悬浮填料与好氧颗粒污泥脱氮对比试验研究

常温连续流条件下,分别在两个反应器中投加悬浮填料和接种好氧颗粒污泥,通过控制工艺条件,两个反应器中均实现了同步硝化反硝化(SND)。改变进水溶解氧DO浓度、碳氮比(C/N)、有机负荷和NH4+-N负荷,分析比较了两个反应器脱氮的重要工艺条件。试验结果表明,在相同的工艺条件下,悬浮填料脱氮最佳DO浓度为1.0mg/L左右,最佳C/N为12;好氧颗粒污泥脱氮最佳DO浓度为1.5mg/L,最佳C/N为5。提高进水有机负荷,两个反应器COD去除率均稳定在较高的水平。NH4+-N浓度升高时,反应器脱氮效率均降低,好氧颗粒污泥比悬浮填料更耐冲击负荷。     

Enhanced biological nutrient removal by the alliance of a heterotrophic nitrifying strain with a nitrogen removing ecosystem

Nitrogen removal from synthetic wastewater was investigated in an airlift bioreactor （ALB）, augmented with a novel heterotrophic nitrifier Pseudonocardia ammonioxydans H9^T under organic carbon to nitrogen ratios （Corg/N） ranging from 0 to 12. Effect of the inoculated strain was also determined on the settling properties and the removal of chemical oxygen demand （COD）. Two laboratory scale reactors were set up to achieve a stable nitrifying state under the same physicochemical conditions of hydraulic retention time （HRT）, temperature, pH and dissolved oxygen （DO）, and operated under the sequencing batch mode. The level of DO was kept at 0.5- 1.5 mg/L by periodic stirring and aeration. Each specific Corg/N ratio was continued for duration of 3 weeks. One of the reactors （BR2） was inoculated with P ammonioxydans H9^T periodically at the start of each Corg/N ratio. Sludge volumetric index （SVI） improved with the increasing Corg/N ratio, but no significant difference was detected between the two reactors. BR2 showed higher levels of nitrogen removal with the increasing heterotrophic conditions, and the ammonia removal reached to the level of 82%-88%, up to10% higher than that in the control reactor （BR1） at Corg/N ratios higher than 6; however, the ammonia removal level in experimental reactor was up to 8% lower than that in control reactor at Corg/N ratios lower than 2. The COD removal efficiency progressively increased with the increasing Corg/N ratios in both of the reactors. The COD removal percentage up to peak values of 88%-94% in BR2, up to 11% higher than that in BR1 at Corg/N ratio higher than 4. The peak values of ammonia and COD removal almost coincided with the highest number （18%-27% to total bacterial number） of the exogenous bacterium in the BR2, detected as colony forming units （CFU）. Furthermore, the removal of ammonia and COD in BR2 was closely related to the number of the inoculated strain with a coefficient index （R2） up to 0.82 and 0.85 for ammonia and     

The effect of dissolved oxygen concentration on long-term stability of partial nitrification process

Dissolved oxygen (DO) concentration is regarded as one of the crucial factors to influence partial nitrification process. However, achieving and keeping stable partial nitrification under different DO concentrations were widely reported. The mechanism of DO concentration influencing partial nitrification is still unclear. Therefore, in this study two same sequencing batch reactors (SBRs) cultivated same seeding sludge were built up with real-time control strategy. Different DO concentrations were controlled in SBRs to explore the effect of DO concentration on the long-term stability of partial nitrification process at room temperature. It was discovered that ammonium oxidation rate (AOR) was inhibited when DO concentration decreased from 2.5 to 0.5 mg/L. The abundance of Nitrospira increased from 10^11.5 to 10^13.7 copies/g DNA, and its relative percentage increased from 0.056% to 3.2% during 190 operational cycles, causing partial nitrification gradually turning into complete nitrification process. However, when DO was 2.5 mg/L the abundance of Nitrospira was stable and AOB was always kept at 10^10.7 copies/g DNA. High AOR was maintained, and stable partial nitrification process was kept. Ammonia oxidizing bacteria (AOB) activity was significantly higher than nitrite oxidizing bacteria (NOB) activity at DO of 2.5 mg/L, which was crucial to maintain excellent nitrite accumulation performance.     

Performance of completely autotrophic nitrogen removal over nitrite process under different aeration modes and dissolved oxygen

In this study, three sequential batch biofilm reactors (SBBRs) were operated for 155 days to evaluate the performance of completely autotrophic nitrogen removal over nitrite (CANON) process under different aeration modes and dissolved oxygen (DO). Synthetic wastewater with 160-mg NH4 ⁺-N/L was fed into the reactors. In the continuously-aerated reactor, the efficiency of the ammonium nitrogen conversion and total nitrogen (TN) removal reached 80% and 70%, respectively, with DO between 0.8–1.0 mg/L. Whereas in the intermittently-aerated reactor, at the aeration/non-aeration ratio of 1.0, ammonium was always under the detection limit and 86% of TN was removed with DO between 2.0–2.5 mg/L during the aeration time. Results show that CANON could be achieved in both continuous and intermittent aeration pattern. However, to achieve the same nitrogen removal efficiency, the DO needed in the intermittently-aerated sequential batch biofilm reactor (SBBR) during the aeration period was higher than that in the continuously-aerated SBBR. In addition, the DO in the CANON system should be adjusted to the aeration mode, and low DO was not a prerequisite to CANON process.     

不同溶解氧条件下A/O系统的除碳脱氮效果和细菌群落结构变化

应用一个在不同的溶解氧(3、2、1和0.5 mg·L-1)浓度下长期运行的缺氧/好氧(A/O)小试系统考察了溶解氧浓度的变化对系统的除碳和脱氮效果以及细菌群落结构的影响.结果表明,A/O系统的除碳和脱氮效果不随溶解氧(DO)的降低而降低,在低溶解氧(0.5 mg·L-1)条件下,系统仍具有很好的除碳和脱氮效果,即化学需氧量(COD)、氨氮(NH+4-N)和总氮(TN)的去除率分别为89.7%、98.3%和88.0%.通过PCR-DGGE方法,对系统中的细菌群落结构随DO浓度的变化规律进行了分析,结果表明,微生物群落结构随DO浓度的变化有所不同,高DO和低DO环境中的细菌群落结构差异较大,但是与高DO条件下系统内的细菌群落相比,在低DO条件下系统内细菌群落仍具有较高的生物多样性.在低DO条件下,系统内的优势细菌主要被鉴定为Proteobacteria.     

MBR中影响同步硝化反硝化的生态因子

研究了DO、C/N、pH等生态因子对膜生物反应器同步硝化反硝化的影响.结果表明,只有在各生态因子保持得当的条件下,同步硝化反硝化才能顺利地进行.DO为1mg/L左右、C/N比为30左右、进水pH值约7.2左右时COD、NH₄⁺、TN的去除率分别为96%、95%和92%.     

低氧条件下A2/O工艺对城市污水脱氮处理的中试研究

以巢湖市某污水处理厂实际污水为处理对象,基于节能降耗的需求开展A²O工艺中试研究.研究结果表明：当溶解氧从2mg/L降至0.5mg/L时,COD和氨氮的去除率分别为80%和90%,去除性能并未受到影响,没有出现亚硝酸积累,而TN的去除率有较大幅度的提升,从15%提升至44%.低溶解氧条件下,温度降低主要对TN去除率产生影响,从夏季的44%下降至冬季的29%,而氨氮的去除率仍维持在90%以上.由于进水碳源不足,出水主要以硝酸盐氮为主,低温脱氮率仅为29%.长期低氧条件下运行,AOB和NOB的优势种属为Nitrosomonadaceae和Nitrospira,相对丰度分别为2.33%和6.40%.系统NOB在数量和动力学性能上均优于AOB,同时发现存在Denitratisoma好氧反硝化菌,其相对丰度为1.59%.研究结果为低氧条件下实现城市污水脱氮提供了理论和实践依据.     

A/O交替运行钢渣基复合滤料生物滤池处理模拟生活污水脱氮除磷特性

利用两级钢渣基复合滤料生物滤池(SSMBF)构建厌氧/好氧(A/O)交替运行工艺系统.在单池HRT=2h,A/O交替周期48h,厌氧DO=0.2~0.5mg/L,好氧DO=3~5mg/L,T=23~27℃的运行条件下,考察了SSMBF系统对模拟生活污水(pH=6.8~7.5,COD=260~330mg/L,NH4+-N=35~40mg/L,PO43--P=9~11mg/L)的处理效果,分析了其氨氮和磷去除特性.结果表明,两级A/O交替SSMBF系统具有良好的生活污水处理能力,对氨氮、磷和COD的去除率分别为95%、40%~60%和83.3%,出水氨氮、磷和COD浓度分别为0.5mg/L?3~6mg/L和50mg/L.在厌氧/好氧交替周期为48h的工况下,SSMBF系统的氨氧化菌和聚磷菌分别可在10h和8h恢复最佳活性.SEM?EDS表征和污染物去除特性分析结果显示,A/O交替运行SSMBF系统充分发挥了钢渣基复合滤料的离子和碱度释放特性,通过聚磷菌的厌氧释磷效应,在厌氧SSMBF中诱导促进了生物-结晶协同除磷,结晶产物为以羟基磷灰石为主的磷酸盐化合物.     

利用RFLP分析DO对附积床系统中AOB群落结构的影响

为了解析DO浓度对附积床反应器脱氮系统中COD、NH4+-N、TN去除效率的影响,以及对氨氧化菌群(AOB)结构及多样性的影响,分析了DO分别为1.0~2.0,2.0~3.0,3.0~4.0mg/L时COD、NH4+-N、TN去除效率,并采用针对AOB功能基因氨单加氧酶(amoA)的限制性内切酶片段长度多态性技术(RFLP)分析了三组DO浓度下反应器中AOB的群落结构及多样性.结果表明,不同DO条件下,系统均取得较高的COD和NH4+-N的去除效果, NH4+-N的去除效率随着DO的增加而提高.不同DO浓度下反应器生物膜上AOB菌群多样性丰富,且与DO对AOB菌群的多样性影响较小相比,DO对AOB的菌群结构及种类的影响较大.     

氮磷同时缺乏对活性污泥系统的影响

为了考察氮磷同时缺乏对活性污泥系统的影响,采用2个序批式间歇反应器（SBR）,按照缺氧/好氧的方式平行运行,通过调节不同的进水COD/N/P比,考察了氮磷同时缺乏状态下活性污泥系统的污泥沉降性、絮体形态、出水水质以及比耗氧速率等方面的表现。结果表明,在氮磷同时缺乏时,当进水COD/N/P比为100/2/0.4时,活性污泥系统会发生丝状菌膨胀,而当进水COD/N/P为100/0.5/0.1时,污泥沉降性保持良好;各反应器的活性污泥浓度均在逐渐地下降,MLSS由约2200mg/L下降至1800mg/L以下;各反应器的比耗氧速率均呈现逐渐上升的趋势,COD的去除率呈现逐渐下降的趋势。     

溶解氧对一体化膜泥法OCO工艺脱氮削碳的影响

以人工模拟生活污水为处理对象,研究了在不同好氧区溶解氧浓度对一体化膜泥法OCO反应器脱氮削碳的影响。结果表明:在进水COD均值为300mg/L,进水流量为20L/h时,缺氧区与混合区的DO随好氧区的DO而变;在DO为2mg/L左右时,具有较理想的脱氮削碳效果,出水氨氮、总氮和COD分别为0.5mg/L、8mg/L和12mg/L去除率分别达到99%、80%和96%;结合化学除磷,TP的去除率可达91%以上。     

从不同反应器筛选、鉴别好氧反硝化菌

采用2个序批式反应器A和B,以硝态氮为唯一氮源,采用间歇曝气,以驯化、富集耐氧脱氮污泥.反应器A,其pH约为6.3,ρ(DO)为2.2～6.1 mg/L,碳氮比(ρ(C)/ρ(N),ρ(C)以ρ(COD_Cr)计)约为9;反应器B,其pH约为6.8～7.8,ρ(DO)为 2.2～3.0 mg/L,ρ(C)/ρ(N)约为15.2个反应器的ρ(NO₃－-N)均保持为80 mg/L.当2个反应器的总氮去除率达到60%以上,则认为完成好氧反硝化菌的富集.从2个反应器中共筛选得到20株BTB阳性菌,其中8株菌株的DNA样品经PCR成功扩增,进行16S rRNA测序.测序结果提交GenBank进行Blast同源性检索,并分析比对鉴别,判断8株菌株分属于假单胞菌(Pseudomonas),戴尔福特菌(Delftia),草螺菌(Herbaspirillum)和丛毛单胞菌(Comamonas)菌属.反硝化性能测定证实8株菌株均为好氧反硝化菌.      

污水短程硝化反硝化和同步硝化反硝化生物脱氮中N2O释放量及控制策略

采用SBR反应器考察了短程硝化反硝化和同步硝化反硝化脱氮过程中N_2O的释放.通过实时控制策略实现了短程硝化反硝化生物脱氮,亚硝化率可维持在90%以上.在溶解氧水平为0.5、 1.0、 1.5和2.0 mg/L条件下,考察N_2O的释放和亚硝化率的变化情况.结果表明,溶解氧1.5 mg/L时最有利于维持稳定的亚硝化率,同时N_2O逸出量最小,每去除1 g氨氮释放N_2O 0.06 g;在碳纤维填料SBR反应器中,通过维持较低溶解氧水平和分段投加碳源的运行方式成功实现了同步硝化反硝化,同步硝化反硝化率在79%以上.在溶解氧水平为0.2、 0.4、 1.0和1.5 mg/L时,考察N_2O的逸出情况.结果表明,溶解氧在1.0 mg/L时最有利于控制N2O的释放,每去除1g氨氮释放N2O 0.021 g,其N_2O释放量仅为短程硝化反硝化的1/3.     

Effects of COD/N ratio and DO concentration on simultaneous nitrification and denitrification in an airlift internal circulation membrane bioreactor

The effects of chemical oxygen demand and nitrogen(COD/N)ratio and dissolved oxygen concentration(DO)on simultaneous nitrification and denitrification(SND)were investigated using an airlift internal circulation membrane bioreactor(AIC-MBR)with synthetic wastewater.The results showed that the COD efficiencies were consistently greater than 90% regardless of changes in the COD/N ratio.At the COD/N ratio of 4.77 and 10.04,the system nitrogen removal efficiency became higher than 70%.However,the nitrogen rem...     

Effect of dissolved oxygen on nitrate removal using polycaprolactone as an organic carbon source and biofilm carrier in fixed-film denitrifying reactors

Nitrate-nitrogen(NO_3~--N) always accumulates in commercial recirculating aquaculture systems(RASs) with aerobic nitrification units. The ability to reduce NO_3~--N consistently and confidently could help RASs to become more sustainable. The rich dissolved oxygen(DO)content and sensitive organisms stocked in RASs increase the difficulty of denitrifying technology. A denitrifying process using biologically degradable polymers as an organic carbon source and biofilm carrier was proposed because of its space-efficient nature and strong ability to remove NO_3~--N from RASs. The effect of dissolved oxygen(DO) levels on heterotrophic denitrification in fixed-film reactors filled with polycaprolactone(PCL) was explored in the current experiment. DO conditions in the influent of the denitrifying reactors were set up as follows: the anoxic treatment group(Group A, average DO concentration of 0.28 ± 0.05 mg/L), the low-oxygen treatment DO group(Group B, average DO concentration of 2.50 ± 0.24 mg/L) and the aerated treatment group(Group C, average DO concentration of 5.63 ± 0.57 mg/L). Feeding with 200 mg/L of NO_3~--N, the NO_3~--N removal rates were 1.53, 1.60 and 1.42 kg/m3PCL/day in Groups A, B and C, respectively. No significant difference in NO_3~--N removal rates was observed among the three treatments. It was concluded that the inhibitory effects of DO concentrations lower than 6 mg/L on heterotrophic denitrification in the fixed-film reactors filled with PCL can be mitigated.     

DO浓度对EBPR耦合SND处理低C/N污水的影响

为了解厌氧/好氧运行的序批式反应器（SBR）中,强化生物除磷（EBPR）与同步硝化反硝化（SND）的耦合脱氮除磷特性,以实际低C/N （约为3.5）生活污水为处理对象,先通过调控进水C/N考察其对EBPR启动和聚磷菌（PAOs）富集情况的影响,再通过调控好氧段DO浓度考察其对系统脱氮除磷性能、SND率及碳源转化特性的影响.结果表明,DO浓度为2.0mg/L,当进水C/N由3.2提高至7.5并降至3.8时,反应器出水PO₄^3--P浓度由3.9mg/L逐渐降至0.5mg/L以下,且厌氧释磷量（PRA）由3.3mg/L逐渐升高至约30mg/L.此后,当DO浓度逐渐降至约1.0mg/L时,SND现象愈加明显,且其与EBPR耦合使得系统总氮（TN）和PO₄^3--P去除率分别提高至85%和94%.但当DO浓度约为0.5mg/L时,硝化过程进行不完全,亚硝酸盐积累较为明显,耦合系统中存在同步短程硝化反硝化现象.DO浓度为约1.0mg/L时,系统具有最高的脱氮除磷性能.此外,当DO浓度由2.0mg/L降至0.5mg/L时,PAOs较聚糖菌（GAOs）在厌氧内碳源储存中的贡献逐渐减小（P_PAO,An由30.3%逐渐降至20.2%）,PRA降低约7mg/L.DO浓度为1.0~1.5mg/L最有利于系统厌氧段内碳源PHA的合成.     

Novel strategy of nitrogen removal from domestic wastewater using pilot Orbal oxidation ditch

A pilot-scale Orbed oxidation ditch was operated for 17 months to optimize nitrogen removal from domestic wastewater of average COD to total nitrogen ratio of 2.7, with particular concern about the roles of dissolved oxygen （DO）, mixed liquor suspended solids （MLSS） and return activated sludge （RAS） recycle ratio. Remarkable simultaneous nitrification and denitrification （SND） was observed and mean total nitrogen （TN） removal efficiency up to 72.1% was steadily achieved, at DO concentration in the out, middle and inner channel of 0.1, 0.4 and 0.7 mg/L, respectively, with an average M LSS of 5.5 g/L and RAS recycle ratio of 150%. Although the out channel took the major role in TN removal, the role of middle channel should never be ignored. The denitrification potential could be fully developed under low DO, high MLSS with adequate RAS ratio. The sludge settleability was amazingly improved under low DO operation mode, and some explanations were tried. In addition, a scries of simplified batch tests were done to determine whether novel microorganisms could make substantial contribution to the performance of nitrogen removal. The results indicated that the SND observed in this Orbal oxidation ditch was more likely a physical phenomenon.     

间歇曝气对部分硝化-厌氧氨氧化处理氨氮废水的影响

采用间歇曝气在MBBR反应器中成功实现一段式部分硝化耦合厌氧氨氧化(PN/A)过程.结果表明,在实验温度为35℃,进水氨氮浓度为150.00mg/L,进水氮负荷为0.24kg/(m3·d),DO浓度为(1.41±0.24)mg/L条件下,反应器总氮去除效率达到83.74％.生物膜中厌氧氨氧化菌(AnAOB)和氨氧化菌(...     

控制低溶解氧实现亚硝化的稳定性

以A/O除磷工艺的二级出水为进水,通过低溶解氧控制,实现了亚硝酸盐的稳定积累.为研究系统的稳定性,从3个方面分别研究了总氮损失、水力停留时间(HRT)和回流比(R)对稳定亚硝化的影响.结果表明,系统的表观亚硝化率受COD浓度影响,COD≤50mg/L时,表观亚硝化率降低,COD50mg/L时,表观亚硝化率会增加;延长和缩短HRT都对稳定亚硝化存在正反两方面影响,应根据实际情况进行动态控制;提高回流比会增加破坏稳定亚硝化的风险,以较低回流比0.5为宜.另外,低溶解氧浓度不会降低系统的亚硝化效率,在HRT=6h,R=0.5,t为22～24℃条件下,平均氨氮去除率达83%,氨氮去除负荷为0.28kg/(kg·d),亚硝酸盐积累率接近100%.     

溶解氧对短程硝化稳定性及功能菌群的影响

在常温条件下,采用序批式反应器（SBR）研究不同溶解氧（DO）浓度对短程硝化稳定性的影响.在低DO （0.5mg/L）条件下,前75个周期可以一直维持短程硝化,亚硝积累率（NAR）在80%以上,但是随着运行周期增加,NAR逐渐减少,到105个周期已完全变为全程硝化.通过接种同一污泥提高DO浓度到2.5mg/L,经过180个周期,NAR始终在90%以上,能够长期维持短程硝化的稳定运行.通过不同DO条件下AOB和NOB的氧半饱和常数对比分析及qPCR试验研究,结果表明长期低DO条件下容易使Nitrospira的生长获得优势,Nitrospira是影响短程硝化稳定的重要因素,高DO条件下,AOB对溶解氧具有更高的亲和力,通过提高供氧浓度的策略,可以维持短程硝化的长期稳定.