燃煤电厂烟气Hg排放特征及其吸附脱除技术研究进展

对比了中美燃煤电厂烟气Hg排放限值,统计、分析了中国燃煤电厂烟气Hg排放特征,按美国现役机组低阶煤、非低阶煤的Hg排放限值要求,我国燃煤电厂Hg排放达标率分别仅为25. 8%、70. 9%,实施烟气Hg排放控制是非常必要的。对活性炭、改性飞灰、钙基吸附等国内外吸附脱Hg技术进行综述,基于此指出了干粉活性炭、改性飞灰吸附脱汞技术的后续研究重点,并提出开发廉价、高效、可循环再生使用的Hg吸附剂是未来重要的研究方向,可为我国燃煤电厂吸附脱Hg技术研究及工程实施提供参考。     

燃煤机组超低排放改造对汞的脱除效果研究

燃煤烟气中汞污染的控制是目前重要的环保课题之一,燃煤电厂利用现有的脱硝、脱硫、除尘设备去除汞,文章分析燃煤电厂烟气净化设备超低排放改造后汞的排放水平,说明现有废气处理设施超低排放改造,既能有效降低烟尘、二氧化硫、氮氧化物排放浓度,也有利于汞的去除,燃煤机组超低排放改造后汞的排放浓度远低于现行0.03 mg/m3的限值;通过分析燃煤电厂现有烟气净化设备对汞的协同去除效果和脱除汞的原理,提出了未来燃煤烟气汞污染控制措施的建议.     

小型燃煤机组烟气重金属排放特征研究

100 MW以下燃煤机组呈单台容量小、总台数大的特点,是燃煤重金属污染的主要排放源之一.选择7台12 MW燃煤机组,采用美国环境保护局Method 29法现场检测燃煤机组烟气重金属排放浓度,分析烟气中Hg、Pb、Cr、As的排放特征;采集机组产生的飞灰和底灰,分析除尘技术对重金属的富集特性.结果表明:100 MW以下燃煤机组烟气中重金属经脱硝除尘脱硫装置协同控制后,ρ（Hg）为0.20~0.44 μg/m3,烟气Hg以气态形式存在,其占比为100.0%;ρ（Pb）为0.5~2.6 μg/m3,烟气Pb主要以气态形式存在,其占比为38.7%~92.1%;ρ（As）为0.6~3.0 μg/m3,烟气As主要以气态形式存在,其占比为67.8%~100.0%;ρ（Cr）为3.6~23.9 μg/m3,烟气Cr主要以颗粒态形式存在,其占比为65.8%~99.2%.飞灰富集Hg、Pb、Cr、As的能力大于底灰.重金属主要富集于飞灰中的细颗粒物中,采取除尘技术可有效协同控制烟气中的Hg、Pb、Cr、As;飞灰中重金属元素Hg、Pb相对富集系数均与煤中硫含量呈负相关,半干法脱硫+袋式除尘技术对飞灰富集Hg有促进作用.小型燃煤机组烟气重金属Hg、Pb、Cr、As的排放因子分别为0.002 2~0.005 1、5~17、42~160、7~24 mg/t.研究显示,100 MW以下燃煤机组与100 MW及以上燃煤机组烟气重金属Hg、Pb、Cr、As排放特征不同,100 MW以下燃煤机组烟气Hg排放浓度较小,二者烟气Pb、Cr、As排放浓度相近,选用湿式电除尘技术可进一步降低烟气Hg、Pb、Cr、As的排放浓度.      

燃煤电厂重金属排放与周边土壤中重金属污染特征及健康风险

为揭示燃煤电厂烟气中重金属排放对周边土壤环境的影响.以石家庄地区6座燃煤电厂为研究对象,测定了燃煤电厂烟囱入口烟气中As、Cd、Cr、Cu、Pb、Hg和Ni这7种重金属元素,同时对电厂周边土壤中重金属含量进行了测试分析,并对其进行了源解析和健康风险评价.结果表明,各燃煤电厂烟气经过一系列烟气污染物控制措施净化后,烟气中不同重金属元素的排放量范围为0.11~6.32 mg ·（MW ·h）^-1,Cu、Cr和Ni是主要排放污染物.各电厂向大气环境中排放的7种重金属元素总量在33.56~275.71 kg ·a^-1之间.燃煤电厂周边表层土壤中Cr、Cu、Pb、Hg和Ni这5种重金属元素含量平均值均高于河北土壤背景值,且超出背景值1.16~2.32倍.电厂周边土壤中重金属含量与烟气中重金属排放量具有一定相关性.不同风向上土壤中重金属含量随距电厂距离的增大,呈现出先增大后逐渐减小趋势.源解析表明煤炭燃烧排放对电厂周边土壤重金属的贡献率最大,达到41.4%,其次为工业排放,占比为23.6%,交通运输排放占比为19.6%.总而言之,人为活动对土壤重金属富集起主导作用,约占84.6%.健康风险评估显示电厂周边土壤中重金属元素的健康风险整体处于可接受范围内.     

燃煤电厂石灰石-石膏湿法脱硫系统中痕量元素的迁移分布规律

燃煤电厂是煤炭消耗的主力军,煤炭在燃烧过程中,大量痕量元素随烟气排出.随着我国环保要求的不断提高,燃煤电厂的痕量元素排放受到广泛关注.石灰石-石膏湿法烟气脱硫(WFGD)系统不仅能高效吸收烟气中的SO₂,同时影响痕量元素的迁移分布.本研究对安徽省3个超低排放燃煤电厂的WFGD系统中进/出口烟尘、石灰石、工业水、污泥、石膏和脱硫废水等环境样品进行了采集,研究了Cr、As、Cd、Pb和Hg等痕量元素的迁移分布特征.结果表明：(1)WFGD系统对烟尘中痕量元素的去除率在95%以上,脱硫污泥中Cr、As和Hg浓度分别为29.9～52.2、12.5～36.7和2.2～6.5 mg/kg,约为石膏中Cr、As和Hg浓度的7～9倍.(2)元素质量平衡分析表明,痕量元素主要来源于烟气和石灰石,主要输出为污泥和石膏,废水中仅富集少量Cd.研究显示,脱硫石膏和污泥的处置及再利用过程中需着重关注痕量元素的环境影响.     

某600 MW机组燃煤电厂Hg的分布、排放特征及迁移、释放规律

为全面表征某600 MW超低排放燃煤机组的Hg分布特征及迁移、释放规律,开展了现场实测研究。结果表明:煤中Hg含量的平均值为310 μg/kg,炉渣、粉煤灰、石膏、废水、烟气中Hg的分布系数分别为1.9%、37.5%、34.6%、0.8%、24.8%;整个烟气治理系统的总Hg脱除效率为74.7%,最终总Hg排放为6.0 μg/m3,SCR脱硝、烟气冷却器对Hg0转化效率分别达到44.2%、30.4%,低低温电除尘器几乎实现Hgp完全脱除,WFGD对Hg2+脱除效率达到80.7%;该电厂Hg一次释放量达到783 kg/a(其中,大气直排188 kg/a),二次释放量为334 kg/a。该成果可为燃煤电厂烟气Hg排放控制标准出台及控制技术的选择提供借鉴。     

燃煤工业锅炉重金属排放特征研究

通过对6台燃煤工业锅炉污染物控制装置前后烟气中重金属浓度进行测试,考察了静电除尘器(ESP)、湿法脱硫装置(WFGD)和脱硫除尘一体化装置对烟气中重金属排放的影响。研究结果表明:ESP对烟气中的重金属有较好的捕集效果,对Pb、Cd、Cr的去除效率均为50%以上,通过对2台工业锅炉烟气中重金属排放测试发现,静电除尘器对Hg的去除率分别为45.70%和29.63%;经WFGD装置洗涤后,烟气中Hg、Pb、Cd的浓度均低于10μg/m3;脱硫除尘一体化技术对Hg、Pb和Cd的去除效果不明显,4号锅炉烟气脱硫后Pb的排放浓度高达65.76μg/m3。ESP+WFGD烟气处理装置较脱硫除尘一体化装备能够更好地控制烟气中重金属的排放。     

燃煤电厂排放烟气与大气中BaP的污染

本文通过对山西大同、神头、平定、漳泽地区大气中苯并(a)茈(以下称BaP)浓度的监测和全省十多个燃煤电厂烟道排放粉尘中BaP的检测,阐明燃煤电厂排放烟气与大气中BaP污染的关系。     

燃煤电厂烟气汞的排放及控制研究

随着环保意识的增强,燃煤电厂汞污染越来越受到人们的关注,对燃煤电厂烟气汞污染的控制也逐渐成为热点。介绍了燃煤电厂烟气中汞的排放形态及特性,分析了燃煤电厂烟气汞形态转化的影响因素,综述了有关燃煤电厂烟气中汞污染控制技术及研究进展,讨论了燃烧前脱汞、燃烧中脱汞和燃烧后脱汞技术,特别分析了利用现有烟气脱硫设备吸收法脱汞、吸附法脱汞、催化氧化脱汞的技术,并对燃煤电厂烟气脱汞技术的前景进行了展望,提出结合现有烟气净化设备同时脱汞的设想。     

基于监测数据的我国燃煤电厂汞排放分析

燃煤是最大的人为汞排放源之一,我国已加强对燃煤电厂的汞排放控制要求。通过对16家燃煤电厂32台机组的汞排放情况进行全要素监测,分析总结出符合我国燃煤电厂特点的汞排放情况:我国燃煤机组中的汞质量平衡范围在70%~130%是合理的;燃烧后的汞经过烟气污染物处理设施后,70%以上进入粉煤灰和脱硫石膏,经烟气排入外环境的平均不足30%;安装SCR脱硝装置有助于烟气中汞的去除;除尘、脱硫设施对烟气中汞平均去除效率为38.5%、52.5%;各污染物控制设施对烟气中汞的总协同去除效率平均为74.1%,说明我国燃煤机组现有的污染物处理设施的协同控制对降低烟气中的汞排放有较好的作用。     

Distribution and ecological effect of mercury in Laogang landfill, Shanghai, China

Laogang landfill near Shanghai is the largest landfill in China, and receives about 10000 t of daily garbage per day, Samples of topsoil and plants were analyzed to evaluate mercury pollution from the landfill. For topsoil samples, there were significant correlations among total mercury （HgT）, combinative mercury （Hgc） and gaseous mercury （HgG）, and content of total organic carbon （TOC）, but, no significantly relationship was found between Hg content and filling time. Hg content changes in vertical profiles with time showed that the average Hgv of profiles 1992, 1996, and 2000 was similar, but their average HgG was quite different. HgT was significantly correlated with Hgc in profile 1992 and 2000, and Hgv was significantly correlated with Hg6 in profile 1996. HgG/Hgv ratio in profile samples decreased in the order of （HgG,/HgT）1992〉（HgG/HgT）1996〉〉（HgG/HgT）2000. A simple outline of Hg release in landfill could be drawn： with increasing of filling time, degradation undergoes different biodegradation, accordingly, gaseous mercury goes through small, more, and small proportion to total mercury. Distribution of Hg in plants was inhomogeneous, following the order of leaf〉root〉stem. The highest value of leaf may be associated with higher atmospheric Hg from landfill. Ligneous plants （e.g. Phyllostachys glanca, Prunus salicina and Ligustrum lucidum） are capable of enriching more Hg than herbaceous plants.     

EDTA-enhanced phytoremediation of lead contaminated soil by Bidens maximowicziana

Phytoremediation is a potential cleanup technology for the removal of heavy metals from contaminated soils.Bidens maximowicziana is a new Pb hyperaccumulator,which not only has remarkable tolerance to Pb but also extraordinary accumulation capacity for Pb.The maximum Pb concentration was 1509.3 mg/kg in roots and 2164.7 mg/kg in overground tissues.The Pb distribution order in the B. maximowicziana was:leaf>stem>root.The effect of amendments on phytoremediation was also studied.The mobility of soil Pb and the Pb concentrations in plants were both increased by EDTA application.Compared with CK(control check),EDTA application promoted translocation of Pb to overground parts of the plant.The Pb concentrations in overground parts of plants was increased from 24.23-680.56 mg/kg to 29.07-1905.57 mg/kg.This research demonstrated that B.maximowicziana appeared to be suitable for phytoremediation of Pb contaminated soil,especially,combination with EDTA.     

Decomposition of alachlor by ozonation and its mechanism

Decomposition and corresponding mechanism of alachlor, an endocrine disruptor in water by ozonation were investigated. Results showed that alachlor could not be completely mineralized by ozone alone. Many intermediates and final products were formed during the process, including aromatic compounds, aliphatic carboxylic acids, and inorganic ions. In evoluting these products, some of them with weak polarity were qualitatively identified by GC-MS. The information of inorganic ions suggested that the dechlorination was the first and the fastest step in the ozonation of alachlor.     

Enzymatic oxidation of aqueous pentachlorophenol

The influence of the nonionic surfactant Tween 80 on pentachlorophenol （PCP） oxidation catalyzed by horseradish peroxidase was studied. The surfactant was tested at concentrations below and above its critical micelle concentration （CMC）. Enhancement of PCP removal was observed at sub-CMCs. The presence of Tween 80 in the reaction mixture reduced enzyme inactivation which occurred through a combination of free radical attack and sorption by precipitated products. A simple first-order model was able to simulate time profiles for enzyme inactivation in the presence or absence of Tween 80. At supra-CMCs, the surfactant caused noticeable reductions in PCP removal, presumably through micelle partitioning of PCP which precluded the hydrophobic PCP molecule from interacting with the enzyme.     

基于综合水质标识指数和对应分析法的校园河道水质评价

以三峡大学的校园河道求索溪为研究对象,利用综合水质标识指数法确定求索溪水质类别,分析其水质时空变化规律,并利用对应分析法得出求索溪中不同监测点的主要污染因子.研究结果表明:求索溪整体的综合水质标识指数为7.423,整体水质为劣V类(地表水环境质量标准GB 3838-2002)且黑臭.从时间变化来看,求索溪4月份的水质最差,5月份次之,4、5月份所有监测点的水质都劣于V类且黑臭;8月份水质最好,水质为Ⅳ类;从空间分布来看,8个监测点综合水质标识指数均超过6.0,水质为劣V类,其中6号监测点的水质相对最好,监测点3号的水质相对最差;对应分析法得出求索溪的整体水体污染程度受总氮因子的影响最大,其次为总磷.该研究拟为求索溪及类似校园河道的水环境治理研究提供基础依据和参考.     

Evaluation of phytoextracting cadmium and lead by sunflower, ricinus, alfalfa and mustard in hydroponic culture

Soil contaminated with heavy metals cadmium(Cd)and lead(Pb)is hard to be remediated.Phytoremediation may be a feasible method to remove toxic metals from soil,but there are few suitable plants which can hyperaccumulate metals.In this study,Cd and Pb accumulation by four plants including sunflower(Helianthus annuus L.),mustard(Brassica juncea L.),alfalfa(Medicago sativa L.), ricinus(Ricinus communis L.)in hydroponic cultures was compared.Results showed that these plants could phytocxtract heavy metals, the ability of accumulation differed with species,concentrations and categories of heavy metals.Values of BCF(bioconcentration factor)and TF(translocation factor)indicated that four species had dissimilar abilities of phytoextraction and transportation of heavy metals.Changes on the biomass of plants,pH and Eh at different treatments revealed that these four plants had distinct responses to Cd and Pb in cultures.Measurements should be taken to improve the phytoremediation of sites contaminated with heavy metals,such as pH and Eh regulations,and so forth.     

Effects of chitosan on growth of an aquatic plant (Hydrilla verticillata) in polluted waters with different chemical oxygen demands

Effects of chitosan on a submersed plant, Hydrilla verticillata, were investigated. Results indicated that H. venicillata could prevent ultrastructure phytotoxicities and oxidativereaction from polluted water with high chemical oxygen demand (COD). Superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity and malondialdehyde (MDA) contents in H. verticillata treated with 0.1% chitosan in wastewater increased with high COD (980 mg/L) and decreased with low COD (63 mg/L), respectively. Ultrastructural analysis showed that the stroma and grana of chloroplast basically remained normal. However, plant cells from the control experiment (untreated with chitosan) were vacuolated and the cell interval increased. The relict of protoplast moved to the center, with cells tending to disjoint. Our findings indicate that wastewater with high COD concentration can cause a substantial damage to submersed plant, nevertheless, chitosan probably could alleviate the membrane lipid peroxidization and ultrastructure phytotoxicities, and protect plant cells from stress of high COD concentration polluted water.     

Oxidation of As(Ⅲ) by potassium permanganate

The oxidation of As(Ⅲ) with potassium permanganate was studied under conditions including pH, initial As(Ⅲ) concentration and dosage of Mn(Ⅶ). The results have shown that potassium permanganate was an effective agent for oxidizing of As(Ⅲ) in a wide pH range. The pH value of tested water was not a significant factor affecting the oxidation of As(Ⅲ) by Mn(Ⅶ). Although theoretical redox analyses suggest that Mn(Ⅶ) should have better performance in oxidization of As(Ⅲ) within lower pH ranges, the experimental results show that the oxidation efficiencies of As(Ⅲ) under basic and acidic conditions were similar, which may be due to the adsorption of As(Ⅲ) on the Mn(OH)2 and MnO2 resulting from the oxidation of As(Ⅲ).     

Removal of cadmium using MnO2 loaded D301 resin

MnO2 loaded weak basic anion exchange resin D301 （Anion exchange resin, macroreticular weak basic styrene） as adsorbent has been prepared and applied to the removal of cadmium. The adsorption characteristics have been investigated with respect to effect of pH, equilibrium isotherms, removal kinetic data, and interference of the coexisting ions. The results indicated that the Cd^2＋ could be efficiently removed using MnO2 loaded D301 resin in the pH range of 3-8 from aqueous solutions with the co-existence of high concentration of alkali and alkaline-earth metals ions. The saturate adsorption capacity of the Cd^2＋ was 77.88 mg/g. The adsorption process followed the pseudo first-order kinetics. The equilibrium data obtained in this study accorded excellently with the Langmuir adsorption isotherm.     

Effect of coagulation pretreatment on the fouling of ultrafiltration membrane

The purpose of this study is to understand the effect and mechanism of preventing membrane fouling, by coagulation pretreatment, in terms of fractional component and molecular weight of natural organic matter （NOM）. A relatively higher molecular weight （MW） of hydrophobic compounds was responsible for a rapid decline in the ultrafiltration flux. Coagulation could effectively remove the hydrophobic organics, resulting in the increase of flux. It was found that a lower MW of neutral hydrophilic compounds, which could remove inadequately by coagulation, was responsible for the slow declining flux. The fluxes in the filtration of coagulated water and supernatant water were compared and the results showed that a lower MW of neutral hydrophilic compounds remained in the supernatant water after coagulation could be rejected by a membrane, resulting in fouling. It was also found that the coagulated flocs could absorb neutral hydrophilic compounds effectively. Therefore, with the coagulated flocs formed on the membrane surface, the flux decline could be improved.