Research on buildings impacting on aerosol diffusing in urban area using remote sensing

Employing remote sensing method to interpret the building volumetric ratio and aerosol status in Guangzhou, China. The relation between them and identified characteristics of their spatial distribution was analyzed. Results showed that building density and aerosol status are strongly correlated. It is indicated that the resistance of building to aerosol diffusing is one of factors influencing air pollution in urban area. On the basis of calculated results, building voluminous ratio of 5.6 is taken as the threshold impacting on aerosol diffusing, so the buildina voluminous ratio of Guanazhou should be limited to less than 5.6 in order to alleviate air pollution.     

Bioaccumulation and depuration of chromium in the selected organs and whole body tissues of freshwater fish Cirrhinus mrigala individually and in binary solutions with nickel

Contamination of aquatic ecosystems with heavy metals has been receiving increased worldwide attention due to their harmful e ects on human health and other organisms in the environment. Most of the studies dealing with toxic e ects of metals deal with single metal species, while the aquatic organisms are typically exposed to mixtures of metals. Hence, in order to provide data supporting the usefulness of freshwater fish as indicators of heavy metal pollution, it has been proposed in the present study to investigate the bioaccumulation and depuration of chromium in the selected organs of freshwater fingerlings Cirrhinus mrigala, individually and in binary solutions with nickel. The results show that the kidney is a target organ for chromium accumulation, which implies that it is also the “critical” organ for toxic symptoms. The results further show that accumulation of nickel in all the tissues of C. mrigala is higher than that of chromium. In addition, the metal accumulations of the binary mixtures of chromium and nickel are substantially higher than those of the individual metals, indicating synergistic interactions between the two metals. Theoretically the simplest explanation for an additive joint action of toxicants in a mixture is that they act in a qualitatively similar way. The observed data suggest that C. mrigala could be suitable monitoring organisms to study the bioavailability of water-bound metals in freshwater habitats.     

Analysis of the origin of peak aerosol optical depth in springtime over the Gulf of Tonkin

By aggregating MODIS(moderate-resolution imaging spectroradiometer) AOD(aerosol optical depth) and OMI(ozone monitoring instrument) UVAI(ultra violet aerosol index)datasets over 2010–2014, it was found that peak aerosol loading in seasonal variation occurred annually in spring over the Gulf of Tonkin(17–23°N, 105–110°E). The vertical structure of the aerosol extinction coefficient retrieved from the spaceborne lidar CALIOP(cloud-aerosol lidar with orthogonal polarization) showed that the springtime peak AOD could be attributed to an abrupt increase in aerosol loading between altitudes of 2 and 5 km.In contrast, aerosol loading in the low atmosphere(below 1 km) was only half of that in winter. Wind fields in the low and high atmosphere exhibited opposite transportation patterns in spring over the Gulf of Tonkin, implying different sources for each level. By comparing the emission inventory of anthropogenic sources with biomass burning, and analyzing the seasonal variation of the vertical structure of aerosols over the Northern Indo-China Peninsula(NIC), it was concluded that biomass burning emissions contributed to high aerosol loading in spring. The relatively high topography and the high surface temperature in spring made planetary boundary layer height greater than 3 km over NIC. In addition, small-scale cumulus convection frequently occurred, facilitating pollutant rising to over 3 km, which was a height favoring long-range transport. Thus, pollutants emitted from biomass burning over NIC in spring were raised to the high atmosphere, then experienced long-range transport, leading to the increase in aerosol loading at high altitudes over the Gulf of Tonkin during spring.     

Developing chemical signatures of particulate air pollution in the Pearl River Delta region, China

PM2:5 samples were collected in a regional sampling network with three sites in Hong Kong and four sites in the adjacent inland Pearl River Delta (PRD) or Guangdong Province during four months/seasons from 2002–2003. Trans-boundary transport between Hong Kong and the inland PRD is inevitable under the influence of Asian monsoon. In summer, Hong Kong serves as the upwind site of the inland PRD while during other seasons it is under the influence of continental emissions. Previous studies have recognized the importance of using chemical signatures to differentiate local vs. regional contributions to air pollutants in Hong Kong such as the CO/NOx ratio, ratios of different VOC species. In this study, detailed chemical speciation by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry was performed with PM2:5 samples to identify new chemical signatures to distinguish aerosols in Hong Kong from those from the inland PRD. Since Hong Kong is not influenced by the continental emissions from the inland PRD during summer, comparison focused on chemical data obtained from this season for chemical signatures. The new ratios developed from the current study include LCPI/HCPI ratio of alkanes (0.39 0.02 in Hong Kong vs. 0.78 0.08 in the inland PRD), pyrene to benzo[ghi]perylene ratio (0.97 0.21 in Hong Kong compared to 0.20 0.06 in the inland PRD), and the ratio of 1,2-benzenedioic acid to 1,4-benzenedioic acid (1.8 0.1 in Hong Kong vs. 0.6 0.05 in the inland PRD). Results from this study also revealed that Hong Kong was impacted by ship emissions as reflected by substantially high V/Ni ratio (9 2) while this ratio was about 1–2 at all sites in the inland PRD, which is very close to typical ratios from residual oil combustion.     

Evaluation of dust activity and climate effects in North China

TOMS/Al data with nearly 20 years are utilized in the paper to evaluate dust activities in North China. Combined with simultaneous NCEP reanalysis climate data, climate effects on dust activities are assessed. The results showed that the whole North China suffers impact by dust aerosols, with three centers standing out in TOMS/Al spring average map that are western three basins, which are characterized by lower annual precipitation and elevation. Gobi deserts in Mongolia Plateau do not attain higher TOMS/AI value due to cloud contamination and relative higher elevation. Spring is the season with the highest TOMS dust aerosol index; within the western three basins, high dust aerosol index appears in both spring and summer, especially in Tarim Basin. Wind speed in spring and precipitation in previous rainy season play important roles in controlling dust activities, higher wind speed and less precipitation than the normal are in favor of dust activities in spring. Temperature in spring and previous winter also affect dust activity to a certain extent, but with contrary spatial distribution. Temperature in winter exert effect principally in west part, contrarily, temperature effect in spring is mainly shown in east part. Both of them have negative correlation with dust activity.     

Variations and drivers of aerosol vertical characterization after clean air policy in China based on 7-years consecutive observations

Understanding the aerosol vertical characterization is of great importance to both climate and atmospheric environment. This study investigated the variations of aerosol profiles over eight regions of interest in China after clean air policy (2013-2019) and discussed the drivers of the vertical aerosol structure, using observations from active satellite measurements (CALIPSO). From the annual variation, the amplitude of extinction coefficient profiles showed a decreasing trend with fluctuations, and the maximum was 0.21 km⁻¹ in Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei (JJJ). For regions suffered from air pollution, the variation was greatest below 0.45 km, while it was between 1-1.5 km for Sichuan Basin. The correlation coefficient between the relative humidity (RH) and the extinction coefficient indicated that the increase of RH inhibited the decrease of the extinction coefficient in the Yangtze River Delta. In most regions, the main aerosol subtypes were polluted dust and polluted continental, but they were coarser in JJJ and North West. The frequency of concurrency of dust and polluted dust aerosols decreased in JJJ, but polluted continental aerosols occurred more frequently. Further, the aerosol extinction coefficient profiles under different pollution conditions showed that it changed most during heavy pollution periods in JJJ, especially in 2017, with a significant aerosol loading between ∼700 and 1200 m. The atmospheric reanalysis data revealed that the weak convergence at low level and the divergence at high level supported the upward transport of aerosols in 2017. Overall, the differences in divergence allocation, RH, and wind filed were the main meteorological drivers.     

Multifunctional landscapes--perspectives for the future

New methods in landscape ecology to study the link between landscape between landscape heterogeneity and landscape functionality are needed.Heterogeneity is a basic characteristic of Iandscape,and landscape fnction is the capacity to change the structural heterogeneity of a landscape ystem.In most developed countries the industrialisation of agriculture has in general resulted in a change of agricultural landscapes from a small-grained heterogeneous pattern towards more monotonous and monofunctional landscapes.During the 1990‘s this trends seems to have changed due to a diversification of rural land use and new trends in urbanisation.Weather these phases of landscape development should be expected in developing countries is a totally open question.Dealing with the study of multifunctionality of landscapes it is proposed to distinguish between ecological functionality of landscape ecosystems,functionality.Further,the relation between function,space and scale is important by the determination of spatial and time segregation as well as spatial and time integration of multifunctionality in landscapes.     

Experimental study on the space charge properties in haze events

In recent years, haze has posed a serious threat to the global climate change, ecological balance and human health. In this study, the laboratory experiments and field observations were performed and a possible charging mechanism was proposed to investigate the space charge properties in haze events. The laboratory experiments showed that the charge polarity of primary aerosol is determined by species of combustion fuels while the magnitude is dependent on the combustion completeness. The field observations revealed that the space charge of atmosphere aerosol in haze events differs from that of fair weather and is closely related to PM_2.5 concentration when Relative Humidity (RH)?<?60%, with 1 to 2 orders of magnitude less than the case when RH?≥?60%. The analysis of equivalent charge-to-mass ratio (ECTM) suggested that in haze events the space charge is governed by primary aerosol emitted by combustion of fossil fuel in a low relative humidity, whereas it is manipulated by the secondary chemical reaction of atmosphere aerosol in a high relative humidity. And we can identify the main pollutants in haze events according to the polarity of atmosphere aerosol and quickly take measures when RH?<?60%. Accordingly, the dust-haze of RH?<?80% can be divided into dry-dust-haze when RH?<?60% and wet-dust-haze when 60%?≤?RH?<?80%. Our study firstly elucidated the space charge properties of atmosphere aerosol in haze events and can provide a new perspective for the prevention and control of air pollution.     

Faecal sterols as sewage markers in the Langat River, Malaysia: Integration of biomarker and multivariate statistical approaches

The Langat River in Malaysia has been experiencing anthropogenic input from urban, rural and industrial activities for many years. Sewage contamination, possibly originating from the greater than three million inhabitants of the Langat River Basin, were examined. Sediment samples from 22 stations (SL01-SL22) along the Langat River were collected, extracted and analysed by GC-MS. Six different sterols were identified and quantified. The highest sterol concentration was found at station SL02 (618.29 ng/g dry weight), which situated in the Balak River whereas the other sediment samples ranged between 11.60 and 446.52 ng/g dry weight. Sterol ratios were used to identify sources, occurrence and partitioning of faecal matter in sediments and majority of the ratios clearly demonstrated that sewage contamination was occurring at most stations in the Langat River. A multivariate statistical analysis was used in conjunction with a combination of biomarkers to better understand the data that clearly separated the compounds. Most sediments of the Langat River were found to contain low to mid-range sewage contamination with some containing `significant' levels of contamination. This is the first report on sewage pollution in the Langat River based on a combination of biomarker and multivariate statistical approaches that will establish a new standard for sewage detection using faecal sterols.     

An overview of emissions of SO2 and NOx and the long-range transport of oxidized sulfur and nitrogen pollutants in East Asia

The long-range transport of oxidized sulfur(sulfur dioxide(SO_2) and sulfate) and oxidized nitrogen(nitrogen oxides(NO_x ) and nitrate) in East Asia is an area of increasing scientific interest and political concern. This paper reviews various published papers, including ground- and satellite-based observations and numerical simulations. The aim is to assess the status of the anthropogenic emissions of SO_2 and NO_x and the long-range transport of oxidized S and N pollutants over source and downwind region. China has dominated the emissions of SO_2 and NO_x in East Asia and urgently needs to strengthen the control of their emissions, especially NO_x emissions. Oxidized S and N pollutants emitted from China are transported to Korea and Japan, due to persistent westerly winds, in winter and spring.However, the total contributions of China to S and N pollutants across Korea and Japan were not found to be dominant over longer time scales(e.g., a year). The source–receptor relationships for oxidized S and N pollutants in East Asia varied widely among the different studies. This is because:(1) the nonlinear effects of atmospheric chemistry and deposition processes were not well considered, when calculating the source–receptor relationships;(2) different meteorological and emission data inputs and solution schemes for key physical and chemical processes were used; and(3) different temporal and spatial scales were employed. Therefore, simulations using the same input fields and similar model configurations would be of benefit, to further evaluate the source–receptor relationships of the oxidized S and N pollutants.     

亚洲地区MODIS和Himawari-8细模态气溶胶产品验证及其时空分布分析

利用AERONET观测网数据,结合MODIS(中分辨率成像光谱仪)及Himawari-8(新一代地球同步气象卫星)的气溶胶产品分析了亚洲41个站点2015—2016年细模态气溶胶光学特性.结果表明,MODIS和Himawari-8反演气溶胶细模态比例(FMF)及细模态气溶胶光学厚度(fAOD)落在误差区间EE(期望误差)内的比例均不超过80%,其中8个典型站点则不超过50%,总体上MODIS要优于Himawari-8,但与AERONET地基观测资料相比还存在一定的误差.因此,需要进一步研究反演方法,提升地表反射率的确定精度,从而提高卫星遥感反演精度.通过季节平均的比较,发现春、夏、秋、冬四季MODIS和Himawari-8的反演值均有所低估,MODIS fAOD各季节平均偏差相对较小.Himawari-8 FMF秋季在Dhaka_University站的平均偏差较大,MODIS FMF春、冬季的平均偏差最大值相对较大,夏、秋季则相对较小;对于同一站点在相同季节均为Himawari-8 fAOD偏差较大,并且MODIS fAOD各季节的平均偏差最大值均小于Himawari-8 fAOD的偏差值.同时,利用卫星观测分析了亚洲地区FMF和fAOD年均及季节平均分布特征,发现MODIS和Himawari-8 FMF年均分布高值区主要位于华北平原、东北平原、四川盆地和中南半岛,MODIS fAOD年均分布高值区主要位于中南半岛,Himawari-8 fAOD年均值则普遍较低.MODIS FMF和fAOD季节平均分布呈现出夏秋高、春冬低的趋势,Himawari-8 FMF和fAOD季节平均分布则呈现出春秋高、夏冬低的特征,高值区的位置和量值均有明显的季节变化.     

Spatial and temporal distribution of the cloud optical depth over China based on MODIS satellite data during 2003–2016

The cloud optical depth(COD) is one of the important parameters used to characterize atmospheric clouds. We analyzed the seasonal variations in the COD over East Asia in 2011 using cloud mode data from the AERONET(Aerosol Robotic Network) ground-based observational network. The applicability of the MODIS(Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer) COD product was verified and compared with the AERONET cloud mode dataset. There was a good correlation between the AERONET and the MODIS. The spatial and temporal distribution and trends in the COD over China were then analyzed using MODIS satellite data from 2003 to 2016. The seasonal changes in the AERONET data and the time sequence variation of the satellite data suggest that the seasonal variations in the COD are significant. The result shows that the COD first decreases and then increases with the season in northern China, and reaches the maximum in summer and minimum in winter.However, the spatial distribution change is just the opposite in southern China. The spatial variation trend shows the COD in China decreases first with time and gradually increases after 2014. And the trend of COD in the western and central China is consistent with that in China. While the trend of COD shows a continuously increasing over time in northeast China and the Pearl River Delta.     

香港及珠三角地区MODIS高分辨率气溶胶光学厚度的反演

为了有效解决地区性和城市范围内的气溶胶分布并反演陆地上气溶胶的性质,一种针对中分辨率成像光谱辐射计(MODIS)的气溶胶反演新算法应运而生.本文首先通过改良的最小反射率技术(MRT)来确定季节性的地表反射率和利用瑞利通道辐射率中解析出大气上气溶胶的反射率来估计气溶胶的反射系数.结果表明,MRT地表反射率的图像和MODIS地表反射系数的产品(MOD09)有很好的契合度.两者的相关系数高达0.9.此外,考虑到不同气溶胶的光学性质和太阳观测组合对计算辐射传输的影响,本研究还制定了全面广泛的差算表(LUT).由此产生的卫星500m分辨率的气溶胶光学厚度(AOT)和香港太阳光度计(AERONET)及MicrotopsⅡ观测资料的相关系数r分别为0.96和0.87(相伴概率值P<0.0001).该研究证明了城区高分辨率气溶胶反演的可行性,还能帮助研究气溶胶的分布和城区大气瞬态污染的影响.此外,MODIS 500m分辨率的气溶胶光学厚度图像还可用于研究跨境气溶胶,使定位珠江三角洲区域污染源变得可行.     

基于MODIS数据反演江浙皖地区气溶胶光学厚度

气溶胶是气候变化和大气污染的重要影响因素。人们发现卫星遥感为大面积获取气溶胶光学厚度提供了手段,同时卫星遥感的气溶胶光学厚度弥补了地面观测空间覆盖不足的缺陷。文章首先介绍了使用暗像元法反演气溶胶光学厚度的算法和计算流程,利用传统的暗像元法和改进的暗像元法(即V5.2算法)反演江浙皖地区(29～33°N;116～120°E)气溶胶光学厚度的空间分布,并对两种算法所得结果进行比较与分析。结果表明:暗像元法基本可以反映出该区域气溶胶光学厚度的空间分布特点,尤其是在浓密植被区卫星反演得到的结果与(AERONET)太阳光度计的观测值基本相近。但是在城市地区,该算法得到的结果与观测值存在一定的偏差,有待于进一步改善。     

京津冀地区MODIS 3 km气溶胶光学厚度产品与10 km产品的对比分析

本文以京津冀为研究区,对该地区的大气气溶胶光学厚度的分布及变化进行分析.利用AERONET地基观测的气溶胶光学厚度(AOD)数据,对最新发布的MODIS/Aqua C6.1 3 km AOD产品在京津冀地区的适用性进行验证,并将3 km产品与MODIS/Aqua C6.1 10 km产品进行对比.分析结果表明:MODIS 3 km AOD产品比AERONET地基AOD的相关性高,相关系数达到了0.95;与MODIS 10 km AOD产品相比,其下垫面为城市地区的反演精度低;在时空分布上,MODIS 3 km AOD产品更好的呈现了气溶胶梯度变化,季平均结果中,四季3 km AOD值都略高于10 km产品.以上结论可为MODIS 3 km AOD产品在京津冀地区的使用提供了借鉴与参考.     

北黄海圆岛海域MODIS气溶胶光学厚度产品有效性验证

利用北黄海圆岛岛基太阳光度计气溶胶光学厚度（aerosol optical depth,AOD）实测数据,在优选时空匹配窗口的基础上,对最新版本MODIS C061 AOD产品开展了有效性验证。结果表明,相对于其他尺度的采样窗口,采用30 km×30 km空间采样窗口、±0.5 h时间采样窗口可以得到更加准确的验证结果。在此时空窗口下,MODISA AOD产品（550 nm）与岛基观测数据具有非常好的一致性,相关系数达到0.98,春季、秋季和冬季AOD产品精度满足NASA的设计要求,夏季数据存在较大误差,符合NASA期望误差（[（0.04+0.1*AOD）,（-0.02-0.1*AOD）]）的比例仅为40%,气溶胶模型假定不合理是其可能的误差来源。     

一种基于MODIS影像反演太湖Ⅱ类水体上空气溶胶参数的算法

基于Ⅱ类水体短波红外（Short-Wave Infrared,SWIR）波段离水反射率为0的假设,提出一种反演Ⅱ类水体上空气溶胶参数的算法（CaseⅡWater Algorithm, C2W）,并与AERONET(Aerosol Robotic Network)太湖站实测数据进行了比较分析.结果表明,反演得到的0.670μm与0.870μm两个波段的气溶胶光学厚度（Aerosol Optical Depth, AOD）与实测值呈现明显的线性关系（R2=0.974、0.971）,在气溶胶光学厚度τ>0.2时不确定性在Δτ=±0.03±0.05τ范围内.11期气溶胶有效半径（Aerosol Effective Radius,AER）数据中,9期的不确定性在±25%范围内,另外两期数据的不确定性在±30%以内.反演精度符合MODIS气溶胶产品的精度要求.     

MODIS 3 km气溶胶光学厚度产品检验及其环境空气质量指示

分析了MODIS C006 3 km卫星遥感气溶胶产品的算法流程,并与AERONET观测数据进行对比验证,综合新疆阿克苏地区地面空气子站1年的颗粒物质量浓度(PM10)、环境气象资料(能见度、湿度等),评估了该高分辨率气溶胶产品的精度和稳定性.分析表明,MODIS 3 km AOD与AERONET地基AOD(Issyk-Kul)的相关系数(r)达到0.8836,满足期望误差要求,但存在高估;研究区AOD和PM10存在同步变化趋势,新疆阿克苏市区2个空气子站PM10质量浓度与AOD的相关系数(r)均大于0.55,直接对比的相关性好于类似研究;经高度订正和湿度订正后AOD-PM10的相关系数和拟合优度均有所提高,标准误差和变异系数均下降,但提升并不明显.这一相关性结果与研究区本底气象环境条件有关.MODIS 3 km AOD的季平均结果表明,阿克苏地区AOD存在显著的季节性变化,春季明显高于其他季节,主要城市春季平均AOD在1.5以上,夏季和秋季AOD均值基本介于0.6~0.7之间,阿克苏市主城区夏秋季AOD季均值仍在1.0以上,反映人口集聚、城市交通工业发展等大气人为污染的增加导致AOD的增高.结果表明,MODIS C006 3 km AOD产品质量稳定,其月、季平均等长时间尺度结果有更好的空间覆盖,可满足区域环境空气质量评估的需要.     

中国地区MODIS气溶胶光学厚度产品综合验证及分析

讨论了2000年02月~2019年08月不同分辨率、算法中等分辨率成像光谱仪（MODIS）气溶胶光学厚度（AOD）产品在不同季节、区域、下垫面条件下中国区域的精度和适用性,在像元尺度上对比了重采样降低分辨率后的多角度大气校正（MAIAC）AOD数据与其他产品的精度.研究表明：在同等验证条件下,相较于暗目标算法（DT）、深蓝算法（DB）和暗目标与深蓝结合算法（DTB）,1km MAIAC AOD产品在中国地区与AERONET站点AOD观测数据整体一致性最高,R²达到0.891,均方根误差（RMSE）仅为0.126,超过75%的验证样本落在期望误差线（EE）范围内;同时,该产品受季节、区域和下垫面变化影响也最小,其中秋季R²达到0.917,RMSE为0.111,样本落在EE内的比例达到80.11%.3km DT算法AOD产品在植被覆盖率较大的森林和农田区域优于1km MAIAC AOD产品,在植被覆盖率较小的草地和城市区域则差于1km MAIAC AOD产品,且该产品在不同季节均存在AOD高估问题,其中,夏季高估程度最高（平均相对误差（RMB）=1.622,AOD值高估62.2%）.DB在长三角和珠三角地区存在AOD被低估的现象.DTB算法兼顾了DT算法和DB算法的优缺点,DTB算法AOD产品的相关性一般高于DB算法AOD产品,样本被高估程度一般低于DT算法AOD产品.通过重采样方法降低1km MAIAC AOD产品分辨率后,相同尺度下的MAIAC AOD数据精度优于DT算法、DB算法和DTB算法AOD产品,因此,MAIAC算法更适用于小尺度城市群集中区域的大气环境监测.     

高分辨率气溶胶光学厚度在珠三角及香港地区区域颗粒物监测中的应用研究

利用最新的MODlS(中分辨率成像光谱仪)气溶胶光学厚度(AOD)反演算法,反演珠江三角洲及香港地区2008年高分辨率(1 km x1 km)AOD分布,并与AERONET观测数据进行了验证(r=0.917).分析了2008年珠江三角洲及香港地区5个站点地面监测PM10质量浓度与反演的AOD数据相关性.结果表明:两者直...