海河与渤海湾水体中溶解态多氯联苯和有机氯农药污染状况调查

在夏季对海河与渤海湾表层水中溶解态的多氯联苯（PCBs）和有机氯农药（OCPs）的污染状况进行了调查．结果表明,海河和渤海湾表层水中PCBs、六六六和滴滴涕的含量分别为0.06～3.11 μg/L、0.05～1.07 μg/L和0.01～0.15 μg/L．海河干流流域内的工业废水排放等陆源输入可能是渤海湾中PCBs和OCPs的重要来源．研究表明该地区PCBs与水中的DOC（dissolved organic carbon）具有一定的正相关．与国内外类似水体相比,海河中PCBs和OCPs污染情况较为严重,而渤海湾则处于中等水平．     

洪季珠江三角洲水系烷基酚污染状况研究

对夏季珠江三角洲河流及珠江口表层水中溶解态的壬基酚(NPs)和辛基酚(OP)的污染状况进行了分析.结果表明,河流样品中除珠江正干平洲水道口、沙湾水道口及西江虎跳门处NPs值较高分别达98.84、129.82和164.98 ng/L外,其他地点均为<20～40ng/L;伶仃洋及近海表层水NPs含量较低为<10～14ng/L.OP值以澳门内港处最高为8.54ng/L,另外在白鹅潭、沙湾水道口和虎跳门处分别为2.89、2.44、2.12ng/L,其余采样点均低于检测限2ng/L,伶仃洋及近海表层水样OP值低于检测限1ng/L.     

钦州湾水体中磺胺类抗生素污染特征与生态风险

利用高效液相色谱-串联质谱(HPLC-MS/MS),研究了钦州湾近海及汇海河流磺胺类抗生素浓度和分布特征.结果表明:4种磺胺类抗生素(SAs)和甲氧苄氨嘧啶(TMP)在钦州湾近海及汇海河流均有不同程度的检出,其浓度范围为n.d.~12ng/L.其中,磺胺甲基异恶唑(SMX)在近海的检出率和平均浓度最高,分别为100%和4.1ng/L;其次为TMP(检出率87%,平均浓度1.0ng/L).与国内外其他水域相比,钦州湾磺胺类抗生素浓度处于较低水平.钦州湾近海抗生素浓度分布呈现以下趋势:茅尾海(8.4ng/L)>钦州外湾(1.9ng/L)>三娘湾(1.4ng/L).磺胺类抗生素在钦州湾的海水养殖区均呈现出较高的浓度水平,说明高密度水产养殖是钦州湾水体中抗生素的重要污染源.生态风险评价结果表明,钦州湾水体中残留的磺胺甲基异恶唑(SMX)对相应的敏感物种存在中等生态毒性风险,需引起相关部门的重视.     

典型内分泌干扰物在太湖及其支流水体和沉积物中的污染特征

采用固相萃取-高效液相色谱/串联质谱法(SPE-HPLC-MS/MS)对太湖及支流表层水和沉积物中双酚A(BPA)、四溴双酚A(TBBPA)和3种烷基酚类化合物的浓度水平及分布特征进行调查,并对其潜在风险进行评估.结果表明,表层水体中壬基酚(NP)和BPA是主要检出组分,平均含量分别为29.6ng/L(0~121ng/L)和17.5ng/L(0~55.1ng/L);沉积物中NP的浓度含量最高,平均值为240ng/g(0~2045ng/g),其次为TBBPA,平均值为81.0ng/g(0~901ng/g),且目标物总含量与沉积物中TOC含量具有正相关性,整体污染趋势表现为太湖支流和北太湖较严重.生态风险评价结果表明,太湖及其支流水体中目标物的联合毒性风险熵相对较高,其生态风险不容忽视;另外,5种目标物对于人体健康风险评估表明,健康风险总EEQt值1ng E2/L,对于人体健康不具有明显的风险.     

DDTs在海河干流市区段沉积物/水间迁移行为研究

于2007年8月~2008年3月对海河干流表层水和沉积物中滴滴涕(DDTs)污染状况进行了采样调查.结果表明,海河干流水体DDTs含量为6.88~78.82 ng/L(均值28.54 ng/L),表层沉积物中DDTs含量为5.82~45.5 ng/g(均值21.55 ng/g),表层水和表层沉积物中DDTs主要成分分别为p,p-′DDT和p,p-′DDE.利用稳态非平衡逸度模型计算了p,p-′DDT在海河干流沉积物/水间迁移和分布,模型结果用现场实测浓度进行验证,计算值与实测值吻合很好.模型参数灵敏度分析进一步表明,生物降解速率常数、污染物在悬浮颗粒物/水间分配系数以及水体颗粒物沉降通量是影响p,p-′DDT在沉积物/水间迁移过程的主要因素.     

嘉兴市地表水中兽用抗生素的污染现状调查

建立了适合长三角地区重要生猪养殖基地嘉兴市环境水体中4类(四环素类、磺胺类、大环内酯类、喹诺酮类)共10种常用兽用抗生素同时检测的固相萃取与液相色谱质谱(LC-MS/MS)联用技术,对该地区10个典型村镇河道断面和21个市区主要河网监控断面开展调查.结果表明,村镇河道中抗生素污染严重,10种抗生素总浓度为65.6～467.0 ng.L-1.其中,四环素类和磺胺类浓度分别为40.8～253.0 ng.L-1和未检出～165.0 ng.L-1;大环内酯类和喹诺酮类浓度分别为3.1～14.68ng.L-1和未检出～14.54 ng.L-1.市区河网污染相对较轻,10种抗生素总浓度为20.1～61.2 ng.L-1,其中四环素类浓度为未检出～44.0 ng.L-1;磺胺类、大环内酯类和喹诺酮类浓度则分别低于2.7、6.3和21.6 ng.L-1.     

辽东湾野生四角蛤蜊性畸变调查

为揭示辽东湾近海海域环境内分泌干扰物(EDCs)的生物效应与潜在生态风险,利用组织学方法系统调查辽东湾近海海域野生四角蛤蜊性畸变发生情况,并利用GC-MS/MS分析了组织体内典型酚类污染物包括壬基酚(NP)、辛基酚(Op)和双酚A(BPA)的浓度水平.调查结果表明:5月、6月和8月野生四角蛤蜊雌雄同体发生率分别为30%,20%和14%,软体部组织中NP浓度则分别为410.70,254.95,227.15ng/g dw(干重),BPA浓度分别为7.60,4.30,7.05ng/gdw,但是没有检出OP.研究结果表明环境EDCs已经影响了辽东湾海洋生物繁殖系统、并对区域海洋生态系统造成潜在风险.     

辽东湾野生四角蛤蜊性畸变调查

为揭示辽东湾近海海域环境内分泌干扰物(EDCs)的生物效应与潜在生态风险,利用组织学方法系统调查辽东湾近海海域野生四角蛤蜊性畸变发生情况,并利用GC-MS/MS分析了组织体内典型酚类污染物包括壬基酚(NP)、辛基酚(Op)和双酚A(BPA)的浓度水平.调查结果表明:5月、6月和8月野生四角蛤蜊雌雄同体发生率分别为30%,20%和14%,软体部组织中NP浓度则分别为410.70,254.95,227.15ng/g dw(干重), BPA浓度分别为7.60,4.30,7.05ng/gdw,但是没有检出OP.研究结果表明环境EDCs已经影响了辽东湾海洋生物繁殖系统、并对区域海洋生态系统造成潜在风险.     

湄洲湾水体中持久性有机污染物的污染特征与风险评估

对湄洲湾海域表层水体中的持久性有机污染物(POPs)的特征进行了综合的调查分析.结果显示,湄洲湾水体中有机氯农药(OCPs)、多氯联苯(PCBs)、多环芳烃(PAHs)的浓度分别为:1.51~10.3ng/L[平均值(4.28±2.72)ng/L]、5.31~42.6ng/L[平均值(18.52±10.58)ng/L]、125~167ng/L[平均值(145±11.8)ng/L].与国内其他海域水体相比,湄洲湾的POPs污染均处于中等偏低的水平.湄洲湾海域水体中不同种类的POPs空间分布存在较大差异.HCHs分布表明该区域存在工业品HCHs和林丹的使用;滴滴涕(DDTs)则以工业早期残留为主并伴有新的污染输入;沿岸的化工企业排放的污水可能是该海域PCBs的主要来源;PAHs主要来源石油源,这与该海域密集的油码头与频繁的船运有关.依据目前的环境控制标准判定,湄洲湾海域水体中POPs仅PCBs的浓度有超出风险值限定,可能对生态环境造成危害,应采取相应的污染物控制与减排措施.     

温州近海海域海水及滩涂沉积物中PFOS和PFOA污染特征分析

为了解温州近海海域全氟辛烷磺酸(PFOS)和全氟辛酸(PFOA)的污染状况和特征,采用固相萃取/高效液相串联质谱检测法分析了采自乐清湾、瓯江口、西湾、飞云江口及洞头半屏岛的近海海水和滩涂沉积物中PFOS和PFOA污染水平。结果显示,温州近海海水普遍存在PFOS和PFOA污染,其中,PFOS的浓度范围为<1.0～31.36 ng/L,中位浓度为2.29 ng/L;PFOA的浓度范围为<1.0～23.66 ng/L,中位浓度为5.29 ng/L。滩涂沉积物样品中PFOS和PFOA的浓度范围(干重)分别为(<1.0～11.91)×10-9(中位浓度为3.60×10-9)和(1.84～34.01)×10-9(中位浓度为6.83×10-9)。温州近海海水中PFOS和PFOA的污染水平明显高于香港沿岸、中国南海海水、韩国沿岸海水和近海珠江三角洲,与大连湾的海水相当,海岸滩涂沉积物中的PFOS和PFOA浓度远高于珠江和黄浦江沉积物中的浓度。     

Spatial-temporal distribution and potential ecological risk assessment of nonylphenol and octylphenol in riverine outlets of Pearl River Delta, China

The aquatic environments of the Pearl River Delta in Southern China are subjected to contamination with various industrial chemicals from local industries. In this paper, the occurrence, seasonal variation and spatial distribution of alkylphenol octylphenol （OP） and nonylphenol （NP） in fiver surface water and sediments in the runoff outlets of the Pearl River Delta were investigated. NP and OP were detected in all water and sediment samples and their mean concentrations in surface water during the dry season ranged from 810 to 3366 ng/L and 85.5 to 581 ng/L, respectively, and those in sediments ranged from 14.2 to 95.2 ng/g dw and 0.4 to 3.0 ng/g dw, respectively. In surface water, much higher concentrations were detected in the dry season than those in the wet season. In sediments, the concentrations in the dry season were also mostly higher. High concentrations of NP and OP were found in Humen outlet, likely due to high levels of domestic and industrial wastewater discharges. An ecological risk assessment with the use of hazard quotient （HQ） was also carried out and the HQvalues ranged from 3.6 × 10^-5 to 35 and 64% of samples gave a HQ 〉 1, indicating that the current levels of NP and OP pose a significant risk to the relevant aquatic organisms in the region.     

渤海中部底质沉积物重金属环境质量

对渤海中部底质沉积物中的重金属元素Cu、Pb、Zn、Cr、V、Ni的含量和空间分布进行了分析,与国内外其他海域进行了对比,探讨了重金属来源,并对沉积物中重金属进行了环境质量评价.研究发现,该区重金属元素Cu、Pb、Zn、Cr、V、Ni的平均含量分别为22.50, 24.26, 64.27, 59.66, 67.91, 30.57mg/g,重金属在海河口附近、渤海湾中部、渤海中部泥质区及辽东半岛沿岸的含量较高,而在研究区东部的渤中浅滩和渤海湾北部的含量较低.与国内外其他海域相比,研究区的重金属含量处于中等水平.重金属以自然来源为主,同时受到人类活动的显著影响.采用地质累积指数法和生态危害评价法对研究区底质沉积物的环境质量评价表明:渤海湾北部和研究区东部的渤中浅滩污染程度较轻或者无污染;辽东半岛沿岸为轻度污染;海河口及天津沿岸、渤海湾中部、研究区中部泥质区为中度污染.污染元素主要是Pb,其次为Cr、Zn和V,而Cu和Ni的污染程度较低.     

海河及渤海表层沉积物中多环芳烃的分布与来源

采集海河和渤海表层沉积物样品,测定16种EPA规定多环芳烃.海河∑PAH含量（干重）范围为445～2185 ng·g-1,平均值为964 ng·g-1;渤海∑PAH含量范围为171～290 ng·g-1,平均值为226 ng·g-1.海河塘沽区段和天津市区段沉积物中∑PAH含量比郊区段含量高.LMW/HMW(低分子质量/高分子质量)和异构体比值分析表明,生物质及煤的燃烧为海河表层沉积物中PAHs主要来源;对于渤海湾大部分区域来说,石油污染是其PAHs的主要来源,而热解来源的PAHs主要以生物质及煤的燃烧为主;滨海旅游度假村附近海域因受旅游活动影响而燃烧源的贡献较大.风险评价表明,海河及部分渤海海域存在潜在生态危害,滨海村附近海域存在潜在生态风险可能性较低.     

海河水环境质量及污染物入海通量

在1993～1997年海河水质监测资料的基础上,计算了各污染因子的污染指数和入海通量.结果表明,海河的污染较严重,各断面的水质等级均在IV级和V级的水平,主要的污染因子为NH₃-N、NO₂-N以及有机物污染.5年间海河的水质有所改善,综合污染指数由1993年的17.21降为1997年的13.39.前4年中污染物的入海通量加大,尤其以COD_Mn、BOD、NH₃-N、NO₃-N和NO₃-N最为严重,分别由1993年的1555、655、337、156和25 t·a^-1上升到1996年8710、4317、2516、1528和188 t·a^-1.而1997年又分别急剧下降至1331、973、572、355和31 t·a^-1,这可能主要是由于海河径流量的变化所引起的.     

Determination of 4-tert-octylphenol in surface water samples of Jinan in China by solid phase extraction coupled with GC-MS

Octylphenols, considered as xenoestrogens, mainly exist as 4-tert-octylphenol (OP) in aquatic environments. The high stability and accumulation of OP in aquatic systems have caused endocrine disruption. The OP in surface water in Jinan, China was analyzed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) coupled with solid phase extraction (SPE). Water samples were extracted by SPE on a cartridge system containing C-18 as sorbent. To increase sensitivity and selectivity, OP was derivatized to 4-tert-octyl-phenoxy silane. With the use of phenanthrene-d10 as internal standard, the detection limit based on signal-to-noise ratio (S/N = 3) was 0.06 ng/mL. The average recovery was from 84.67% to 109.7%. The precision of the method given as the relative standard deviations (RSD) was within the range 6.24%-12.96%. In the target water samples, the concentrations of OP were as follows: 15.88-71.24 ng/L for Jinxiuchuan Reservoir, 3.850-26.68 ng/L for the city moat, 6.930-41.56 ng/L for Daming Lake, 66.03-474.2 ng/L for Xiaoqing River, 14.66-17.72 ng/L for the Yellow River, and 10.60-26.43 ng/L for Queshan Reservoir. The Xiaoqing River was seriously polluted due to the discharge of wastewater from Jinan. Jinxiuchuan Reservoir had a higher concentration of OP compared with the Yellow River and Queshan Reservoir, which is ascribed to the surrounding human activities. These data are reported for the first time, providing strong support for the control of OP pollution in Jinan.     

渤海主要河口污染特征研究

于2000年对渤海湾主要河口及海岸带部分区域与环境毒理学相关的污染特征进行了一次探查分析。结果表明，环渤海湾河口区域部分水质和底泥的环境污染程度属中度或严重污染状态。其中，有些采样点个别重金属元素和有机污染物超过有关环境标准的状况较严重，如在海河口、辽河口及黄河口的个别样品中，有害元素铬(CT)、镉(Cd)、镍(Ni)、汞(Hg)、砷(As)、铅(Pb)等的含量超标数倍以上，总可检出有机物达200余种，污染物可能主要来源于各类生产单位的废水排放。     

Persistent organochlorine residues in sediments of the Haihe River and Dagu Drainage River in Tianjin, China

Persistent organochlorine compounds were analyzed by means of GC-ECD in surface sediment samples from two selected rivers in Tianjin, Haihe River and Dagu Drainage River. A total of 16 surface sediment sites were selected along the both rivers. The frequency of detection of T-HCH and T-DDT in sediment samples both was up to 100%, which illustrated that the contamination of HCH and DDT was widespread in Haihe and Dagu Drainage Rivers. Results indicated that the concentrations of various pesticides in sediments from Haihe River were in the range of 3.30-75.96 ng/g dw for T-HCH and 1.57-211.57 ng/g dw for T-DDT. Compared with Haihe River, Dagu Drainage River was contaminated by HCHs and DDTs along the all locations and the values of T-HCH and T-DDT residues in sediments ranged from 2.30 to 124.61 ng/g dw and from 11.28 to 237.30 ng/g dw, respectively, The possible pollution sources were analyzed through monitoring results of organochlorine pesticides（OCPs） residues in sediments from the two rivers. The investigation also indicated that HCH was still used as pesticide in Tianjin partial area.