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1.
北京市大气颗粒物及其铅的来源识别和解析   总被引:16,自引:4,他引:12  
2005年9月-2006年9月,在北京的北郊(昌平区)、城区和南郊(房山区)3个采样点位共采集总悬浮颗粒物(TSP)样品166个.用ICP-AES和ICP-MS方法测量Pb等29个无机元素.应用正矩阵因子分析方法识别的TSP的3组主要来源为土壤扬尘源、建筑源和燃煤源;2组次要来源为有色冶金源和燃油源.北京市大气颗粒物中Pb的2个主要来源为燃煤源和有色冶金源,分别占总量的19%~39%和49%~62%;次要来源有土壤扬尘源和建筑源,分别占总量的2%~4%和7%~8%.北京市北郊、城区和南郊的ρ(Pb)年均值分别为102,142和179 ng/m3.燃煤源排放的铅分布比较均衡,在3个采样点位ρ(Pb)大体持平;而有色冶金源排放的铅有明显的采样点位差异,具有南高北低的趋势,这提示有色冶金源的主要方位是在北京的南边.北京市大气ρ(Pb)有可观的下降空间.铅排放削减和有关环境管理措施的主要对象应为涉铅的有色冶金行业.对原料煤中铅含量的监测、控制和管理也应予以重视.  相似文献   

2.
长春市大气颗粒汞及其干沉降通量   总被引:17,自引:1,他引:17  
在1999-07~2000-01,监测了长春市5个功能区及一个对照点的大气颗粒汞浓度.非采暖期,市区颗粒汞浓度范围为0.022ng·m-3~0.398ng·m-3,平均为0.145 ng·m-3,对照点平均为0.084ng·m-3.采暖期,市区颗粒汞浓度范围为0.148ng·m-3~1.984ng·m-3,平均为0.461ng·m-3,对照点平均为0.211ng·m-3.采暖期颗粒汞浓度平均超出非采暖期2倍以上.燃煤与地面扬尘是大气颗粒汞的2个主要来源.地面扬尘对颗粒汞的贡献约占8%~30%.应用理论模型估算汞的干沉降通量,市区颗粒汞干沉降通量为43.06μg·(m2·a)-1,对照点为21.28ng·(m2·a)-1.  相似文献   

3.
2016年12月-2017年1月,在南京市4类典型功能区(农业区、住宅区、交通干道区、工业区)各选两点,共采集了大气PM2.5样品32套,测定并分析了其质量浓度、9种水溶性离子(WSIs)、有机碳(OC)以及元素碳(EC)的含量.观测期间,南京市冬季PM2.5的平均浓度为104.5 μg·m-3,分布特征为:工业区(116.6 μg·m-3)>农业区(104.3 μg·m-3)>住宅区(100.1 μg·m-3)>交通干道区(96.9 μg·m-3);WSIs、OC和EC的平均浓度(/PM2.5)分别为:53.4 μg·m-3(51.1%)、11.8 μg·m-3(11.3%)、8.2 μg·m-3(7.8%).农业区和住宅区受WSIs污染较严重且NOR、SOR较高,而工业区和交通干道区的OC、EC污染较严重且SOC/OC较高.进一步运用PMF模型解析,南京市冬季PM2.5来源为:二次源(37.3%)、工业源(31.2%)、交通源(16.4%)、建筑尘(7.9%)和燃煤源(7.2%).最后,本文收集了自2000年起南京市冬季大气PM2.5浓度及其污染来源研究,总体而言,近年来南京冬季大气PM2.5浓度呈下降趋势,其主要污染源比重也发生了较大变化,燃煤贡献有所下降,而工业和交通排放逐渐上升,且二次污染贡献逐渐突出.今后,控制二次污染源将成为南京市大气PM2.5治理的重中之重.  相似文献   

4.
随着城市化和工业化水平的逐渐提高,河南省的空气污染问题也日益严重.利用嵌套网格空气质量模式(NAQPMS),数值模拟了2013年7月-2014年6月年河南省大气细颗粒物及其前体物(NO2、SO2、PM10、PM2.5)的地面浓度,并量化了其主要来源.结果表明:模式能够较好地再现污染物的时空演化特征.整体来讲,河南省PM2.5的高值区集中在中部和北部地区,呈现冬季高、夏季低的特点.在线源解析模拟发现,河南省不同地区PM2.5的来源有所不同,中西部地区主要来自于本地,而在东部和北部地市,来自周边省份的区域输送更为显著,其贡献达到40%~50%,且在PM2.5浓度的高值区更为明显.就行业贡献而言,居民源、工业源和机动车排放是河南省PM2.5浓度的主要来源,其浓度贡献分别为23.7 μg·m-3(贡献比例24%,下同)、20.6 μg·m-3(21%)和21.3 μg·m-3(22%),电厂、农牧业和地面扬尘的浓度贡献分别为7.0 μg·m-3(7%)、8.7 μg·m-3(9%)和17.8 μg·m-3(18%).受居民源影响最大的地区是河南中东部和北部地市,其贡献达到PM2.5浓度的27%、27%和25%.工业源影响最大的地区集中在太行山南部地市,其浓度贡献为26.4 μg·m-3(24%),在其他地市的贡献为17%~23%.机动车对河南东部影响最为显著,其浓度贡献为22.9 μg·m-3(24%).电厂和农畜牧业对全省PM2.5的贡献分布比较均匀,分别为6%~9%和8%~10%.分析不同浓度下的PM2.5来源,发现工业源和扬尘贡献随PM2.5浓度增加逐渐降低,而居民源和机动车排放的贡献则有所增加,在PM2.5浓度高于100 μg·m-3期间,达到22%和20%.  相似文献   

5.
以北京平原地区铺装道路为研究对象,利用车载移动监测系统于2019年四季选择4个周期开展了道路尘负荷监测,分析数值分布及对大气环境影响.结果表明,道路频率在不同道路尘负荷范围内呈极显著的幂律分布,4个周期道路尘负荷小提琴图形状相似,存在部分道路数值显著高于其它道路.差道路与最清洁道路数值可相差100倍以上.各季节至少25%的道路数值在0.37 g·m-2以内,至少50%的道路数值在0.64 g·m-2以内,至少75%的道路数值在1.25 g·m-2以内.核心区、中心城区、郊区、通州区道路尘负荷依次增大,且均呈现春季最高秋季最低的特征,城六区冬季高于夏季,郊区夏季高于冬季.核心区整体较低,通州区北部高值较多.道路尘负荷越高的道路类型,数据离散程度也越大.随着道路扬尘管控力度的加大,不同类型道路的尘负荷差距减小.道路扬尘排放量核心区占全市3%,中心城区占23%,郊区占74%(其中通州区13%).排放强度为核心区、中心城区、环路、国道等交通活动密集的区域高,而这些区域或道路的尘负荷低.典型道路PM2.5影响距离主要在下风向1 km范围内,日均最大影响浓度为18.08~237.9 μg·m-3,且排放源强越大,影响浓度越高.  相似文献   

6.
西安西南郊“夏防期”大气VOCs污染特征及来源解析   总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1       下载免费PDF全文
于2021年8月1日—9月30日开展“夏防期”西安西南郊大气挥发性有机物(VOCs)污染监测,累计监测到不同大气VOCs组分70种. 基于监测结果梳理分析西安西南郊大气VOCs污染分布特征及进行臭氧生成潜势(OFP)评估,并运用PMF模型解析VOCs主要来源.结果表明:①监测期间西安西南郊平均TVOCs浓度为181.89 μg·m-3,工业园区污染物浓度(189.32 μg·m-3)整体略高于城区(164.96 μg·m-3),以甲醛和 乙醛为主的醛酮类物质占比最高(88.10%),醛酮类物质浓度下午时段高于上午时段.②OFP评估结果表明,醛酮类物质对西安西南郊臭氧生成贡献较大,其中,甲醛、乙醛和丙醛是对该区域近地面O3生成贡献最大的3种物质.③PMF源解析结果显示,西安西南郊大气VOCs主要来源依次为移动源、油气挥发源、溶剂涂料源、工业过程源,其中,以工业企业生产排放为主的溶剂涂料源与工业过程源均指向工业园区,表明当前西安西南郊大气VOCs来源以机动车尾气排放和工业园区企业生产排放为主.  相似文献   

7.
乌鲁木齐市环境空气中TSP和PM10来源解析   总被引:8,自引:1,他引:8       下载免费PDF全文
2002年,在乌鲁木齐市5个采样点分别采集了环境空气中的总悬浮颗粒物(TSP)和可吸入颗粒物(PM10).用化学质量平衡 (CMB)受体模型和二重源解析技术解析了TSP和PM10的来源,结果表明,各主要源类对TSP的分担率依次为扬尘34%、燃煤尘26%、建筑水泥尘10%、硫酸盐8%、土壤风沙尘7%、机动车尾气尘6%、钢铁尘2%、硝酸盐1%、其它6%;对PM10的分担率依次为扬尘30%、燃煤尘28%、建筑水泥尘11%、硫酸盐10%、机动车尾气尘8%、土壤风沙尘8%、硝酸盐1%、其它3%.  相似文献   

8.
袁帅  王艳  刘汝海  种习习  刘晓雨  邵龙 《环境科学》2021,42(9):4151-4157
于2017~2018年冬、春和夏季,在黄渤海海域走航采样,采集总悬浮颗粒物(TSP)样品,分析总砷(As)、As (Ⅴ)、As (Ⅲ)以及水溶性离子,讨论了As在黄渤海气溶胶中浓度、空间分布以及季节变化,估算了As的干沉降通量.气溶胶中As含量冬季(6.6 ng·m-3) > 夏季(5.5 ng·m-3) > 春季(4.4 ng·m-3),渤海和北黄海远大于南黄海.冬、夏季As(Ⅲ)/As(Ⅴ)比值分别为0.41和0.21.冬、春和夏季As/TSP平均值分别为95.4、83.9和81.4 μg·g-1,冬季明显高于春季和夏季.冬季在冬季风主导下,携带了环渤海地区排放的污染物导致砷含量最高,夏季受东南季风携带的东部沿海地区污染物的影响也较大,而春季受西伯利亚陆地气团和东南远海海洋性气团的共同影响,浓度最小.冬季K+/TSP与As/TSP存在显著正相关(r=0.78,P<0.05),说明受陆地生物质燃烧排放的As的影响明显,而夏季两者相关性不显著,说明来源不同.冬、春和夏季黄渤海大气气溶胶As的干沉降通量分别为1.15、0.77和0.97 μg·(m2·d)-1,年平均为0.95 μg·(m2·d)-1.  相似文献   

9.
嘉善冬季碳质气溶胶变化特征及其来源解析   总被引:3,自引:3,他引:0       下载免费PDF全文
利用2018年冬季(2018年12月至2019年2月)和2019年冬季(2019年12月至2020年2月)嘉兴市嘉善县善西超级站有机碳(OC)、元素碳(EC)及细颗粒物(PM2.5)浓度数据分析嘉兴嘉善地区碳质气溶胶变化特征及潜在来源区域.结果表明,2018年和2019年冬季OC浓度分别为6.90μg·m-3和5.63μg·m-3,EC浓度分别为2.47μg·m-3和1.57μg·m-3,2019年冬季OC和EC浓度较2018年冬季降幅分别为18.4%和36.4%.利用Minimum R-squared (MRS)方法计算得到2018年和2019年冬季二次有机碳(SOC)分别为1.49μg·m-3和1.97μg·m-3,一次有机碳(POC)浓度分别为5.41μg·m-3和3.66μg·m-3,SOC在OC中占比呈上升趋势,上升31.1个百分点,POC占比变化则相反.值得注意的是,随着PM2.5浓度升高,OC和EC浓度呈上升趋势,最高上升幅度分别为474.7%和408.2%,但在PM2.5中占比却呈下降趋势,OC和EC占比下降幅度分别为6.5个百分点和2.4个百分点;POC对PM2.5的贡献波动不大,仅在150μg·m-3以上有明显降低趋势,SOC对PM2.5的贡献先下降后上升.嘉兴OC和EC潜在源区主要为苏南地区、安徽东南部和浙江北部,且2019年冬季和2018年冬季相比,OC和EC的主要潜在源区贡献浓度分别下降2μg·m-3和6μg·m-3以上,且潜在源区高值区域变小.疫情前受机动车尾气排放和燃煤共同影响,春节和居家隔离期间,因交通管制等原因,机动车排放量减少,燃煤贡献占比上升.  相似文献   

10.
对珠江三角洲地区不同等级道路共采集了65个道路扬尘样品,并调研了道路的车流量、车辆构成和道路长度等有关活动水平数据,采用美国环保署推荐的AP-42方法估算了该地区不同等级道路扬尘排放因子和排放量,并分析了道路扬尘排放的时空特征与不确定性范围.结果表明:高速公路、一级、二级、三级和四级道路尘负荷分别为1.05 g·m-2、0.99 g·m-2、1.30 g·m-2、1.35 g·m-2和1.45 g·m-2;不同等级道路扬尘总悬浮颗粒物(Total Suspended Particulate,TSP)、PM10和PM2.5的平均排放因子分别为8.32 g·VKT-1 (Grams per Vehicle Kilometer Traveled)、1.60 g·VKT-1和0.39 g·VKT-1,对应的排放量分别为2755.1×103 t、528.8×103 t和127.9×103 t,其定量不确定性范围分别为-91.7%~175.1%、-91.6%~178.9%及-91.5%~176.5%.  相似文献   

11.
Several main metabolites of benzo[a]pyrene (BaP) formed by Penicillium chrysogenum, Benzo[a]pyrene-1,6-quinone (BP 1,6- quinone), trans-7,8-dihydroxy-7,8-dihydrobenzo[a]pyrene (BP 7,8-diol), 3-hydroxybenzo[a]pyrene (3-OHBP), were identified by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). The three metabolites were liable to be accumulated and were hardly further metabolized because of their toxicity to microorganisms. However, their further degradation was essential for the complete degradation of BaP. To enhance their degradation, two methods, degradation by coupling Penicillium chrysogenum with KMnO4 and degradation only by Penicillium chrysogenum, were compared; Meanwhile, the parameters of degradation in the superior method were optimized. The results showed that (1) the method of coupling Penicillium chrysogenum with KMnO4 was better and was the first method to be used in the degradation of BaP and its metabolites; (2) the metabolite, BP 1,6-quinone was the most liable to be accumulated in pure cultures; (3) the effect of degradation was the best when the concentration of KMnO4 in the cultures was 0.01% (w/v), concentration of the three compounds was 5 mg/L and pH was 6.2. Based on the experimental results, a novel concept with regard to the bioremediation of BaP-contaminated environment was discussed, considering the influence on environmental toxicity of the accumulated metabolites.  相似文献   

12.
Sorption of chlorotoluron in ammonium sulfate, urea and atrazine multi-solutes system was investigated by batch experiments. The results showed application of nitrogen fertilizers to the soil could affect the behavior of chlorotoluron. At the same concentration of N, sorption of chlorotoluron decreased as the concentration of atrazine increased on the day 0 and 6 in soil, respectively. The sorption of chlorotoluron increased from 0 to 6 d when soils were preincubated with deionized water, ammonium sulfate and urea solution for 6 d. That indicated incubation time was one of the most important factors for the sorption of chlorotoluron in nitrogen fertilizers treatments. The individual sorption isotherms of chlorotoluron in rubbery polymer and silica were strictly linear in single solute system, but there were competition sorption between pesticides or between pesticides and nitrogen fertilizers. That indicated the sorption taken place by concurrent solid-phase dissolution mechanism and sorption on the interface of water-organic matter or water-mineral matter.  相似文献   

13.
Toxic effects of two agrochemicals on nifH gene in agricultural black soil were investigated using denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis (DGGE) and sequencing approaches in a microcosm experiment. Changes of soil nifH gene diversity and composition were examined following the application of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination. Acetochlor reduced the nifH gene diversity (both in gene richness and diversity index values) and caused changes in the nifH gene composition. The effects of acetochlor on nifH gene were strengthened as the concentration of acetochlor increased. Cluster analysis of DGGE banding patterns showed that nifH gene composition which had been affected by low concentration of acetochlor (50 mg/kg) recovered firstly. Methamidophos reduced nifH gene richness that except at 4 weeks. The medium concentration of methamidophos (150 mg/kg) caused the most apparent changes in nifH gene diversity at the first week while the high concentration of methamidophos (250 mg/kg) produced prominent effects on nifH gene diversity in the following weeks. Cluster analysis showed that minimal changes of nifH gene composition were found at 1 week and maximal changes at 4 weeks. Toxic effects of acetochlor and methamidophos combination on nifH gene were also apparent. Different nifH genes (bands) responded differently to the impact of agrochemicals: four individual bands were eliminated by the application of the agrochemicals, five bands became predominant by the stimulation of the agrochemicals, and four bands showed strong resistance to the influence of the agrochemicals. Fifteen prominent bands were partially sequenced, yielding 15 different nifH sequences, which were used for phylogenetic reconstructions. All sequences were affiliated with the alpha- and beta-proteobacteria, showing higher similarity to eight different diazotrophic genera.  相似文献   

14.
The effects of arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungus (Glomus mosseae) and phosphorus (P) addition (100 mg/kg soil) on arsenic (As) uptake by maize plants (Zea mays L.) from an As-contaminated soil were examined in a glasshouse experiment.Non-mycorrhizal and zero-P addition controls were included.Plant biomass and concentrations and uptake of As,P,and other nutrients,AM colonization,root lengths,and hyphal length densities were determined.The results indicated that addition of P significantly inhibited root colonization and development of extraradical mycelium.Root length and dry weight both increased markedly with mycorrhizal colonization under the zero-P treatments,but shoot and root biomass of AM plants was depressed by P application.AM fungal inoculation decreased shoot As concentrations when no P was added,and shoot and root As concentrations of AM plants increased 2.6 and 1.4 times with P addition,respectively.Shoot and root uptake of P,Mn,Cu,and Zn increased,but shoot Fe uptake decreased by 44.6%,with inoculation, when P was added.P addition reduced shoot P,Fe,Mn,Cu,and Zn uptake of AM plants,but increased root Fe and Mn uptake of the nonmycorrhizal ones.AM colonization therefore appeared to enhance plant tolerance to As in low P soil,and have some potential for the phytostabilization of As-contaminated soil,however,P application may introduce additional environmental risk by increasing soil As mobility.  相似文献   

15.
Earthworm toxicity tests are useful tools for terrestrial risk assessment but require a hierarchy of test designs that differ in effect levels (behavior, sublethal, lethal). In this study, the toxicity of chlorpyrifos contaminated soil on earthworms was assessed. In addition to the acute and chronic tests, an avoidance response test was applied. Earthworms were exposed to sublethal and lethal concentration of chlorpyrifos, and evaluated for acute toxicity, growth, fecundity and avoidance response after a certain exposure period. The test methods covered all important ecological relevant endpoints (acute, chronic, behavioral). Concentration of 78.91 mg/kg, chlorpyrifos caused significant toxic effects in all test methods, but at lower test concentrations, only significant chronic toxic effects could be observed. In the present study, chlorpyrifos had adverse effect on growth and fecundity in earthworm exposed to 5 mg/kg chlorpyrifos after eight weeks. The avoidance response test, however, showed significant repellent effects concentration of 40 mg/kg chlorpyrifos. For chlorpyrifos, concentration affecting avoidance response was far greater than growth and fecundity, it seemed likely that earthworms were not able to escape from pesticide-contaminated soil into the clean soil in field and hence were exposed continuously to elevated concentrations of pesticides.  相似文献   

16.
Bottled water may not be safer, or healthier, than tap water. The present studies have proved that styrene and some other aromatic compounds leach continuously from polystyrene (PS) bottles used locally for packaging. Water sapmles in contact with PS were extracted by a preconcentration technique called as "purge and trap" and analysed by gas chromatograph-mass spectrometer (GC/MS). Eleven aromatic compounds were identified in these studies. Maximum concentration of styrene in PS bottles was 29.5 μg/L. Apart from styrene, ethyl benzene, toluene and benzene were also quantified but their concentrations were much less than WHO guide line values. All other compounds were in traces. Quality of plastic and storage time were the major factor in leaching of styrene. Concentration of styrene was increased to 69.53 μg/L after one-year storage. In Styrofoam and PS cups studies, hot water was found to be contaminated with styrene and other aromatic compounds. It was observed that temperature played a major role in the leaching of styrene monomer from Styrofoam cups. Paper cups were found to be safe for hot drinks.  相似文献   

17.
In this study an effort has been made to use plant polyphenol oxidases; potato (Solanum tuberosum) and brinjal (Solanum melongena), for the treatment of various important dyes used in textile and other industries. The ammonium sulphate fractionated enzyme preparations were used to treat a number of dyes under various experimental conditions. Majority of the treated dyes were maximally decolorized at pH 3.0. Some of the dyes were quickly decolorized whereas others were marginally decolorized. The initial first hour was sufficient for the maximum decolorization of dyes. The rate of decolorization was quite slow on long treatment of dyes. Enhancement in the dye decolorization was noticed on increasing the concentration of enzymes. The complex mixtures of dyes were treated with both preparations of polyphenol oxidases in the buffers of varying pH values. Potato polyphenol oxidase was significantly more effective in decolorizing the dyes to higher extent as compared to the enzyme obtained from brinjal polyphenol oxidase. Decolorization of dyes and their mixtures, followed by the formation of an insoluble precipitate, which could be easily removed simply by centrifugation.  相似文献   

18.
UNITANK is a biological wastewater treatment process that combines the advantages of traditional activated sludge process and sequencing batch reactor, which is divided into Tank A, B and C. In this study, the sludge distribution and its impact on performance of UNITANK were carried out in Liede Wastewater Plant (WWTP) of Guangzhou, China. Results showed that there was a strong affiliation between Tank A and B of the system in sludge concentration distribution. The initial sludge concentration in Tank A could present the sludge distribution of the whole system. The sludge distribution was mainly influenced by hydraulic condition. Unsteady sludge distribution had an impact on variations of substrates in reactors, especially in decisive reactor, and this could lead to failure of system. Settler could partially remove substrates such as COD and NO3-N, but there was adventure of sludge deterioration. The rational initial sludge concentration in Tank A should be 4000-6000 mg/L MLSS.  相似文献   

19.
RemovalofheavymetalsfromsewagesludgebylowcostingchemicalmethodandrecyclinginagricultureWuQitang,NyirandegePascasie,MoCehuiF...  相似文献   

20.
Laogang landfill near Shanghai is the largest landfill in China, and receives about 10000 t of daily garbage per day, Samples of topsoil and plants were analyzed to evaluate mercury pollution from the landfill. For topsoil samples, there were significant correlations among total mercury (HgT), combinative mercury (Hgc) and gaseous mercury (HgG), and content of total organic carbon (TOC), but, no significantly relationship was found between Hg content and filling time. Hg content changes in vertical profiles with time showed that the average Hgv of profiles 1992, 1996, and 2000 was similar, but their average HgG was quite different. HgT was significantly correlated with Hgc in profile 1992 and 2000, and Hgv was significantly correlated with Hg6 in profile 1996. HgG/Hgv ratio in profile samples decreased in the order of (HgG,/HgT)1992〉(HgG/HgT)1996〉〉(HgG/HgT)2000. A simple outline of Hg release in landfill could be drawn: with increasing of filling time, degradation undergoes different biodegradation, accordingly, gaseous mercury goes through small, more, and small proportion to total mercury. Distribution of Hg in plants was inhomogeneous, following the order of leaf〉root〉stem. The highest value of leaf may be associated with higher atmospheric Hg from landfill. Ligneous plants (e.g. Phyllostachys glanca, Prunus salicina and Ligustrum lucidum) are capable of enriching more Hg than herbaceous plants.  相似文献   

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