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1.
Mammalian hibernation, which lasts on average for about 6 months, can reduce energy expenditure by >90% in comparison to active
individuals. In contrast, the widely held view is that daily torpor reduces energy expenditure usually by about 30%, is employed
for a few hours every few days, and often occurs only under acute energetic stress. This interpretation is largely based on
laboratory studies, whereas knowledge on daily torpor in the field is scant. We used temperature telemetry to quantify thermal
biology and activity patterns of a small arid-zone marsupial, the stripe-faced dunnart Sminthopsis macroura (16.9 g), in the wild and to test the hypothesis that daily torpor is a crucial survival strategy of this species in winter.
All individuals entered torpor daily with the exception of a single male that remained normothermic for a single day (torpor
on 212 of 213 observation days, 99.5%). Torpor was employed at air temperatures (T
a) ranging from approximately −1°C to 36°C. Dunnarts usually entered torpor during the night and aroused at midday with the
daily increase of T
a. Torpor was on average about twice as long (mean 11.0 ± 4.7 h, n = 8) than in captivity. Animals employed sun basking during rewarming, reduced foraging time significantly, and occasionally
omitted activity for several days in sequence. Consequently, we estimate that daily torpor in this species can reduce daily
energy expenditure by up to 90%. Our study shows that for wild stripe-faced dunnarts daily torpor is an essential mechanism
for overcoming energetic challenges during winter and that torpor data obtained in the laboratory can substantially underestimate
the ecological significance of daily torpor in the wild. 相似文献
2.
Yearlong hibernation in a marsupial mammal 总被引:4,自引:3,他引:1
Geiser F 《Die Naturwissenschaften》2007,94(11):941-944
Many mammals hibernate each year for about 6 months in autumn and winter and reproduce during spring and summer when they
are generally not in torpor. I tested the hypothesis that the marsupial pygmy-possum (Cercartetus nanus), an opportunistic nonseasonal hibernator with a capacity for substantial fattening, would continue to hibernate well beyond
winter. I also quantified how long they were able to hibernate without access to food before their body fat stores were depleted.
Pygmy-possums exhibited a prolonged hibernation season lasting on average for 310 days. The longest hibernation season in
one individual lasted for 367 days. For much of this time, despite periodic arousals after torpor bouts of ∼12.5 days, energy
expenditure was reduced to only ∼2.5% of that predicted for active individuals. These observations represent the first report
on body-fat-fuelled hibernation of up to an entire year and provide new evidence that prolonged hibernation is not restricted
to placental mammals living in the cold. 相似文献
3.
Torpor is an energy-saving mechanism that allows endotherms to overcome energetic challenges. Torpor should be avoided during
reproduction because of potential incompatibility with offspring growth. To test if torpor can be used during gestation and
lactation to compensate for food shortage, we exposed reproductive female grey mouse lemurs (Microcebus murinus), a heterothermic primate, to different levels of food availability. Torpor use was characterised by daily skin temperature
profiles, and its energetic outcome was assessed from changes in body mass. Food shortage triggered torpor during the end
of the gestation period (n = 1), ranging from shallow in response to 40% food restriction to deep daily torpor in response to 80% restriction. During
the early period of lactation, females fed ad libitum (n = 2) or exposed to a 40% restriction (n = 4) remained normothermic; but 80% food restricted females (n = 5) gave priority to energy saving, increasing the frequency and depth of torpor bouts. The use of torpor was insufficient
to compensate for 80% energetic shortage during lactation resulting in loss of mass from the mother and delayed growth in
the pups. This study provides the first evidence that a heterothermic primate can use torpor to compensate for food shortages
even during reproduction. This physiological flexibility likely evolved as a response to climate-driven fluctuations in food
availability in Madagascar. 相似文献
4.
When food is limited and/or environmental conditions are unfavourable, many mammals reduce activity and use torpor to save
energy. Nevertheless, reliable predictors for torpor occurrence, especially in the wild, are currently not available. Interrelations
between torpor use and other energy conserving strategies are also poorly understood. We tested the hypothesis that reductions
in normothermic body temperature (T
b) and the period of activity before torpor events could be used as predictors for torpor occurrence in sugar gliders, Petaurus breviceps (body mass, ∼125 g), known to display daily torpor in the wild. Occurrence of torpor was preceded by significant (∼10–25%)
reductions of the duration of the activity phase. Moreover, the normothermic resting T
b fell by an average of 1.2°C over 3 days before a torpor event, relative to individuals that did not display torpor. Our new
findings suggest that before entering torpor, sugar gliders, which appear to use torpor as an emergency measure rather than
a routine energy saving strategy, systematically reduce activity times and normothermic resting T
bs to lower energy expenditure and perhaps to avoid employing torpor. Thus, reduced activity and normothermic T
b may provide a predictive tool for the occurrence of daily torpor in the wild. 相似文献
5.
Laura Rodríguez-Loeches Alejandro Barro Martha Pérez Frank Coro 《Die Naturwissenschaften》2009,96(4):531-536
Both sexes of Phoenicoprocta capistrata have functional tymbals. The scanning electron microscopy revealed differences in the morphology of these organs in males
and females. Male tymbals have a well-developed striated band, constituted by 21 ± 2 regularly arranged striae whereas female
tymbals lack a striated band. This type of sexual dimorphism is rare in Arctiidae. The recording of the sound produced by
moths held by the wings revealed that while males produced trains of pulses organized in modulation cycles, females produced
clicks at low repetition rate following very irregular patterns. Statistically, there are differences between sexes in terms
of the duration of pulses, which were 355 ± 24 μs in the case of males and 289 ± 29 μs for females. The spectral characteristics
of the pulses also show sexual dimorphism. Male pulses are more tuned (Q
10 = 5.2 ± 0.5) than female pulses (Q
10 = 2.7 ± 0.5) and have a higher best frequency (42 ± 1 kHz vs. 29 ± 2 kHz). To our knowledge, this is the first report on
an arctiid moth showing sexual dimorphism in tymbal’s anatomy that leads to a best frequency dimorphism. Males produce sound
at mating attempts. The sounds recorded during mating are modulation cycles with the same spectral characteristics as those
recorded when males are held by the wings. The morphological and acoustic features of female tymbals could indicate a process
of degeneration and adaptation to conditions under which the emission of complex patterns is not necessary.
Frank Coro no longer works at Universidad de La Habana. 相似文献
6.
Torpor and basking in a small arid zone marsupial 总被引:3,自引:3,他引:0
The high energetic cost associated with endothermic rewarming from torpor is widely seen as a major disadvantage of torpor.
We tested the hypothesis that small arid zone marsupials, which have limited access to energy in the form of food but ample
access to solar radiation, employ basking to facilitate arousal from torpor and reduce the costs of rewarming. We investigated
torpor patterns and basking behaviour in free-ranging fat-tailed dunnarts Sminthopsis crassicaudata (10 g) in autumn and winter using small, internal temperature-sensitive transmitters. Torpid animals emerged from their resting
sites in cracking soil at ∼1000 h with body temperatures as low as 14.6°C and positioned themselves in the sun throughout
the rewarming process. On average, torpor duration in autumn was shorter, and basking was less pronounced in autumn than in
winter. These are the first observations of basking during rewarming in S. crassicaudata and only the second direct evidence of basking in a torpid mammal for the reduction of energetic costs during arousal from
torpor and normothermia. Our findings suggest that although overlooked in the past, basking may be widely distributed amongst
heterothermic mammals. Therefore, the energetic benefits from torpor use in wild animals may currently be underestimated. 相似文献
7.
Cerumen, or propolis, is a mixture of plant resins enriched with bee secretions. In Australia, stingless bees are important
pollinators that use cerumen for nest construction and possibly for colony’s health. While extensive research attests to the
therapeutic properties of honeybee (Apis mellifera) propolis, the biological and medicinal properties of Australian stingless bee cerumen are largely unknown. In this study,
the chemical and biological properties of polar extracts of cerumen from Tetragonula carbonaria in South East Queensland, Australia were investigated using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) analyses and in
vitro 5-lipoxygenase (5-LOX) cell-free assays. Extracts were tested against comparative (commercial tincture of A. mellifera propolis) and positive controls (Trolox and gallic acid). Distinct GC-MS fingerprints of a mixed diterpenic profile typical
of native bee cerumen were obtained with pimaric acid (6.31 ± 0.97%, w/w), isopimaric acid (12.23 ± 3.03%, w/w), and gallic
acid (5.79 ± 0.81%, w/w) tentatively identified as useful chemical markers. Characteristic flavonoids and prenylated phenolics
found in honeybee propolis were absent. Cerumen extracts from T. carbonaria inhibited activity of 5-LOX, an enzyme known to catalyse production of proinflammatory mediators (IC50 19.97 ± 2.67 μg/ml, mean ± SEM, n = 4). Extracts had similar potency to Trolox (IC50 12.78 ± 1.82 μg/ml), but were less potent than honeybee propolis (IC50 5.90 ± 0.62 μg/ml) or gallic acid (IC50 5.62 ± 0.35 μg/ml, P < 0.001). These findings warrant further investigation of the ecological and medicinal properties of this stingless bee cerumen,
which may herald a commercial potential for the Australian beekeeping industry. 相似文献
8.
Among the order of primates, torpor has been described only for the small Malagasy cheirogaleids Microcebus and Cheirogaleus. The nocturnal, gray mouse lemur, Microcebus murinus (approx. 60 g), is capable of entering into and spontaneously arousing from apparently daily torpor during the dry season
in response to reduced temperatures and low food and water sources. Mark–recapture studies indicated that this primate species
might also hibernate for several weeks, although physiological evidence is lacking. In the present study, we investigated
patterns of body temperature in two free-ranging M. murinus during the austral winter using temperature-sensitive data loggers implanted subdermally. One lemur hibernated and remained
inactive for 4 weeks. During this time, body temperature followed the ambient temperature passively with a minimum body temperature
of 11.5°C, interrupted by irregular arousals to normothermic levels. Under the same conditions, the second individual displayed
only short bouts of torpor in the early morning hours but maintained stable normothermic body temperatures throughout its
nocturnal activity. Reduction of body temperature was less pronounced in the mouse lemur that utilized short bouts of torpor
with a minimum value of 27°C. Despite the small sample size, our findings provide the first physiological confirmation that
free-ranging individuals of M. murinus from the humid evergreen littoral rain forest have the option to utilize short torpor bouts or hibernation under the same
conditions as two alternative energy-conserving physiological solutions to environmental constraints. 相似文献
9.
Strategic 3-hydroxy-2-butanone release in the dominant male lobster cockroach, <Emphasis Type="Italic">Nauphoeta cinerea</Emphasis> 总被引:3,自引:1,他引:2
In the lobster cockroach Nauphoete cinerea, the dominant–subordinate hierarchy formed via the agonistic interactions is unstable, and changes in rank order are common.
Our previous results showed that in the first encounter fight during initial rank formation, microgram levels of 3H-2B are
released by the aggressive posture (AP)-adopting dominant male. In the present study, the pattern of daily pheromone (3H-2B)
release during the domination period and on the day of rank switch, rank duration, and rank switch frequency were investigated
in three-male groups and six-male groups to examine the effect of higher frequency of agonistic encounters. The results showed
that, in the three-male groups (50-day observation period), daily 3H-2B release rate was not constant, but fluctuated, the
average duration of dominant rank was 16.6 ± 2.0 days, rank switch occurred in 58.8% of groups, and the frequency of rank
switching (average number of rank switches/group/50 days) was 1.4 ± 0.2. For the six-male groups (30-day observation period),
the daily 3H-2B release rate also fluctuated, but the duration of dominant rank was significantly shorter at 4.2 ± 0.6 days,
rank switch occurred in 100% of groups, and the frequency of rank switching (average number of rank switches/group/30 days)
was significantly higher at 6.9 ± 0.6. The results for both sets of male groups showed that as a new rank formed (either on
the first encounter day or on the day of rank switching), the dominant status was significantly associated with a higher 3H-2B
release rate. In the animal kingdom, fighting usually involves communication or the exchange of signals, and the results of
this study indicated that the fluctuating daily 3H-2B release rate adopted by the dominants is a kind of strategic release
and the 3H-2B release rate is a signal used to determine dominance. 相似文献
10.
We have found that giant hornets (Vespa mandarinia japonica) are killed in less than 10 min when they are trapped in a bee ball created by the Japanese honeybees Apis cerana japonica, but their death cannot be solely accounted for by the elevated temperature in the bee ball. In controlled experiments, hornets
can survive for 10 min at the temperature up to 47°C, whereas the temperature inside the bee balls does not rise higher than
45.9°C. We have found here that the CO2 concentration inside the bee ball also reaches a maximum (3.6 ± 0.2%) in the initial 0–5 min phase after bee ball formation.
The lethal temperature of the hornet (45–46°C) under conditions of CO2 concentration (3.7 ± 0.44%) produced using human expiratory air is almost the same as that in the bee ball. The lethal temperature
of the honeybee is 50–51°C under the same air conditions. We concluded that CO2 produced inside the bee ball by honeybees is a major factor together with the temperature involved in defense against giant
hornets. 相似文献
11.
Marcelo Perantoni Darci M. S. Esquivel Eliane Wajnberg Daniel Acosta-Avalos Geraldo Cernicchiaro Henrique Lins de Barros 《Die Naturwissenschaften》2009,96(6):685-690
Magnetotactic microorganisms use the interaction of internal biomineralized nanoparticles with the geomagnetic field to orientate.
The movement of the magnetotactic multicellular prokaryote Candidatus Magnetoglobus multicellularis under an applied magnetic field was observed. A method using digital image processing techniques
was used to track the organism trajectory to simultaneously obtain its body radius, velocity, U-turn diameter, and the reorientation
time. The magnetic moment was calculated using a self-consistent method. The distribution of magnetic moments and radii present
two well-characterized peaks at (9 ± 2) × 10−15 and (20 ± 3) × 10−15 A m2 and (3.6 ± 0.1) and (4.3 ± 0.1) μm, respectively. For the first time, simultaneous determination of the distribution of the
organism radii and magnetic moment was obtained from the U-turn method by a new digital imaging processing. The bimodal distributions
support an organism reproduction process model based on electron microscopy observations. These results corroborate the prokaryote
multicellular hypothesis for Candidatus M. multicellularis. 相似文献
12.
The bathymetric distribution of marine benthic invertebrates is likely governed by a combination of ecological and physiological
factors. The present study investigates oxygen consumption and heartbeat rate in response to attempted feeding at 1, 100 and
150 atm in the shallow-water spider crab, Maja brachydactyla, from temperate European waters. No significant difference was evident between the resting heartbeat rate of specimens at
1 or 100 atm, which were 56 and 65 bpm, respectively (Mann–Whitney, U = 5382.0; n = 95, 98; p = 0.079). However, at 150 atm the resting heartbeat rate was significantly higher than that observed for 100 atm at 108 bpm
(Mann–Whitney, U = 149.0; n = 45, 98; p < 0.001). At 150 atm, feeding was never observed and coupled with the elevated resting heartbeat rate; it is suggested by
150 atm continued survival is unfeasible. At 1 and 100 atm, feeding instigated a distinct increase in heartbeat rate, which
remained elevated for over 30 h. This increase peaked within 1 h at 1 atm. At 100 atm, this required 4 h and postprandial
oxygen consumption was significantly higher than at 1 atm (Kruskal–Wallis, H = 85.036; df = 2; p < 0.001). Elevated hydrostatic pressure is hypothesized to extend the duration and the total metabolic energy devoted to
specific dynamic action. The metabolic requirements of feeding under hyperbaric conditions may even reach such a critical
demand that feeding is entirely inhibited. 相似文献
13.
Elena P. Kruchenkova Michael Goltsman Sergei Sergeev David W. Macdonald 《Die Naturwissenschaften》2009,96(4):457-466
The Arctic Fox Alopex lagopus semenovi population on Mednyi Island is completely isolated and subsists largely by scavenging on seabird colonies, which have remained
abundant and spatio-temporally predictable for many years. We compared population data at the beginning of 1976/1978 and some
time after 1994–2005, finding an 85% decline in fox numbers due to disease, to assess the effect of population size on social
structure. A total of 81 groups of known size and composition was observed during this 29-year period. Overall, helpers (usually
non-lactating yearling females) occurred in 25.7% of groups, and in 32.4% of groups there were two or three lactating females.
Female engagement in alloparental behaviour decreased, but not statistically significantly, after the decline in population
density. Total food availability was apparently constant throughout the study period, and therefore, the amount available
per individual was much higher later in the study. Both communally nursing females and helpers brought food and helped to
guard the litter. However, the benefits of communal rearing were unclear. While cubs were left without guards significantly
more rarely in the groups with an additional adult, the number of cubs weaned per lactating female was greater in groups with
one (3.93 ± 1.60), as opposed to two or three (3.06 ± 0.92), lactating females. Survival of cubs to 1 year of age in the groups
with two lactating females and/or with helpers was lower than that in the families with one lactating female without helpers (22.2% vs 32.2%). Fewer second-generation litters were
born to foxes produced by composite families than to those produced by pairs. Reproductive adults producing by pairs had,
on average, 1.23 (±1.72) second-generation litters. In groups that initially included additional adults, the average number
of second-generation litters per reproductive female was 0.21 (±0.49) and 0.46 (±0.81) litters per male. Thus, according to
three measures, increased group size had no apparent positive impact on reproductive success. The increased parental investment
and enhanced guarding of the cubs in the larger families could be beneficial under conditions of high population density and
a saturated biotope to which the island fox population was presumably adapted before the population crash in the late 1970s. 相似文献
14.
Where clocks are redundant: weak circadian mechanisms in reindeer living under polar photic conditions 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Biological rhythms are a result of interplay between endogenous clocks and the ambient light–dark (LD) cycle. Biological timing
in resident polar organisms presents a conundrum because these experience distinct daily LD cycles for only a few weeks each
year. We measured locomotor activity in reindeer, Rangifer tarandus platyrhynchus (SR, n = 5 and 6) and R. tarandus tarandus (NR, n = 6), ranging freely at 78 and 70°N, respectively, continuously throughout 1 year using data loggers. NR, but not SR, are
gregarious which enabled us to examine the integrated effects of differences in social organisation and the photic environment
at two different latitudes on the organisation of activity. In both sub-species, ultradian bouts of activity and inactivity
alternated across the 24-h day throughout the year. This pattern was modified by the LD cycle in NR but barely at all in SR.
Periodogram analysis revealed significant ultradian rhythmicity in both sub-species; the frequency of daily cycles of activity
increased from three per day in winter to nearly five in summer. We conclude that this increase, and a concomitant increase
in the level of daily activity, reflected the seasonal increase in the animals’ appetite and the quality of their forage.
Secondly, the combination, most evident in SR, of a weak photic response, weak circadian mechanisms and a weak social synchronization
reduces the constraints of biological timing in an environment which is effectively non-rhythmic most of the year and permits
expression of the basic ultradian pattern of ruminant activity. Third, the weaker 24-h rhythmicity in SR compared to NR indicates
a latitudinal decrease in circadian organization and photic responsiveness in Rangifer. 相似文献
15.
Louchart A 《Die Naturwissenschaften》2008,95(12):1109-1119
During modern birds history, climatic and environmental conditions have evolved on wide scales. In a continuously changing
world, landbirds annual migrations emerged and developed. However, models accounting for the origins of these avian migrations
were formulated with static ecogeographic perspectives. Here I reviewed Cenozoic paleoclimatic and paleontological data relative
to the palearctic–paleotropical long distance (LD) migration system. This led to propose a new model for the origin of LD
migrations, the ‘shifting home’ model (SHM). It is based on a dynamic perspective of climate evolution and may apply to the
origins of most modern migrations. Non-migrant tropical African bird taxa were present at European latitudes during most of
the Cenozoic. Their distribution limits shifted progressively toward modern tropical latitudes during periods of global cooling
and increasing seasonality. In parallel, decreasing winter temperatures in the western Palearctic drove shifts of population
winter ranges toward the equator. I propose that this induced the emergence of most short distance migrations, and in turn
LD migrations. This model reconciliates ecologically tropical ancestry of most LD migrants with predominant winter range shifts,
in accordance with requirements for heritable homing. In addition, it is more parsimonious than other non-exclusive models.
Greater intrinsic plasticity of winter ranges implied by the SHM is supported by recently observed impacts of the present
global warming on migrating birds. This may induce particular threats to some LD migrants. The ancestral, breeding homes of
LD migrants were not ‘northern’ or ‘southern’ but shifted across high and middle latitudes while migrations emerged through
winter range shifts themselves.
Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users. 相似文献
16.
We report that l-5-hydroxytryptophan (5-HTP), a serotonin precursor, resets the overt circadian rhythm in the Indian pygmy field mouse, Mus terricolor, in a phase- and dose-dependent manner. We used wheel running to assess phase shifts in the free-running locomotor activity
rhythm. Following entrainment to a 12:12 h light–dark cycle, 5-HTP (100 mg/kg in saline) was intraperitoneally administered
in complete darkness at circadian time (CT)s 0, 3, 6, 9, 12, 15, 18, and 21, and the ensuing phase shifts in the locomotor
activity rhythm were calculated. The results show that 5-HTP differentially shifts the phase of the rhythm, causing phase
advances from CT 0 to CT 12 and phase delays from CT 12 to CT 21. Maximum advance phase shift was at CT 6 (1.18 ± 0.37 h)
and maximum delay was at CT 18 (−2.36 ± 0.56 h). No extended dead zone is apparent. Vehicle (saline) at any CT did not evoke
a significant phase shift. Investigations with different doses (10, 50, 100, and 200 mg/kg) of 5-HTP revealed that the phase
resetting effect is dose-dependent. The shape of the phase–response curve (PRC) has a strong similarity to PRCs obtained using
some serotonergic agents. There was no significant increase in wheel-running activity after 5-HTP injection, ruling out behavioral
arousal-dependent shifts. This suggests that this phase resetting does not completely depend on feedback of the overt rhythmic
behavior on the circadian clock. A mechanistic explanation of these shifts is currently lacking. 相似文献
17.
Qianlai Zhuang Tonglin Zhang Jingfeng Xiao Tianxiang Luo 《Mitigation and Adaptation Strategies for Global Change》2009,14(1):85-99
Net primary production (NPP) of terrestrial ecosystems provides food, fiber, construction materials, and energy to humans.
Its demand is likely to increase substantially in this century due to rising population and biofuel uses. Assessing national
forest NPP is of importance to best use forest resources in China. To date, most estimates of NPP are based on process-based
ecosystem modeling, forestry inventory, and satellite observations. There are little efforts in using spatial statistical
approaches while large datasets of in-situ observed NPP are available for Chinese forest ecosystems. Here we use the surveyed
forest NPP and ecological data at 1,266 sites, the data of satellite forest coverage, and the information of climate and topography
to estimate Chinese forest NPP and their associated uncertainties with two geospatial statistical approaches. We estimate
that the Chinese forest and woodland ecosystems have total NPP of 1,325 ± 102 and 1,258 ± 186 Tg C year−1 in 1.57 million km2 forests with a regression method and a kriging method, respectively. These estimates are higher than the satellite-based
estimate of 1,034 Tg C year−1 and almost double the estimate of 778 Tg C year−1 using a process-based terrestrial ecosystem model. Cross-validation suggests that the estimates with the kriging method are
more accurate. Our developed geospatial statistical models could be alternative tools to provide national-level NPP estimates
to better use Chinese forest resources. 相似文献
18.
Humin, the most recalcitrant and abundant organic fraction of soils and of sediments, is a significant contributor to the
stable carbon pool in soils and is important for the global carbon budget. It has significant resistance to transformations
by microorganisms. Based on the classical operational definition, humin can include any humic-type substance that is not soluble
in water at any pH. We demonstrate in this study how sequential exhaustive extractions with 0.1 M sodium hydroxide (NaOH) + 6 M
urea, followed by dimethylsulphoxide (DMSO) + 6% (v/v) sulphuric acid (H2SO4) solvent systems, can extract 70–80% of the residual materials remaining after prior exhaustive extractions in neutral and
aqueous basic media. Solid-state 13C NMR spectra have shown that the components isolated in the base + urea system were compositionally similar to the humic
and fulvic acid fractions isolated at pH 12.6 in the aqueous media. The NMR spectra indicated that the major components isolated
in the DMSO + H2SO4 medium had aliphatic hydrocarbon associated with carboxyl functionalities and with lesser amounts of carbohydrate and peptide
and minor amounts of lignin-derived components. The major components will have significant contributions from long-chain fatty
acids, waxes, to cuticular materials. The isolates in the DMSO + H2SO4 medium were compositionally similar to the organic components that resisted solvation and remained associated with the soil
clays. It is concluded that the base + urea system released humic and fulvic acids held by hydrogen bonding or by entrapment
within the humin matrix. The recalcitrant humin materials extracted in DMSO + H2SO4 are largely biological molecules (from plants and the soil microbial population) that are likely to be protected from degradation
by their hydrophobic moieties and by sorption on the soil clays. Thus, the major components of humin do not satisfy the classical
definitions for humic substances which emphasise that these arise from microbial or chemical transformations in soils of the
components of organic debris. 相似文献
19.
Jie Tang Xiaoming Xu Zhaoyang Li Weizheng Han 《Mitigation and Adaptation Strategies for Global Change》2012,17(1):103-109
The study area of this article, Western Jilin province of China, was a typical area responding to global changing in middle
latitude areas. In this paper, by interpreting the thematic mapper (TM) images of the study area in the years of 1989, 1996,
2000 and 2004, the land use/cover change (LUCC) data were achieved, which included the area of paddy fields and its spatial
distributions. 113 soil samples were collected to obtain soil organic carbon (SOC) data of different land use types. After
that, the organic matter contents of these samples were measured by using the potassium dichromate oxidation-outer heating
method. Based on the data above, the amount of SOC sequestrated by the surface soil (0~30 cm) of paddy fields was calculated.
The result showed that: the area of paddy fields was increasing continuously in western Jilin, from 11.28 × 104 hm2 in 1989 to 22.77 × 104 hm2 in 2004. Paddy fields transferred from wetlands, grasslands and water areas accounted for the main part of the paddy fields
in 2004, the areas were 3.09 × 104 hm2, 2.98 × 104 hm2 and 2.8 × 104 hm2, respectively. And paddy fields with a total area of 0.83 × 104 hm2 degraded into saline-alkali lands. The amount of organic carbon sequestration in the surface layer (0–30 cm) of paddy fields
was 658.86 × 104 t. The primary SOC sinks located around the joint of Baicheng City and Zhenlai County, while the major SOC source located
at Songyuan City and northern Qianguo County. 相似文献
20.
Xiaoming Xu Jie Tang Zhaoyang Li Chang Liu Weizheng Han 《Mitigation and Adaptation Strategies for Global Change》2011,16(6):721-731
In this study, paddy fields in Jilin province which are flooded parcel of arable lands used for growing rice (Oryza sativa Linn.) were selected as the object. Long-term exploitation of paddy fields led to variations of soil organic carbon (SOC) and green
house gases (GHGs) emissions which might contribute to global warming. In order to calculate the amount of global warming
potentials (GWPs) of emissions from ricepaddies and find the correlations among rice yield, SOC storage and GWP, DeNitrification-DeComposition
(DNDC) model was used to simulate SOC densities and fluxes of main GHGs emitted from paddy fields. After verification, simulation
results were used to calculate SOC storages and 100-year GWPs from 1949 to 2009. Results indicated that SOC densities in depths
of 0–10 cm, 10–20 cm and 20–30 cm all kept increasing. Average methane (CH4) and nitrous oxide (N2O) fluxes were 278.55 kg carbon (kgC) ha−1 a−1 and 2.22 kg nitrogen (kgN) ha−1 a−1. The SOC storage (0–30 cm) had increased from 3.96 × 109kgC in 1949 to 47.85 × 109kgC in 2009. In addition, GWP emission was increasing exponentially in the past 61 years, from 0.16 × 106 Mg carbon dioxide equivalents (CO2-equivalents) to 66.36 × 106 Mg CO2-equivalents. Both SOC storage and GWP presented obviously linear relation to rice yields. Overall, the research suggested
that long-term rice yields could be used to estimate the SOC storage and GWP variations. 相似文献