温度和pH值恒定的条件下,反应器内ORP值波动主要由于DO浓度波动引起.在稳定的亚硝化系统中,当ORP值大于250mV左右时,反应器出水亚硝氮与氨氮比值大于2.1;当ORP值控制在150mV左右时,反应器出水亚硝氮与氨氮比值稳定在1.2~1.3之间.ORP值控制在120mV时,反应器出水亚硝氮与氨氮浓度比值为0.9~1.06.将ORP值控制在150mV时,随着进水氨氮浓度由300mg/L提高至813mg/L,反应器出水亚硝氮与氨氮比值基本维持在1.1~1.3之间.但随之增加的游离氨浓度易导致亚硝化菌活性抑制.因此,在低氧环境下ORP作为连续流部分亚硝化反应器亚硝化程度的控制指标,其灵敏度和精度明显优于DO监测设备.     

SNAD反应器中颗粒污泥和絮体污泥脱氮特性

通过血清瓶批试研究了温度为30℃时, SNAD(simultaneous partial nitrification, anaerobic ammonium oxidization and denitrification)反应器内的颗粒污泥R1(1~2.5mm)和絮体污泥R2(0~0.25mm)的脱氮特性. 结果表明,颗粒污泥的好氧氨氮和好氧亚硝态氮氧化活性分别为0.166,0kgN/(kg VSS×d).厌氧氨氧化、亚硝态氮反硝化、硝态氮反硝化总氮去除速率分别为0.158,0.105,0.094kgN/(kg VSS×d).絮体污泥的好氧氨氮氧化活性和好氧亚硝态氮氧化活性分别为 0.180,0kgN/(kg VSS×d).厌氧氨氧化、亚硝态氮反硝化、硝态氮反硝化总氮去除速率分别为0.026,0.096,0.108kgN/(kg VSS×d).颗粒污泥和絮体污泥都具有良好的亚硝化性能和反硝化性能.颗粒污泥的厌氧氨氧化性能良好,絮体污泥的厌氧氨氧化性能较差.扫描电镜显示,在SNAD颗粒污泥的表面主要是一些短杆菌和球状菌.在SNAD颗粒污泥中心区域主要为火山口状细菌.在絮体污泥中,同时存在短杆菌,球状菌和火山口状细菌.     

ABR除碳-亚硝化耦合厌氧氨氧化处理城市污水

为推进厌氧氨氧化技术应用于城市污水处理,耦合亚硝化系统和厌氧氨氧化系统,并在其前端添加ABR除碳系统,构建ABR除碳-亚硝化耦合厌氧氨氧化工艺进行城市污水脱氮除碳,采用MiSeq高通量测序技术分析污泥中微生物菌群结构的变化情况.结果表明,ABR除碳系统出水COD平均浓度120 mg·L~(-1),不会对后续亚硝化系统和厌氧氨氧化系统产生不利影响,控制亚硝化系统出水和ABR除碳出水比例为2∶1作为厌氧氨氧化系统进水,满足ANAMMOX所需NO_2~--N和NH_4~+-N基质比1∶1左右的要求.一体式反应器总氮去除率在86%～92%,出水COD浓度在20～40 mg·L~(-1).同时,实验后亚硝化系统中与反硝化作用密切相关的γ-Protebacteria纲有所增加,厌氧氨氧化系统中具有较高微生物生长速率和增强脱氮速率功能的Sphingobacteria纲显著增加,ABR除碳-亚硝化耦合厌氧氨氧化工艺能够有效用于处理城市污水脱氮除碳.     

填充床快速启动厌氧氨氧化反应器及其脱氮性能研究

以城市污水厂二沉池污泥为种泥,以悬浮填料填充床生物膜反应器为厌氧氨氧化(ANAMMOX)反应器,采用高负荷培养法和好氧预挂膜低负荷培养法分别培养与富集厌氧氨氧化菌,并研究其脱氮性能.结果表明,好氧预挂膜低负荷培养法可以在较短时间内(90 d左右)快速启动厌氧氨氧化反应器,稳定期反应器出水氨氮和亚硝氮保持稳定,去除率均接近100%,总氮去除率在75%以上,高负荷培养法因高浓度氨氮和亚硝氮的抑制作用而启动失败(190d).启动过程中pH变化表明,厌氧氨氧化反应器出水pH略高于进水,pH值可用作厌氧氨氧化反应器启动进程的指示参数.上流式厌氧填充床ANAMMOX反应器具有高负荷和高效率的优点,当反应器进水氨氮和亚硝氮浓度低于800 mg/L时,其去除率几乎达100%,低于国家一级标准.     

部分亚硝化-厌氧氨氧化耦合工艺处理污泥脱水液

在缺氧滤床+好氧悬浮填料生物膜工艺中实现部分亚硝化,然后进行厌氧氨氧化(ANAMMOX),考察其对高含氮、低C/N污泥脱水液的处理能力.结果表明,亚硝化反应器在15~29℃、DO 6~9mg/L条件下,通过综合调控进水氨氮负荷(ALR)、进水碱度/氨氮、水力停留时间(HRT)等运行参数,可以调节出水(NO2--N)/(NH4+-N)的比率,能够较好地实现部分亚硝化反应以完成厌氧氨氧化.当进水ALR为1.16kg/(m3·d),进水碱度/氨氮为5.1时,出水(NO2--N)/(NH4+-N)在1.2左右,(NO2--N)/(NOx--N)大于90%,进入ANAMMOX反应器的氮物质去除率达到83.8%.     

高氨氮PN/A脱氮工艺:亚硝态氮抑制后的恢复策略

高氨氮短程硝化厌氧氨氧化一体化(PN/A)工艺的稳定性受亚硝态氮影响显著。考察了高氨氮PN/A工艺受亚硝态氮短期抑制后,系统脱氮性能快速恢复的策略。稳定运行的PN/A污泥在ρ(NO~-_2-N)=200 mg/L条件下抑制2 h后,首先考察厌氧氨氧化菌在不同初始亚硝态氮浓度下的活性变化。此外,考察了受抑制后的PN/A工艺在不同DO浓度(0.05～1 mg/L)下的脱氮性能,结果表明:当NO~-_2-N浓度降低至50 mg/L以下时,厌氧氨氧化菌才明显表现出活性;受抑制后的PN/A工艺中,厌氧氨氧化菌对DO敏感度增加,恢复时系统的DO宜低于正常运行时浓度。综上所述,受NO~-_2-N抑制的PN/A工艺要恢复脱氮性能,宜降低亚硝态氮浓度同时控制DO浓度。在连续运行的PN/A反应器(200 L),诱发NO~-_2-N浓度提高到160 mg/L时,TN去除负荷从0.57下降至0.2 kg/(m~3·d)。通过合理控制DO和NO~-_2-N浓度,系统负荷在30 d内即可恢复至原有水平,验证了以上恢复策略的可行性。     

造纸废水处理过程的高斯过程回归软测量建模

针对造纸废水处理系统的时变性、非线性和复杂性等特点,本文提出一种基于高斯过程回归的软测量模型.基于平方指数协方差、线性协方差和周期性协方差函数组合构建了7种高斯过程回归模型,分别对出水化学需氧量和出水悬浮固形物浓度进行回归预测.此外,还对比了多元线性回归模型、主成分回归模型、偏最小二乘模型、人工神经网络模型和高斯回归模型的预测效果.对比计算结果表明无论是对输出变量的训练拟合还是预测,高斯过程回归模型的拟合效果均优于非高斯过程回归模型.高斯过程回归模型的预测结果表明：对于出水化学需氧量,线性协方差函数与周期性协方差函数的组合模型可以取得最好的预测结果;对于出水悬浮固形物,平方指数协方差函数与线性协方差函数组合模型可以取得最好的预测结果.     

Driving total process efficiency

Reductions in pollution and improvements in profitability are not mutually exclusive. In the first 18 months of a project established to demonstrate the benefits of waste minimization and cleaner technology, the 11 participating companies have made savings of over £2 million a year. Further savings of a similar magnitude are possible in subsequent years. Reductions in the use of inputs such as water, energy and raw materials exceeded savings in effluent production by a significant margin, thereby confirming the profitability of programmes which drive Total Process Efficiency     

The development of a novel process planning algorithm for an unconstrained hybrid manufacturing process

The application of state of the art manufacturing processes has always been constrained by the capabilities either from technical limitations such as limited materials and complex part geometries or production costs. As a result, hybrid manufacturing processes – where varied manufacturing operations are carried out – are emerging as a potential evolution for current manufacturing technologies. However, process planning methods capable of effectively utilising manufacturing resources for hybrid processes are currently limited. In this paper, a hybrid process, entitled iAtractive, combining additive, subtractive and inspection processes, along with part specific process planning is proposed. The iAtractive process aims to accurately manufacture complex geometries without being constrained by the capability of individual additive and subtractive processes. This process planning algorithm enables a part to be manufactured taking into consideration, process capabilities, production time and material consumption. This approach is also adapted for the remanufacture of existing parts. Four test parts have been manufactured from zero and existing parts, demonstrating the efficacy of the proposed hybrid process and the process planning algorithm.     

双碱法烟气脱硫工艺的研究

以旋流板塔为脱硫塔，实验研究了Na2CO3-Ca(OH)2双碱法脱硫工艺，试验了不同液气比L／G、Na^2 浓度、吸收液pH值和进气SO2浓度等主要参数对脱硫率的影响，并考察了Na^ 的损失与操作条件的关系，分析了双碱法脱硫过程的传质反应过程机理以及不同pH值对脱硫率的影响，此外，还讨论了本工艺适宜操作和工业应用前景。     

Analytical process damping stability prediction

This paper describes an analytical solution for turning and milling stability that includes process damping effects. Comparisons between the new analytical solution, time-domain simulation, and experiment are provided. The velocity-dependent process damping model applied in the analysis relies on a single coefficient similar to the specific cutting force approach to modeling cutting force. The process damping coefficient is identified experimentally using a flexure-based machining setup for a selected tool-workpiece pair (carbide insert-AISI 1018 steel). The effects of tool wear and cutting edge relief angle are also evaluated. It is shown that a smaller relief angle or higher wear results in increased process damping and improved stability at low spindle speeds.     

电芬顿法处理重金属络合物Ni-EDTA的研究

本文首先研究了电絮凝与电芬顿对Ni-EDTA去除效率对比,结果发现电絮凝对Ni-EDTA去除效率较低.通过电化学阳极溶解产生Fe2+,外加H2O2反应的阳极电芬顿过程可有效去除Ni-EDTA.详细考察Ni-EDTA初始浓度、电流密度、p H值及H2O2投加量对Ni-EDTA去除率的影响.结果表明,电芬顿方法处理Ni-EDTA络合物其初始浓度越低,去除效果越好.反应最佳p H值为3.5,H2O2投加量在一定条件下存在最优值,而络合物的去除率随着电流密度的增加而提高.对Ni-EDTA去除过程进行了分析.     

聚醚废水处理工艺研究

 研究了中和混凝-厌氧十好氧-生物活性炭组合工艺，在不同工况和运行参数条件下处理聚醚废水的效果．结果表明，中和混凝能有效地降低生物处理的污泥负荷，调节pH值6．7，聚合氯化铝的投加量为l00mg/L时．聚醚废水COD去除率可达28％，当进水的COD为3000～4000mg/L时，聚醚废水经此组合工艺处理后，COD的总去除率达96％以上，出水COD值约150mg/L.     

Petro-chemical wastewater treatment by biological process

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Effect of process parameters on the performance of EDM process with ultrasonic assisted cryogenically cooled electrode

In this work the parametric study on EDM process using ultrasonic assisted cryogenically cooled copper electrode (UACEDM) during machining of M2 grade high speed steel has been performed. Electrode wear ratio (EWR), material removal rate (MRR) and surface roughness (SR) was the three parameters observed. Discharge current, pulse on time, duty cycle and gap voltage were the controllable process variables. The effect of process variables on EWR, MRR and SR has been analyzed. The MRR, EWR and SR obtained in EDM process with normal electrode, cryogenically cooled electrode and ultrasonic assisted cryogenically cooled electrode have been compared. EWR and SR were found to be lower in UACEDM process as compared to conventional EDM for the same set of process parameters, while MRR was at par with conventional EDM process. The surface integrity of work piece machined by UACEDM process has been found to be better as compared to conventional EDM process. The shape of the electrode has also been measured and it was found that the shape retention was better in UACEDM process as compared to conventional EDM process. Thus in the present work UACEDM process has been established to be better than conventional EDM process due to better tool life, tool shape retention ability and better surface integrity.     

Effect of process integration on the exergy balance of a two-stage process for fermentative hydrogen production

In this paper, a process for the fermentative production of hydrogen is analysed with respect to its exergy efficiency. Parametric studies show the influence of used feedstock, applied process parameters as well as process and heat integration measures on exergy efficiency. It is shown that heat integration and recirculation of fermentor effluents reduce process irreversibilites and the amount of exergy leaving the process in waste streams. Nevertheless, depending on the used feedstock, a large amount of exergy leaves the process via by-products. Internal use of by-products and waste materials for providing process heat could increase chemical exergy efficiency up to 74%.