混凝剂投加量及污泥回流量对絮体破碎再絮凝的影响

以聚合硫酸铁为混凝剂,利用智能光散射分析仪(IPDA)对絮凝过程进行连续在线监测。考察不同混凝剂投加量、污泥回流量对絮体形成及破碎再絮凝的影响。结果表明:电性中和起主导作用时(聚合硫酸铁投加量为0.08 mg/L),形成絮体强度较大,破碎后恢复能力较强,而网捕卷扫占据主导作用(聚合硫酸铁投加量为>0.2 mg/L)形成的絮体比较松散,恢复因子低至49%,再次形成的絮体FI值较低;污泥回流时,絮凝过程絮体生长速度加快,稳定期絮体FI值大幅提高;回流污泥量越大,絮体的强度因子越大,恢复因子越低,浊度去除率与絮体破碎后恢复能力相关性较大。     

原水性质对新型含Ca~(2+)复合混凝剂混凝过程的影响

为了提高水处理效率,保证出水水质,需要开发新型高效混凝剂。本实验采用经过Ca2+改性的混凝剂针对不同水样进行混凝实验,考察了浊度、有机物去除、余铝和形成絮体性质,实验结果表明在纯颗粒物体系中,PACl(聚合氯化铝)和AlCl3中加入的Ca2+对于浊度去除率无明显影响,在低投加量下能够有效降低沉后水中余铝浓度,AlCl3做混凝剂,投加量0.10mmol·L-1时,沉后水余铝浓度从0.15mg·L-1降低到0.10mg·L-1。在腐殖酸体系中,混凝剂中的钙离子可明显降低腐殖酸分子的负电荷,降低沉后水余铝浓度以及增大絮体粒径。对于腐殖酸与蛋白质体系,当投加量为0.16mmol·L-1时,使用含有Ca2+的PACl做混凝剂时,钙离子的存在使得平衡时絮体粒径增加了大约50μm,可明显改善絮体的沉降性。碱性条件(pH=8.5)下改性混凝剂沉后水中DOC浓度降低0.2~0.6mg·L-1,余铝降低0.4~0.7mg·L-1。酸性条件(pH=5.5)下改性混凝剂沉后水DOC、余铝浓度无明显变化。     

原水性质对新型含Ca2+复合混凝剂混凝过程的影响

为了提高水处理效率,保证出水水质,需要开发新型高效混凝剂.本实验采用经过Ca2+改性的混凝剂针对不同水样进行混凝实验,考察了浊度、有机物去除、余铝和形成絮体性质.结果表明在纯颗粒物体系中,PACl(聚合氯化铝)和Al Cl3中加入的Ca2+对于浊度去除率无明显影响,在低投加量下能够有效降低沉后水中余铝浓度,Al Cl3做混凝剂,投加量0.10mmol·L~(-1)时,沉后水余铝浓度从0.15 mg·L~(-1)降低到0.10 mg·L~(-1).在腐殖酸体系中,混凝剂中的钙离子可明显降低腐殖酸分子的负电荷,降低沉后水余铝浓度以及增大絮体粒径.对于腐殖酸与蛋白质体系,当投加量为0.16 mmol·L~(-1)时,使用含有Ca2+的PACl做混凝剂时,钙离子的存在使得平衡时絮体粒径增加了大约50μm,可明显改善絮体的沉降性.碱性条件(pH=8.5)下改性混凝剂沉后水中DOC浓度降低0.2~0.6 mg·L~(-1),余铝降低0.4~0.7 mg·L~(-1).酸性条件(pH=5.5)下改性混凝剂沉后水DOC、余铝浓度无明显变化.     

天然有机物对混凝效果影响机制及絮体特性分析

混凝是降低水体中天然有机物浓度的有效手段.本研究旨在了解天然有机物的存在对混凝效果及絮体特性产生的影响.实验以PACl25作为混凝剂来模拟含有一定量天然有机物的典型代表物质腐殖酸或柠檬酸配水的水处理混凝过程.分析了混凝过程中这两种有机物的存在对絮体颗粒大小、分形维数、Zeta电位和水中剩余铝浓度的影响.结果表明,在一定浓度范围内,随着溶液中腐殖酸、柠檬酸浓度的增加,絮体颗粒的大小及其成长速率、Zeta电位以及分形维数均呈现出下降的趋势(腐殖酸质量浓度从0 mg·L-1增加到10 mg·L-1、柠檬酸浓度从0μmol·L-1增加到7μmol·L-1,破碎前絮体大小分别降低34.2%、53.1%;絮体Zeta电位从10 mV左右分别下降到-10 mV及-2.5 mV左右;絮体成长速率分别下降了42.6%、77.5%;分形维数分别降低了0.08和0.094),表明有机物占据了微絮体表面从而导致絮体活性及致密性的降低;而在此有机物浓度范围内溶液中剩余铝的浓度却不因絮凝能力的下降而变化.     

壳聚糖助凝对三氯化铁絮体形态和强度的影响

采用三氯化铁(FeCl3)为混凝剂、壳聚糖(CTS)为助凝剂进行给水混凝处理,研究了CTS助凝对FeCl3絮体形态和强度的影响.结果表明,在FeCl3投加量为29mg/L(以Fe计)、CTS投加量为0.1mg/L条件下,CTS助凝对絮体形态和强度有明显影响,分形维数由单独投加FeCl3时的1.1855增加到CTS助凝后的1.3028,絮体强度因子(SF)由50~60变为60~70,CTS助凝后形成的絮体密实、易沉降,絮体强度大且不易破碎.另外,添加CTS助凝后,TOC、色度、UV254、浊度的去除均明显提高.     

阳离子型聚合物对低温低浊水的絮凝效果与形态学特性

采用微絮凝-深床直接过滤工艺,以西安市曲江水厂低温低浊水质为原水(水温低于10 ℃,初始浊度低于10NTU),投加阳离子型聚合物(简称CP)作主混凝剂或助凝剂,借助分形数学理论与图像分析技术,对滤料粒径、原水浊度、原水温度、药剂种类、聚合物分子量及投加量、混合强度等因素对处理效果的影响进行了研究,分析探讨了不同药剂处理低温低浊水的作用机理、絮凝形态学特征以及絮体结构的分形特性.结果表明,①当温度低于4 ℃、初始浊度小于4NTU时,不宜单独采用Al2(SO4)3或PAC作为絮凝剂;当温度为4～10 ℃、初始浊度小于10NTU时,如果只投加Al2(SO4)3或PAC作为絮凝剂,宜用细砂滤料过滤;低温低浊条件下,无机混凝剂形成的絮体粒径小、结构松散脆弱、有效质量密度低、沉速慢,但表征絮体分形特性的分维值较高.②CP作絮凝剂能显著改善低温低浊水的絮凝效果与过滤性能,但混合强度需增大,宜用粗砂滤料过滤;③单独用CP作絮凝剂时,宜投加分子量较低的弱阳性聚合物或投加低剂量较高分子量的强阳性聚合物;CP用作助凝剂时,能显著减少主混凝剂用量,但宜投加强阳性聚合物或增加弱阳性聚合物的剂量.④CP兼备电性中和与吸附架桥絮凝作用,能形成粒径较大、吸附性能与过滤性能良好的网状絮体构型,其有效质量密度高,产生的污泥量少,污泥沉降速度快,脱水效果好,但分维值低.⑤各种水处理药剂的处理效果为:Al2(SO4)3(或PAC) CP＞CP＞PAC＞Al2(SO4)3,这种差别由絮体的形态学特性与构型特征各异引起.     

煤泥水絮凝处理中絮凝体的分形特征

用聚丙烯酰胺作絮凝剂,研究了所含黏土类型、絮凝剂投加量等因素对煤泥水絮凝效果和絮凝体分形维数的影响. 结果表明,含高岭石的煤泥水絮凝剂最佳投加量为10.0 mg/L,所对应絮凝体的分形维数最大,为2.70. 投加量不足时分形维数降至1.55,投加量过量时分形维数降至1.95;含蒙脱石的煤泥水絮凝剂最佳投加量为15.0 mg/L,所对应絮凝体分形维数最大,为1.68. 投加量不足时分形维数降至1.01,投加量过量时分形维数降至1.51.      

微絮凝对腐殖酸超滤过程膜污染的减缓特性

以硫酸铝[Al_2(SO_4)_3·18H_2O]为絮凝剂,腐殖酸(humic acid,HA)和高岭土(Kaolin)水溶液为原水,研究微絮凝过程产生的不同絮体形态,对自制聚偏氟乙烯(PVDF)超滤膜过滤过程的影响.主要考察了微絮凝过程中絮体的特性(粒径大小及分布,分形维数)以及不同条件下形成的絮体形态对膜通量的影响,利用扫描电镜(SEM)和原子力显微镜(AFM)对污染膜的表面形貌进行表征,并测定了PVDF膜与有机污染物之间黏附力大小,来解析不同絮体形态对超滤膜的膜污染影响机制.结果表明,Al~(3+)以电性中和作用水解去除有机物,随着絮凝剂投加量的增加,絮体粒径不断增大,絮体的分形维数减小.膜通量衰减速率与絮体的粒径呈负相关,絮体粒径越大,膜通量衰减速率越小,超滤过程中形成的滤饼层越疏松,同时,较小分形维数的絮体引起的膜污染较轻,其膜通量恢复率也较高.PVDF-有机污染物之间的相互作用力大小与运行初期相应污染膜通量衰减速率呈正相关.当Al~(3+)投加量为5 mg·L~(-1),初始pH=7时,HA去除率为96.7%,膜通量衰减最小,通量恢复率达到88%.     

三种典型混凝剂处理带正电胶粒絮体性能的影响因素

采用光学散射絮凝度测定仪(IPDA2000型)研究3种典型混凝剂(PAC、PFS、FeCl_3)在不同pH值和混凝剂投加量下处理带正电胶粒时的絮体絮凝特性、絮体强度以及破碎后恢复性能。结果表明:过低和过高的pH值及投加量都不利于絮体形成;PAC投加量50 mg/L(pH=8.5),PFS投加量50 mg/L(pH=8),FeCl_3投加量30 mg/L(pH=7)条件下,絮凝速度最快,絮体尺寸最大,且FeCl_3絮体的稳定尺寸为PAC和PFS的1.5倍,絮体形成速度更快,达到最优条件需要碱度更低。投药量是影响絮体强度和恢复性能的重要因素,随着投加量增加,FeCl_3、PFS、PAC絮体强度增大,但恢复性能降低;同条件下FeCl_3的恢复因子为PFS和PAC的0.5倍。     

二氧化氯预氧化对藻类絮体形态的影响

针对高含藻高含盐杨埕水库原水藻类特征,采用聚合氯化铝(PAC)、硫酸铝(AS)、聚合硫酸铁(PFS)和氯化铁(FC)4种混凝剂进行混凝除藻试验,用图像法对藻类絮体的分形维数进行测定,分析混凝剂种类及投量、二氧化氯投加量等因素对混凝除藻效果及藻类絮体形态的影响。结果表明,杨埕水库夏季藻类种属相对较为单一,以小型色球藻、微小平裂藻、不整齐蓝纤维藻为优势藻类;4种混凝剂的除藻性能优劣依次为:AS>PAC>PFS>AC。在AS最佳投加量(以Al2SO4计)70 mg/L下,藻类的去除率为85.3%。此时,杨埕水库夏季藻类以藻类絮体分形维数值为1.54,形成的絮体密实且沉降性好。以AS为混凝剂,投加量为70 mg/L下,二氧化氯投加量为0.8 mg/L时助凝效果最好,藻类的去除率比单独投加AS时提高了6.3%,藻类絮体分形维数值为1.71,形成的藻类絮体更加密实。二氧化氯过量投加无益于藻类去除。     

聚合氯化铝（PACl）混凝絮体的破碎与恢复

通过烧杯实验以及在线粒度监测考察了聚合氯化铝（PACl）混凝所生成絮体的破碎以及随后絮体的恢复情况.结果发现,絮体的破碎以及恢复情况因混凝区域的不同而呈现不同的规律.在稳定区,絮体的强度较大,不易破碎,且破碎后的絮体可进一步增长,其恢复因子高达259%;在电中和混凝区,絮体的强度最小,易于破碎,但破碎后可完全恢复;在再稳区和卷扫混凝区,絮体的强度较大,不易破碎,但破碎后不能完全恢复,其中后者的恢复因子仅为18.6％.再搅拌强度越大,对絮体的破碎及恢复程度的影响越大.对于卷扫混凝,经再搅拌破碎后而得到部分恢复的絮体,相对于未经再搅拌的絮体而言,其絮体层与水体间界面的沉降高度及平均沉降速率均较低,且在絮凝沉降区和区域沉降区,该絮体界面的瞬时沉降速率在同一絮体浓度下均较低,但在压缩沉降区,二者的瞬时沉降速率相同.     

铜绿微囊藻对混凝除氟的促进作用及机理分析

以铜绿微囊藻、氯化铝（AlCl₃·6H₂O）为研究对象,通过三维荧光、场发射扫描电镜等表征,探究了藻类对氟化物混凝去除机制的影响.结果表明,在pH值为7.0,8.0,9.0,Al投加量在20.0~80.0mg/L的条件下,铜绿微囊藻对混凝除氟有明显的促进作用,其促进作用主要在于藻絮体对氟的表面吸附.铜绿微囊藻与氯化铝水解产物通过吸附架桥和网捕卷扫作用,聚集成较大较多的絮体.絮体粒径越大,除氟率越高.pH值为7.0,Al投加量为40.0mg/L时,絮体粒径达到最大值500μm,此时氟去除率最高,为77.37%;当Al投加量为80.0mg/L时,藻细胞破损严重,有机物过多释放,对混凝除氟起阻碍作用.絮体破碎吸附实验结果表明,对絮体进行一定强度破碎可以增加吸附位点,从而提高氟的去除率;但破碎强度过大,絮体粒径过小,对氟的吸附效率亦会降低.     

Effects of humic acid on recoverability and fractal structure of alum-kaolin flocs

Particle surface characteristics, floc recoverability and fractal structure of alum-kaolin flocs were investigated using in situ particle image velocimetry (PIV) and microbalance with or without humic acid. Experimental results indicated that the zeta potential of kaolin particle surface after adsorption of humic acid was related with humic acid concentration and its acid-base bu ering capacity. Adsorption of humic acid resulted in more negative electrophoresis on the particle surface. Coagulant dosages for particles to form flocs would increase with increasing humic concentration. PIV was used to evaluate floc structural fragmentation, floc surface erosion as well as recoverability after high shear. It was found that the floc size during the steady phase of growth was small, while the regrowing capability decreased in the presence of humic acid. The recoverability was closely related with floc breakage modes including floc structural fragmentation and floc surface erosion. The fractal dimensions of alum-kaolin flocs by mass-size method based on microbalance would decrease with increasing humic concentration. This study proved that humic acid had adverse influences on the performance of coagulation process.     

Coagulation behavior and floc properties of compound bioflocculant-polyaluminum chloride dual-coagulants and polymeric aluminum in low temperature surface water treatment

This study was intended to compare coagulation behavior and floc properties of two dualcoagulants polyaluminum chloride–compound bioflocculant(PAC–CBF)(PAC dose first) and compound bioflocculant–polyaluminum chloride(CBF–PAC)(CBF dose first) with those of PAC alone in low temperature drinking water treatment. Results showed that dualcoagulants could improve DOC removal efficiency from 30% up to 34%. Moreover, CBF contributed to the increase of floc size and growth rate, especially those of PAC–CBF were almost twice bigger than those of PAC. However, dual-coagulants formed looser and weaker flocs with lower breakage factors in which fractal dimension of PAC–CBF flocs was low which indicates a looser floc structure. The floc recovery ability was in the following order:PAC–CBF PAC alone CBF–PAC. The flocculation mechanism of PAC was charge neutralization and enmeshment, meanwhile the negatively charged CBF added absorption and bridging effect.     

Polytitanium sulfate (PTS): Coagulation application and Ti species detection

Interest in the development of inorganic polymerized coagulants is growing; however, there are only limited studies on the synthesis of polytitanium coagulants, which are expected to exhibit improved coagulation efficiency with better floc properties. This study presents the synthesis of polytitanium sulfate (PTS) for potential application in water purification, followed by characterization of PTS flocs and titanium species detection. Stable PTS solutions were successfully synthesized and standard jar tests were conducted to evaluate their coagulation efficiency. Electrospray ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry (ESI-TOF-MS) speciation analysis revealed that a variety of mononuclear and polynuclear complexes were formed in PTS solution, indicating the polymeric nature of the synthesized coagulant. Floc characteristics were studied through on-line monitoring of floc size using a laser diffraction particle size analyzer. Results showed that PTS had a comparable or in some cases even higher organic matter and particulate removal efficiency than Ti(SO₄)₂. The effluent pH after PTS coagulation significantly improved toward desirable values closer to neutral pH. Properties of flocs formed by PTS were significantly improved in terms of floc size, growth rate and structure. This study showed that PTS could be an efficient and promising coagulant for water purification, with the additional benefit that its coagulated sludge can be used to recover valuable TiO₂ nanoparticles for various commercial applications.     

Coagulation efficiency and flocs characteristics of recycling sludge during treatment of low temperature and micro-polluted water

Drinking water treatment sludge, characterized as accumulated suspended solids and organic and inorganic matter, is produced in large quantities during the coagulation process. The proper disposal, regeneration or reuse of sludge is, therefore, a significant environmental issue. Reused sludge at low temperatures is an alternative method to enhance traditional coagulation efficiency. In the present study, the recycling mass of mixed sludge and properties of raw water (such as pH and turbidity) were systematically investigated to optimize coagulation efficiency. We determined that the appropriate dosage of mixed sludge was 60 mL/L, effective initial turbidity ranges were below 45.0 NTU, and optimal pH for DOMs and turbidity removal was 6.5--7.0 and 8.0, respectively. Furthermore, by comparing the flocs characteristics with and without recycling sludge, we found that floc structures with sludge were more irregular with average size growth to 64.7 μupm from 48.1 μupm. Recycling sludge was a feasible and successful method for enhancing pollutants removal, and the more irregular flocs structure after recycling might be caused by breakage of reused flocs and incorporation of powdered activated carbon into larger flocs structure. Applied during the coagulation process, recycling sludge could be significant for the treatment of low temperature and micro-polluted source water.     

超声空化及絮体破碎过程的模拟与试验分析

为探究利于空化效应的超声条件及超声波破碎絮体机理,基于Matlab平台建立空化气泡模型及2种简化的有限扩散聚集(DLA)絮体破碎模型,进行计算机仿真,并通过试验分析得到实际絮体破碎模式.结果表明:随着超声频率的增加,空化效应减弱;声能密度的增加导致空化气泡振幅增大,声能密度为7W/mL时气泡振幅可达初始半径的200倍,空化效果较好.低声能密(0.03~3W/mL)和低超声频率(25~40kHz)处理絮体时,剥蚀作用为主导作用,超声后絮体粒径减小,分形维数增大;声能密度超过3W/mL或频率大于40kHz,大规模破碎占主导作用,实际絮体粒径减幅小且结构散.40kHz的超声频率更利于絮体的破碎,作用10min后,絮体粒径减幅达9.8%,分形维数为1.394,结构更加密实.     

Nano-TiO2回收过程中SO42-对不同混凝剂混凝过程的影响

为了降低纳米TiO₂使用成本,采用不同混凝剂对纳米TiO₂悬浊液进行固液分离.通过考察浊度去除率、出水pH值的变化情况,并结合X射线光电子能谱（XPS）、傅里叶红外光谱（FTIR）、固体核磁（NMR）、扫描电镜（SEM）及能谱分析（EDS）表征,探究了纳米TiO₂回收过程中SO₄^2-对不同混凝剂混凝过程的影响.结果表明,当使用AlCl₃作混凝剂时（0.1mmol/L）,SO₄^2-浓度从0.0mmol/L增加到20.0mmol/L,浊度去除率降低了0.80%,絮体粒径从450μm下降到215 μm,而强度因子无明显变化.低聚合态的Al_a不与SO₄^2-结合,混凝过程中通过吸附架桥和网捕卷扫的作用形成大量无定形的Al （OH）₃.当使用Al₁₃作混凝剂时,再生长后絮体的粒径随着SO₄^2-浓度的增加而下降,S-O峰的红移证明有新的含S聚合物产生,Al 2p的峰均向较高的结合能移动证明生成的絮体不是Al （OH）₃.     

絮体老化与调节对回流进水及混凝的影响机制

为探索絮体老化与pH值调节对回流进水颗粒组成及混凝的影响,采用激光粒度仪进行了絮体粒径分析并通过Al （OH）₃胶体（Al-gel）的老化实验探究了老化与pH值调节对絮体形态及性质的内在影响机制.结果表明,原水颗粒物粒径呈现单峰分布,絮体回流进水颗粒物粒径呈现双峰分布,并且回流进水颗粒d₅₀随着絮体老化时间的增加而减小;由于絮体回流提高了颗粒物与混凝剂接触机率和碰撞效率,因此加快了絮体的生长;絮体在pH=5的环境下老化12h后进行回流混凝的絮体粒径生长速率最高（1.16 μm/s）并且生成的絮体具有较大的分形维数（2.35）.Al-gel的老化实验结果表明,絮体老化过程会涉及羟桥反应和结晶反应并导致絮体的表面活性基团数量减少,从而不利于与原水颗粒物的相互作用.pH值调节对絮体产生不同的影响,pH=5的条件下进行老化会加速絮体的羟桥反应和结晶反应,而pH=9的条件下进行老化则会涉及溶解-沉淀-结晶反应.     

Effect of coagulation pretreatment on the fouling of ultrafiltration membrane

The purpose of this study is to understand the effect and mechanism of preventing membrane fouling, by coagulation pretreatment, in terms of fractional component and molecular weight of natural organic matter （NOM）. A relatively higher molecular weight （MW） of hydrophobic compounds was responsible for a rapid decline in the ultrafiltration flux. Coagulation could effectively remove the hydrophobic organics, resulting in the increase of flux. It was found that a lower MW of neutral hydrophilic compounds, which could remove inadequately by coagulation, was responsible for the slow declining flux. The fluxes in the filtration of coagulated water and supernatant water were compared and the results showed that a lower MW of neutral hydrophilic compounds remained in the supernatant water after coagulation could be rejected by a membrane, resulting in fouling. It was also found that the coagulated flocs could absorb neutral hydrophilic compounds effectively. Therefore, with the coagulated flocs formed on the membrane surface, the flux decline could be improved.