宜能边际土地开发潜力熵权模糊综合评价——以广东省为例

利用边际土地种植高效能源作物是我国生物能源发展战略重要的组成部分。开展区域宜能边际土地的空间分布和开发潜力定量评价研究,是区域分布实施能源作物种植,推进生物质能源产业发展的前提和基础。以广东省为例,利用TM/ETM遥感影像通过遥感监督分类和目视人工解译提取疏林地、灌木林地、天然草地和未利用地等边际土地。然后选取影响能源作物种植的边际土地的自身性状和整理难易程度等5类因素建立指标体系,利用熵权模糊综合评判模型,把广东省宜能边际土地开发潜力分成高、中、低和极低4个级别。研究结果表明：广东省共有宜能边际土地105.34×10⁴hm²。其中,高、中、低、极低开发潜力宜能边际土地面积分别占边际土地总面积的41.08%,32.13%,17.22%和9.57%。并且宜能边际土地空间分布呈现内陆地区>西南沿海地区>东南沿海地区的趋势,具有高开发潜力土地在区域内所占比例呈现西南沿海地区> 东南沿海地区>内陆地区的趋势。     

碳酸盐岩风化壳中的土壤蠕滑与岩溶坡地的土壤地下漏失

本文给出了碳酸盐岩风化壳中土壤蠕滑的证据,阐明了土壤蠕滑等块体运动在喀斯特风化壳形成演化中的机制,并用以解释喀斯特风化壳岩土界面的突变接触,和土下基岩表面光滑的现象;提出了岩溶坡地的土壤侵蚀是化学溶蚀、重力侵蚀和流水侵蚀叠加的观点,分析了岩溶坡地土壤地下漏失和土地石质化的过程;最后讨论了植被破坏和土地垦殖等人类活动,破坏植物根系的网固作用,增加径流入渗,促进地下管道侵蚀及其上覆土壤的沉陷补给,加剧了纯碳酸盐岩坡地土壤地下漏失和土地石质化。     

烟台市浅海浮游生物昼夜变化的调查与分析

海洋浮游生物是海洋食物链中的重要组成部分，在维持海洋生态平衡中起着重要作用，了解烟台市浅海浮游生物的种类、数量及分布规律对浅海养殖起着指导性作用，为此我们于１９９７年９月份，在黄海北部，东经１２１°２５′，北纬３７°３２′处，进行了二十四小时浮游生物...     

钦州湾潮流和污染物扩散的数值模型 (Ⅰ)钦州湾潮流的数值模拟

钦州湾地处北部湾顶,大约位于108°27’-108°45’E,21°30’-21°55’N。它是广西沿海最大的一个港湾。钦州湾岸线曲折,湾中有湾,各种资源极为丰富。 为适应钦州湾的开发和利用,在海岸带调查过程中,作者对该湾作了重点调查研究,此文是钦州湾污染扩散的数值模型中的一部分。 一、潮波动力学方程及其数值模式说明 (一)潮波动力学方程 直角坐标系下的潮波基本方程组取如下形式:     

湖北省林业土地资源的保护与利用

一、前言湖北省地处长江中游,位于东径103°30′～116°10′,北纬29°05′～33°20′之间,全省土地总面积18.95万KM~2,林业用地占总土地面积的43.61%,森林覆盖率为25.7%,(1989年林业厅统计)分布不匀,27个山区县的复盖率(X±8)为33.O±10.36%,丘陵县28个,复盖率为23.13±9.31%,18个平原县的森林覆盖率为3.22±2.69%,覆盖率达标的仅16个县,占全省73个县(林区)的21.92%,山区(山,丘陵)占总土     

渤海、黄海海域污染防治研究概况

渤海和黄海是我国北部大陆边缘海。北起N41°,南至N31°40′;西起E117°35′,东止E126°50′。毗邻辽宁、河北、山东、江苏、天津五个省市,总面积约46万km2,约占中国近海海域面积的9％。 由于渤海和黄海沿岸人口集中,工农业发达以及海上石油和沿海油田的开发,海上运输和渔业的发展,本海域遭受了以石油和其它有机污染物为主的污染,在一定程度上损害了海洋     

三峡库区污水厂污泥处理处置浅析

对三峡库区污水处理厂污泥处理处置现状进行了分析,建议三峡库区污水厂污泥可根据实际情况采用污泥堆肥的土地利用为主路线,卫生填埋等作为补充手段,并应因地制宜开发污泥资源化的方向,包括垃圾填埋日覆盖材料、建材材料。     

黄渤海辽宁省海湾的环境现状及其评价

以１９８７～１９９０年海湾环境调查资料为基础，探讨了位起东部北黄海的青堆子湾（东经１２３°２５′０５Ｅ，北纬３９°４５′５０″Ｎ）．，西止渤海的锦州湾（东经１２１°０４′５５″Ｅ，北纬４０°４７′２２″Ｎ）的辽宁省共１３个海湾水质、底质和生物中化学要素含量分布，得到广诸海湾污染程度是：除污染物锅外，重金属为底质＞生物＞水质；系统阐述了各海湾的环境质量现状及化学要素的超标情况，为今后选划各湾的适养区，治理环境污染提供了科学依据。     

河流水环境容量安全边际研究

水环境容量安全边际是污染物总量控制的关键。运用河流二维稳态水质模型,计算大宁河回水区内COD环境容量,并采用一阶误差分析法分析模型关键参数对大宁河COD环境容量影响程度,科学计算大宁河水环境容量安全边际值。结果表明,三峡库区坝前水位175 m时,大宁河回水区内COD环境容量为729.06 t/a;模型参数对环境容量影响顺序为:背景浓度(C0)>混合区长度(x)=水深(h)>流速(u)=扩散系数(E)y>降解系数(K);大宁河回水区内安全边际值为84.06 t/a,占环境容量的11.53%。文章科学地计算大宁河回水区内COD环境容量安全边际,而非人为定性提出,为三峡库区河流水环境容量安全边际确定提供理论依据。     

偏转角影响磁纤维捕集Fe基细颗粒的数值模拟

为了研究磁性纤维对钢铁行业细颗粒物的控制效果,基于计算流体力学-离散相模型（CFD-DPM）对高梯度磁场中含尘气流方向与背景磁场方向夹角（偏转角）分别为0°、15°、30°、45°、60°、75°、90°时磁性单纤维捕集Fe基细颗粒进行数值模拟.分别研究高梯度磁场作用下颗粒粒径、入口风速、磁场强度对颗粒运动轨迹和捕集效率的影响.结果表明：高梯度磁场中偏转角影响磁性纤维捕集区域的位置,当角度为0°时,在纤维正对含尘气流方向区域形成颗粒捕集区,背风侧形成较大空腔;当角度为90°时,在沿气流方向纤维两侧形成面积相等的捕集区域.偏转角对小颗粒捕集效率的影响较小,当角度为0°时,对于0.5μm的颗粒捕集效率为4.1%,当角度为90°时捕集效率为3.9%.随着粒径的增大,捕集效率的增长速率先减小后增大,对于不同粒径的颗粒,当角度为0°时捕集效率最高.当风速在0.02~0.04m/s范围时,随着角度从0°增加到90°,捕集效率先降低,在45°附近达到最小值,然后升高.磁场强度的增加有利于提高捕集效率,但不同角度时的增长速率有所不同.当偏转角为0°和60°时,背景磁场强度为0.1~0.3T范围时增长速率明显大于0.3~0.9T范围内,而当偏转角为30°和90°时,背景磁场强度为0.1~0.5T范围时增长速率高于0.5~0.9T时的增长速率.     

Distribution and ecological effect of mercury in Laogang landfill, Shanghai, China

Laogang landfill near Shanghai is the largest landfill in China, and receives about 10000 t of daily garbage per day, Samples of topsoil and plants were analyzed to evaluate mercury pollution from the landfill. For topsoil samples, there were significant correlations among total mercury （HgT）, combinative mercury （Hgc） and gaseous mercury （HgG）, and content of total organic carbon （TOC）, but, no significantly relationship was found between Hg content and filling time. Hg content changes in vertical profiles with time showed that the average Hgv of profiles 1992, 1996, and 2000 was similar, but their average HgG was quite different. HgT was significantly correlated with Hgc in profile 1992 and 2000, and Hgv was significantly correlated with Hg6 in profile 1996. HgG/Hgv ratio in profile samples decreased in the order of （HgG,/HgT）1992〉（HgG/HgT）1996〉〉（HgG/HgT）2000. A simple outline of Hg release in landfill could be drawn： with increasing of filling time, degradation undergoes different biodegradation, accordingly, gaseous mercury goes through small, more, and small proportion to total mercury. Distribution of Hg in plants was inhomogeneous, following the order of leaf〉root〉stem. The highest value of leaf may be associated with higher atmospheric Hg from landfill. Ligneous plants （e.g. Phyllostachys glanca, Prunus salicina and Ligustrum lucidum） are capable of enriching more Hg than herbaceous plants.     

EDTA-enhanced phytoremediation of lead contaminated soil by Bidens maximowicziana

Phytoremediation is a potential cleanup technology for the removal of heavy metals from contaminated soils.Bidens maximowicziana is a new Pb hyperaccumulator,which not only has remarkable tolerance to Pb but also extraordinary accumulation capacity for Pb.The maximum Pb concentration was 1509.3 mg/kg in roots and 2164.7 mg/kg in overground tissues.The Pb distribution order in the B. maximowicziana was:leaf>stem>root.The effect of amendments on phytoremediation was also studied.The mobility of soil Pb and the Pb concentrations in plants were both increased by EDTA application.Compared with CK(control check),EDTA application promoted translocation of Pb to overground parts of the plant.The Pb concentrations in overground parts of plants was increased from 24.23-680.56 mg/kg to 29.07-1905.57 mg/kg.This research demonstrated that B.maximowicziana appeared to be suitable for phytoremediation of Pb contaminated soil,especially,combination with EDTA.     

Decomposition of alachlor by ozonation and its mechanism

Decomposition and corresponding mechanism of alachlor, an endocrine disruptor in water by ozonation were investigated. Results showed that alachlor could not be completely mineralized by ozone alone. Many intermediates and final products were formed during the process, including aromatic compounds, aliphatic carboxylic acids, and inorganic ions. In evoluting these products, some of them with weak polarity were qualitatively identified by GC-MS. The information of inorganic ions suggested that the dechlorination was the first and the fastest step in the ozonation of alachlor.     

Enzymatic oxidation of aqueous pentachlorophenol

The influence of the nonionic surfactant Tween 80 on pentachlorophenol （PCP） oxidation catalyzed by horseradish peroxidase was studied. The surfactant was tested at concentrations below and above its critical micelle concentration （CMC）. Enhancement of PCP removal was observed at sub-CMCs. The presence of Tween 80 in the reaction mixture reduced enzyme inactivation which occurred through a combination of free radical attack and sorption by precipitated products. A simple first-order model was able to simulate time profiles for enzyme inactivation in the presence or absence of Tween 80. At supra-CMCs, the surfactant caused noticeable reductions in PCP removal, presumably through micelle partitioning of PCP which precluded the hydrophobic PCP molecule from interacting with the enzyme.     

基于综合水质标识指数和对应分析法的校园河道水质评价

以三峡大学的校园河道求索溪为研究对象,利用综合水质标识指数法确定求索溪水质类别,分析其水质时空变化规律,并利用对应分析法得出求索溪中不同监测点的主要污染因子.研究结果表明:求索溪整体的综合水质标识指数为7.423,整体水质为劣V类(地表水环境质量标准GB 3838-2002)且黑臭.从时间变化来看,求索溪4月份的水质最差,5月份次之,4、5月份所有监测点的水质都劣于V类且黑臭;8月份水质最好,水质为Ⅳ类;从空间分布来看,8个监测点综合水质标识指数均超过6.0,水质为劣V类,其中6号监测点的水质相对最好,监测点3号的水质相对最差;对应分析法得出求索溪的整体水体污染程度受总氮因子的影响最大,其次为总磷.该研究拟为求索溪及类似校园河道的水环境治理研究提供基础依据和参考.     

Effects of chitosan on growth of an aquatic plant (Hydrilla verticillata) in polluted waters with different chemical oxygen demands

Effects of chitosan on a submersed plant, Hydrilla verticillata, were investigated. Results indicated that H. venicillata could prevent ultrastructure phytotoxicities and oxidativereaction from polluted water with high chemical oxygen demand (COD). Superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity and malondialdehyde (MDA) contents in H. verticillata treated with 0.1% chitosan in wastewater increased with high COD (980 mg/L) and decreased with low COD (63 mg/L), respectively. Ultrastructural analysis showed that the stroma and grana of chloroplast basically remained normal. However, plant cells from the control experiment (untreated with chitosan) were vacuolated and the cell interval increased. The relict of protoplast moved to the center, with cells tending to disjoint. Our findings indicate that wastewater with high COD concentration can cause a substantial damage to submersed plant, nevertheless, chitosan probably could alleviate the membrane lipid peroxidization and ultrastructure phytotoxicities, and protect plant cells from stress of high COD concentration polluted water.     

Removal of cadmium using MnO2 loaded D301 resin

MnO2 loaded weak basic anion exchange resin D301 （Anion exchange resin, macroreticular weak basic styrene） as adsorbent has been prepared and applied to the removal of cadmium. The adsorption characteristics have been investigated with respect to effect of pH, equilibrium isotherms, removal kinetic data, and interference of the coexisting ions. The results indicated that the Cd^2＋ could be efficiently removed using MnO2 loaded D301 resin in the pH range of 3-8 from aqueous solutions with the co-existence of high concentration of alkali and alkaline-earth metals ions. The saturate adsorption capacity of the Cd^2＋ was 77.88 mg/g. The adsorption process followed the pseudo first-order kinetics. The equilibrium data obtained in this study accorded excellently with the Langmuir adsorption isotherm.     

Effect of coagulation pretreatment on the fouling of ultrafiltration membrane

The purpose of this study is to understand the effect and mechanism of preventing membrane fouling, by coagulation pretreatment, in terms of fractional component and molecular weight of natural organic matter （NOM）. A relatively higher molecular weight （MW） of hydrophobic compounds was responsible for a rapid decline in the ultrafiltration flux. Coagulation could effectively remove the hydrophobic organics, resulting in the increase of flux. It was found that a lower MW of neutral hydrophilic compounds, which could remove inadequately by coagulation, was responsible for the slow declining flux. The fluxes in the filtration of coagulated water and supernatant water were compared and the results showed that a lower MW of neutral hydrophilic compounds remained in the supernatant water after coagulation could be rejected by a membrane, resulting in fouling. It was also found that the coagulated flocs could absorb neutral hydrophilic compounds effectively. Therefore, with the coagulated flocs formed on the membrane surface, the flux decline could be improved.     

Penetration analysis of elements and bioleaching treatment of spent refractory for recycling

Acidithiobacillus ferrooxidans ATCC23270 and Acidithiobacillus thiooxidans TM-32 were used for bioleaching of spent refractories of aluminium and copper melting furnaces for their recycling.Firstly,penetration of elements into aluminium melting furnace refractory was investigated and it was found that up to 7 cm from surface was contaminated.Comparison on leaching efficiency by the strains ATCC23270 and TM-32 found that the strain ATCC23270 could treat larger amount of the refractories than the strain TM-32 could do.In the experiment of bioleaching of spent refractory aluminium melting furnace by the strain ATCC23270,high leaching efficiency were obtained on Al,Si,and Ca,and extremely low leaching performance was,however,shown on the rest of elements i.e.,Na,Mn,and Zn.Under the strain TM-32 use,relatively high leaching performance was recognized on Al,Si,Ca,Na,Mn,and Zn.In the experiment of bioleaching for spent refractory copper melting furnace,almost the same leaching trends were shown on Cu,Zn,Al,and Si under the strains ACTT23270 and TM-32 uses.     

Evaluation of phytoextracting cadmium and lead by sunflower, ricinus, alfalfa and mustard in hydroponic culture

Soil contaminated with heavy metals cadmium(Cd)and lead(Pb)is hard to be remediated.Phytoremediation may be a feasible method to remove toxic metals from soil,but there are few suitable plants which can hyperaccumulate metals.In this study,Cd and Pb accumulation by four plants including sunflower(Helianthus annuus L.),mustard(Brassica juncea L.),alfalfa(Medicago sativa L.), ricinus(Ricinus communis L.)in hydroponic cultures was compared.Results showed that these plants could phytocxtract heavy metals, the ability of accumulation differed with species,concentrations and categories of heavy metals.Values of BCF(bioconcentration factor)and TF(translocation factor)indicated that four species had dissimilar abilities of phytoextraction and transportation of heavy metals.Changes on the biomass of plants,pH and Eh at different treatments revealed that these four plants had distinct responses to Cd and Pb in cultures.Measurements should be taken to improve the phytoremediation of sites contaminated with heavy metals,such as pH and Eh regulations,and so forth.