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1.
西电东送火电规划对北京空气质量的影响   总被引:5,自引:4,他引:5       下载免费PDF全文
采用ATMOS长距离传输模型,预测了“西电东送”北通道火电规划空气污染物排放对北京市空气质量的影响。预测结果表明:“十五”期间.电厂源对北京市SO2年均质量浓度的贡献将减少0.26μg/m^3,细颗粒物年均质量浓度将增加1.45μg/m^3;“十一五”期间,SO2年均质量浓度将增加0.47μg/m^3,细颗粒物年均质量浓度将增加0.94μg/m^3;细颗粒物的影响以次生粒子为主。  相似文献   

2.
广州市机动车排放因子隧道测试研究   总被引:11,自引:2,他引:11  
选取广州城市隧道进行连续 48h的监测 ,获得了隧道内NOx,CO ,SO2 ,PM1 0 和HC等污染物的浓度、交通和气象等实测数据 ,计算出隧道内机动车NOx,CO ,SO2 ,PM1 0 和HC的单车平均排放因子分别为 1 3 8,15 40 ,0 14 ,0 64和 1 86g (km·辆 ) ,并得到了 8类机动车各种排放污染物的综合排放因子  相似文献   

3.
京津冀地区火电企业的大气污染影响   总被引:5,自引:0,他引:5  
以在线监测、环评、验收等火电企业排放数据为基础,自下而上编制京津冀火电企业排放清单,利用气象模式WRF生成中尺度气象数据,采用CALPUFF空气质量模式模拟了不同情境下京津冀地区火电企业排放SO2、NOx、一次PM10,以及二次生成硫酸盐、硝酸盐等污染情况.结果显示,2011年京津冀地区火电行业排放污染物对京津冀西南部地区影响较大,各污染物年均最大浓度均出现在石家庄市;采取减排措施后,京津冀地区火电排放量SO2、NOx、烟粉尘总量与2011年火电排放现状相比,分别下降了33%、71%、68%;减排后火电行业对各城市SO2、NOx、一次PM10,以及二次生成硫酸盐、硝酸盐年均贡献浓度均大幅度减少,年均贡献最大值分别降低46.34%、78.43%、76.34%、39.49%、73.87%.  相似文献   

4.
秦皇岛大气污染物浓度变化特征   总被引:6,自引:4,他引:2       下载免费PDF全文
为了解河北沿海旅游城市秦皇岛大气污染现有水平,研究其变化趋势,于2009年9月~2010年8月对秦皇岛市大气中的典型污染物进行连续监测研究.结果表明,该市大气中NO、NO2、SO2、O3和PM10平均浓度分别为(18±18)、(45±18)、(42±46)、(44±25)和(128±77)μg·m-3,PM10污染最为严重,年均浓度超出国家二级标准(100μg·m-3)接近30%.夏季O3日平均浓度和日小时浓度最大值(O31h max)的平均分别为(64±21)μg·m-3和(126±42)μg·m-3,偏南海洋气团有加重O3污染现象,伴随有短期超标;采暖期大气NOx、SO2和PM10分别是非采暖期的1.5、4.9和1.5倍,PM10和SO2日均值相对国家二级标准的超标率分别为53%和11%.京津冀、环渤海工业区的气团输送和当地海港区高排放叠加可使秦皇岛NOx、SO2和PM10污染物平均浓度上升17%、27%和12%,冬季其三者大气平均浓度飙升至(100±49)、(110±84)和(215±108)μg·m-3.北方内陆干洁气团和南方海洋气团可有效清除秦皇岛市大气污染物.  相似文献   

5.
基于WRF-CMAQ空气质量模型,定量模拟了氨排放对全国城市PM_(2.5)浓度的影响.结果表明,氨排放对全国城市硫酸盐、硝酸盐、铵盐及PM_(2.5)年均浓度贡献率分别为4.2%、99.8%、99.7%和29.8%,氨排放对硫酸盐年均浓度的影响较小,而对硝酸盐和铵盐年均浓度的影响极为显著.氨排放对1、4、7、10月四个典型月PM_(2.5)月均浓度的贡献量分别为20.15μg/m3、12.39μg/m3、13.20μg/m3、14.20μg/m3,其中1月PM_(2.5)受氨排放的影响最大.氨对PM_(2.5)影响较大的地区主要集中在河南、山东、湖北、河北等农业、畜牧业发达、氨排放量集中的地区,对PM_(2.5)年均浓度贡献量均超过20μg/m3.因此,控制氨排放将有效降低PM_(2.5)浓度,特别是可以显著减少硝酸盐和铵盐污染.  相似文献   

6.
采用排放因子法估算2010年北京市水泥工业颗粒物TSP和气态污染物SO2、NOx、氟化物的排放总量,从而建立了水泥工业大气污染物排放清单,并分析其主要大气污染物排放时空分布特征及对全市总排放量的贡献情况。结果表明:(1)水泥工业NO x污染较为严重,NO x排放占全市总排放量的6.72%;(2)水泥工业作为点源污染,在局部范围内对周围空气及居民有较大的影响;(3)利用ADMSURBAN模型进行大气污染贡献分析,水泥工业TSP排放对环境空气质量贡献0.100~0.169μg/m3(1 h),SO2排放对环境空气质量贡献0.028 5~0.065 2μg/m3(1 h),NO x排放对环境空气质量贡献0.324~0.760μg/m3(1 h),NO x对空气质量影响较大。  相似文献   

7.
火电厂对城市空气质量的影响模拟   总被引:3,自引:0,他引:3  
运用美国ISC3复合工业源模型模拟高井发电厂大气环境影响 ,结果表明 :该厂大气污染物排放的主要影响地区在石景山西北部和门头沟东部 ,丰台西北部和海淀西北部也受到一定影响 ,对老城区影响较小。SO2 、PM1 0 和NOX 年均浓度最大值分别为 2 4 36、1 35、10 30 μg m3,分别占空气质量二级标准的 4 1%、1 35 %、13%。可见 ,高井发电厂对周边区域SO2 浓度影响较大 ,对NOX 也有一定影响 ,对PM1 0 的影响较小。  相似文献   

8.
根据收集的京津冀区域农业氨排放源活动水平数据,使用排放因子法建立了2014年京津冀地区农业氨排放清单.结果表明,2014年京津冀地区农业源氨排放总量为1750695t,平均排放强度为8.09t/km2;河北省、北京市和天津市农业氨排放量分别为1594087t、58822t和97786t.;猪和蛋鸡是畜禽养殖业中氨排放的主要来源,分别占31.29%和26.07%.模拟结果表明,农业氨减排使京津冀地区PM2.5的年均浓度下降12.04μg/m3,下降比例约为18.36%,4月份和7月份农业氨减排对PM2.5的影响较大,而1月份影响较低;农业氨减排使无机盐(硫酸盐+铵盐+硝酸盐)的年均浓度下降10.00μg/m3,年均浓度下降比例为41.84%,对硝酸盐的影响最大,铵盐次之,硫酸盐最小.  相似文献   

9.
上海市机动车发展的大气环境容量   总被引:7,自引:2,他引:7  
研究了上海市机动车和固定源排放对环境中NOx 浓度的贡献率 ,采用ADMS Urban空气质量模型从环境容量角度提出上海市机动车发展的总量控制目标 .2 0 0 2年上海全市NOx 排放总量为 39 7× 10 4t/a ,其中中心城区机动车NOx 排放分担率81% ,浓度贡献率为 86 % .为实现 0 0 8mg/m3 年平均浓度容量控制目标 ,上海市机动车NOx 排放总量应控制在 3 5× 10 4t/a以下  相似文献   

10.
河北张家口市大气污染观测研究   总被引:5,自引:1,他引:4       下载免费PDF全文
冀北重镇张家口,全年干旱少雨风沙大,自然生态环境极其脆弱,但近年来工业发展极为迅速.为了解张家口市大气污染物浓度水平及季节变化,2009年12月1日~2010年11月30日,利用自动在线仪器对张家口市区大气典型污染物NOx、SO2、O3和PM10进行了连续观测研究.结果表明,张家口市首要污染物为可吸入颗粒物(PM10),年均质量浓度达(137±105)μg.m-3.NO、NO2、SO2和O3年均质量浓度分别为:(8±13)、(30±15)、(19±26)和(54±35)μg.m-3.NOx和SO2质量浓度冬季最高,分别达(51±35)μg.m-3和(42±29)μg.m-3;夏季最低,分别为(28±8)μg.m-3和(4±3)μg.m-3.O3质量浓度夏季最高,达(92±40)μg.m-3,最高小时均值可达271μg.m-3;冬季最低,为(34±20)μg.m-3.PM10质量浓度春季最高,达(144±131)μg.m-3;冬季最低,为(130±129)μg.m-3,但季节变化不明显.依照国家二级标准PM10日均值超标率为28%.季节统计日变化显示NOx和PM10为早晚双峰型,SO2为午间单峰型,O3为午后单峰型.张家口市区大气污染日变化受到交通源显著影响,气态污染物冬季受取暖燃煤显著影响.夏季东南气流对张家口O3有输送作用,自西北的沙尘及局地扬尘(浮尘)对张家口PM10影响显著,并对华北平原区域造成一定影响.  相似文献   

11.
Several main metabolites of benzo[a]pyrene (BaP) formed by Penicillium chrysogenum, Benzo[a]pyrene-1,6-quinone (BP 1,6- quinone), trans-7,8-dihydroxy-7,8-dihydrobenzo[a]pyrene (BP 7,8-diol), 3-hydroxybenzo[a]pyrene (3-OHBP), were identified by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). The three metabolites were liable to be accumulated and were hardly further metabolized because of their toxicity to microorganisms. However, their further degradation was essential for the complete degradation of BaP. To enhance their degradation, two methods, degradation by coupling Penicillium chrysogenum with KMnO4 and degradation only by Penicillium chrysogenum, were compared; Meanwhile, the parameters of degradation in the superior method were optimized. The results showed that (1) the method of coupling Penicillium chrysogenum with KMnO4 was better and was the first method to be used in the degradation of BaP and its metabolites; (2) the metabolite, BP 1,6-quinone was the most liable to be accumulated in pure cultures; (3) the effect of degradation was the best when the concentration of KMnO4 in the cultures was 0.01% (w/v), concentration of the three compounds was 5 mg/L and pH was 6.2. Based on the experimental results, a novel concept with regard to the bioremediation of BaP-contaminated environment was discussed, considering the influence on environmental toxicity of the accumulated metabolites.  相似文献   

12.
Sorption of chlorotoluron in ammonium sulfate, urea and atrazine multi-solutes system was investigated by batch experiments. The results showed application of nitrogen fertilizers to the soil could affect the behavior of chlorotoluron. At the same concentration of N, sorption of chlorotoluron decreased as the concentration of atrazine increased on the day 0 and 6 in soil, respectively. The sorption of chlorotoluron increased from 0 to 6 d when soils were preincubated with deionized water, ammonium sulfate and urea solution for 6 d. That indicated incubation time was one of the most important factors for the sorption of chlorotoluron in nitrogen fertilizers treatments. The individual sorption isotherms of chlorotoluron in rubbery polymer and silica were strictly linear in single solute system, but there were competition sorption between pesticides or between pesticides and nitrogen fertilizers. That indicated the sorption taken place by concurrent solid-phase dissolution mechanism and sorption on the interface of water-organic matter or water-mineral matter.  相似文献   

13.
Toxic effects of two agrochemicals on nifH gene in agricultural black soil were investigated using denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis (DGGE) and sequencing approaches in a microcosm experiment. Changes of soil nifH gene diversity and composition were examined following the application of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination. Acetochlor reduced the nifH gene diversity (both in gene richness and diversity index values) and caused changes in the nifH gene composition. The effects of acetochlor on nifH gene were strengthened as the concentration of acetochlor increased. Cluster analysis of DGGE banding patterns showed that nifH gene composition which had been affected by low concentration of acetochlor (50 mg/kg) recovered firstly. Methamidophos reduced nifH gene richness that except at 4 weeks. The medium concentration of methamidophos (150 mg/kg) caused the most apparent changes in nifH gene diversity at the first week while the high concentration of methamidophos (250 mg/kg) produced prominent effects on nifH gene diversity in the following weeks. Cluster analysis showed that minimal changes of nifH gene composition were found at 1 week and maximal changes at 4 weeks. Toxic effects of acetochlor and methamidophos combination on nifH gene were also apparent. Different nifH genes (bands) responded differently to the impact of agrochemicals: four individual bands were eliminated by the application of the agrochemicals, five bands became predominant by the stimulation of the agrochemicals, and four bands showed strong resistance to the influence of the agrochemicals. Fifteen prominent bands were partially sequenced, yielding 15 different nifH sequences, which were used for phylogenetic reconstructions. All sequences were affiliated with the alpha- and beta-proteobacteria, showing higher similarity to eight different diazotrophic genera.  相似文献   

14.
The effects of arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungus (Glomus mosseae) and phosphorus (P) addition (100 mg/kg soil) on arsenic (As) uptake by maize plants (Zea mays L.) from an As-contaminated soil were examined in a glasshouse experiment.Non-mycorrhizal and zero-P addition controls were included.Plant biomass and concentrations and uptake of As,P,and other nutrients,AM colonization,root lengths,and hyphal length densities were determined.The results indicated that addition of P significantly inhibited root colonization and development of extraradical mycelium.Root length and dry weight both increased markedly with mycorrhizal colonization under the zero-P treatments,but shoot and root biomass of AM plants was depressed by P application.AM fungal inoculation decreased shoot As concentrations when no P was added,and shoot and root As concentrations of AM plants increased 2.6 and 1.4 times with P addition,respectively.Shoot and root uptake of P,Mn,Cu,and Zn increased,but shoot Fe uptake decreased by 44.6%,with inoculation, when P was added.P addition reduced shoot P,Fe,Mn,Cu,and Zn uptake of AM plants,but increased root Fe and Mn uptake of the nonmycorrhizal ones.AM colonization therefore appeared to enhance plant tolerance to As in low P soil,and have some potential for the phytostabilization of As-contaminated soil,however,P application may introduce additional environmental risk by increasing soil As mobility.  相似文献   

15.
Earthworm toxicity tests are useful tools for terrestrial risk assessment but require a hierarchy of test designs that differ in effect levels (behavior, sublethal, lethal). In this study, the toxicity of chlorpyrifos contaminated soil on earthworms was assessed. In addition to the acute and chronic tests, an avoidance response test was applied. Earthworms were exposed to sublethal and lethal concentration of chlorpyrifos, and evaluated for acute toxicity, growth, fecundity and avoidance response after a certain exposure period. The test methods covered all important ecological relevant endpoints (acute, chronic, behavioral). Concentration of 78.91 mg/kg, chlorpyrifos caused significant toxic effects in all test methods, but at lower test concentrations, only significant chronic toxic effects could be observed. In the present study, chlorpyrifos had adverse effect on growth and fecundity in earthworm exposed to 5 mg/kg chlorpyrifos after eight weeks. The avoidance response test, however, showed significant repellent effects concentration of 40 mg/kg chlorpyrifos. For chlorpyrifos, concentration affecting avoidance response was far greater than growth and fecundity, it seemed likely that earthworms were not able to escape from pesticide-contaminated soil into the clean soil in field and hence were exposed continuously to elevated concentrations of pesticides.  相似文献   

16.
Bottled water may not be safer, or healthier, than tap water. The present studies have proved that styrene and some other aromatic compounds leach continuously from polystyrene (PS) bottles used locally for packaging. Water sapmles in contact with PS were extracted by a preconcentration technique called as "purge and trap" and analysed by gas chromatograph-mass spectrometer (GC/MS). Eleven aromatic compounds were identified in these studies. Maximum concentration of styrene in PS bottles was 29.5 μg/L. Apart from styrene, ethyl benzene, toluene and benzene were also quantified but their concentrations were much less than WHO guide line values. All other compounds were in traces. Quality of plastic and storage time were the major factor in leaching of styrene. Concentration of styrene was increased to 69.53 μg/L after one-year storage. In Styrofoam and PS cups studies, hot water was found to be contaminated with styrene and other aromatic compounds. It was observed that temperature played a major role in the leaching of styrene monomer from Styrofoam cups. Paper cups were found to be safe for hot drinks.  相似文献   

17.
In this study an effort has been made to use plant polyphenol oxidases; potato (Solanum tuberosum) and brinjal (Solanum melongena), for the treatment of various important dyes used in textile and other industries. The ammonium sulphate fractionated enzyme preparations were used to treat a number of dyes under various experimental conditions. Majority of the treated dyes were maximally decolorized at pH 3.0. Some of the dyes were quickly decolorized whereas others were marginally decolorized. The initial first hour was sufficient for the maximum decolorization of dyes. The rate of decolorization was quite slow on long treatment of dyes. Enhancement in the dye decolorization was noticed on increasing the concentration of enzymes. The complex mixtures of dyes were treated with both preparations of polyphenol oxidases in the buffers of varying pH values. Potato polyphenol oxidase was significantly more effective in decolorizing the dyes to higher extent as compared to the enzyme obtained from brinjal polyphenol oxidase. Decolorization of dyes and their mixtures, followed by the formation of an insoluble precipitate, which could be easily removed simply by centrifugation.  相似文献   

18.
UNITANK is a biological wastewater treatment process that combines the advantages of traditional activated sludge process and sequencing batch reactor, which is divided into Tank A, B and C. In this study, the sludge distribution and its impact on performance of UNITANK were carried out in Liede Wastewater Plant (WWTP) of Guangzhou, China. Results showed that there was a strong affiliation between Tank A and B of the system in sludge concentration distribution. The initial sludge concentration in Tank A could present the sludge distribution of the whole system. The sludge distribution was mainly influenced by hydraulic condition. Unsteady sludge distribution had an impact on variations of substrates in reactors, especially in decisive reactor, and this could lead to failure of system. Settler could partially remove substrates such as COD and NO3-N, but there was adventure of sludge deterioration. The rational initial sludge concentration in Tank A should be 4000-6000 mg/L MLSS.  相似文献   

19.
Laogang landfill near Shanghai is the largest landfill in China, and receives about 10000 t of daily garbage per day, Samples of topsoil and plants were analyzed to evaluate mercury pollution from the landfill. For topsoil samples, there were significant correlations among total mercury (HgT), combinative mercury (Hgc) and gaseous mercury (HgG), and content of total organic carbon (TOC), but, no significantly relationship was found between Hg content and filling time. Hg content changes in vertical profiles with time showed that the average Hgv of profiles 1992, 1996, and 2000 was similar, but their average HgG was quite different. HgT was significantly correlated with Hgc in profile 1992 and 2000, and Hgv was significantly correlated with Hg6 in profile 1996. HgG/Hgv ratio in profile samples decreased in the order of (HgG,/HgT)1992〉(HgG/HgT)1996〉〉(HgG/HgT)2000. A simple outline of Hg release in landfill could be drawn: with increasing of filling time, degradation undergoes different biodegradation, accordingly, gaseous mercury goes through small, more, and small proportion to total mercury. Distribution of Hg in plants was inhomogeneous, following the order of leaf〉root〉stem. The highest value of leaf may be associated with higher atmospheric Hg from landfill. Ligneous plants (e.g. Phyllostachys glanca, Prunus salicina and Ligustrum lucidum) are capable of enriching more Hg than herbaceous plants.  相似文献   

20.
Phytoremediation is a potential cleanup technology for the removal of heavy metals from contaminated soils.Bidens maximowicziana is a new Pb hyperaccumulator,which not only has remarkable tolerance to Pb but also extraordinary accumulation capacity for Pb.The maximum Pb concentration was 1509.3 mg/kg in roots and 2164.7 mg/kg in overground tissues.The Pb distribution order in the B. maximowicziana was:leaf>stem>root.The effect of amendments on phytoremediation was also studied.The mobility of soil Pb and the Pb concentrations in plants were both increased by EDTA application.Compared with CK(control check),EDTA application promoted translocation of Pb to overground parts of the plant.The Pb concentrations in overground parts of plants was increased from 24.23-680.56 mg/kg to 29.07-1905.57 mg/kg.This research demonstrated that B.maximowicziana appeared to be suitable for phytoremediation of Pb contaminated soil,especially,combination with EDTA.  相似文献   

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