甲基橙简易法测定水中的余氯

水中余氯的测定,按国家标准的生活饮用水标准检验法,有邻联甲苯胺比色法、邻联甲苯胺—亚砷酸比色法和N,N′-二乙基对苯胺—硫酸亚铁胺容量法等。但邻联甲苯胺试剂有致癌性,易造成环境污染。根据有关文献资料,我们选用了甲基橙比色法。甲基橙法具有试剂易得、稳定性好、毒性小、价格低、温度影响小等优点。而且,此法还具有减色分析的特点,使我们有可能不用分光光度计,估计水中余氯的浓度,以满足农村小型给水站的测试要求。一、实验部分(一)试剂1.甲基橙贮备液(0.05％);2.甲基橙标准液(0.005％)在100.0ml甲基橙贮备液中加入1.67g氯化钠,并稀释至1000ml;     

超声波促进Fenton法脱色甲基橙溶液的研究

分别研究了超声波、Fenton试剂、超声波-Fenton试剂作用下甲基橙溶液的脱色和COD去除行为.结果表明,超声波单独作用甲基橙溶液几乎没有脱色效果;Fenton试剂单独作用400mg/L的甲基橙溶液30min,甲基橙色度去除率67.51%,COD去除率63.15%;而超声波-Fenton试剂时,溶液色度去除率86.91%,COD去除率80.32%.超声波与Fenton试剂对甲基橙溶液的脱色和COD去除有协同作用.Fenton试剂脱色强酸性甲基橙溶液是氧化反应,而在pH大于5时,是还原反应.     

氯化氢污染的离子色谱法测定

降水中氯离子的离子色谱法测定,已成为环境监测中的例行监测方法。该方法灵敏、选择性好,操作简便、快速。但,该法不能直接用于氯化氢污染事故及大气氯化氢污染状况的分析测定。因为,大气中氯化氢的采集,用碱性溶液为吸收液,而碱性吸收液有背景干扰,影响了离子色谱法测定氯离子的准确度。本文给出了消除上述吸收液背景干扰的方法。实验部分一、仪器及试剂 (一)仪器 ZIC-1型离子色谱仪,青岛崂山电子仪器实验所出品。 (二)试剂 1.0.01mol/l和0.2mol/l的氢氧化钠溶液; 2.0.2mol/l的稀硫酸溶液; 3.氢离子贮备液浓度为0.1000mg/l; 4.甲基红指示剂以0.1g甲基红溶于100ml 60％乙醇中配成; 5.0.02mol/l的稀盐酸溶液;     

高浓度甲基橙溶液的低压湿式催化氧化处理

以高浓度甲基橙溶液模拟偶氮染料废水,采用低压湿式催化氧化法(LPWCO)进行处理,考察了H2O2投量、温度、FeSO4投量、硫酸浓度、甲基橙浓度等因素对甲基橙脱色率的影响。结果表明,LPWCO法能有效地使高浓度(大于400mg/L)甲基橙溶液脱色,脱色率大于95%,而H2O2投量不到Fenton法的5%。     

一种用分光光度计快速测定水中痕量磷酸盐和砷酸盐的方法

本文提出了一种简单快速测定水中痕量磷酸盐和砷酸盐的方法。将磷酸盐和砷酸盐与含有钼酸铵和孔雀绿混合液的试剂反应,形成的磷铝酸盐和砷钼酸盐的孔雀绿团粒有选择地收集在硝化纤维滤膜(孔径为3μm)上,并与滤膜一起溶解在甲基溶纤剂中,所得溶液的摩尔吸光系数为2.7×10~5l/mol·cm,其吸光度A(P+As)(入=627nm)与磷酸盐和砷酸盐的总浓度成正比。将砷酸盐的还原剂硫代硫酸盐加入水样中,即可如上所述测出溶液的吸光度A(P)。吸光度A(P)相应于单纯磷酸盐的浓度,而差值A(P十As)-A(P)即为砷酸盐浓度。本文所提出的方法使得有可能测定浓度范围为0.3～150PPb的磷酸盐和砷酸盐。     

磷钨酸光催化降解甲基橙溶液的研究

以磷钨酸为光催化剂,在紫外灯照射下,对模拟染料废水甲基橙溶液进行光催化降解反应;研究了催化剂加入量、甲基橙初始质量浓度、外加TiO2和氧化剂H2O2、KIO4对甲基橙溶液光催化脱色效果的影响。结果表明:100mL20mg/L甲基橙溶液光催化剂最佳用量80m g;在较低浓度下,甲基橙溶液的光催化降解反应符合一级动力学方程;在特定条件下,(TiO2+H3PW12O40)/UV、(H2O2+H3PW12O40)/UV和(KIO4+H3PW12O40)/UV光催化体系对甲基橙溶液光催化脱色效果优于H3PW12O40/UV光催化体系。     

对印染废水中甲基橙去除的新方法研究

本文主要研究了碳纳米管-铁氧化物磁性复合材料(磁性碳纳米管)在吸附处理甲基橙方面的应用。分别研究了甲基橙初始浓度、吸附剂投加量、吸附时间、溶液温度和p H值等工艺条件对甲基橙吸附率的影响。结果表明,在甲基橙初始浓度为2 mg/L,吸附剂投加量4 g/L,吸附时间30min,p H值为3的条件下,吸附率达到了63.99%。磁性碳纳米管吸附甲基橙的吸附率随着吸附剂的用量增大而增大;在20 min以前,甲基橙的吸附率随着时间的增加而增大,到达30 min后吸附率基本保持不变;甲基橙的吸附率随着起始甲基橙的浓度的增加而减小。另外,酸性溶液有利于磁性碳纳米管吸附甲基橙,随着p H的增大吸附率逐渐减小,当溶液呈碱性时,p H对吸附率的影响逐渐减小。     

基于绿色合成法的纳米铁/活性碳复合材料对甲基橙的降解动力学研究

为了综合处理废水中的甲基橙,以绿茶萃取液为还原剂、活性炭为载体,采用液相还原法绿色合成了纳米铁/活性炭复合材料,研究了活性炭投放量、甲基橙溶液的初始浓度、溶液初始p H值及反应时间对甲基橙去除率的影响,探讨了不同影响因素下甲基橙的降解动力学。结果表明:甲基橙的降解反应近似符合一级反应动力学,反应速率常数为0.0047~0.0158 L/(mol·min)。在纳米铁/活性炭复合材料去除甲基橙的过程中,通过纳米铁的还原和活性炭的吸附共同作用,其中纳米铁对甲基橙的降解起主要作用。     

纳米g-C_3N_4/Fe-Cu可见光催化降解甲基橙的研究

该文采用高温缩聚尿素和液相还原铁盐铜盐的方法制备了g-C_3N_4负载的纳米Fe/Cu复合材料,通过X射线衍射分析仪(XRD)、透射电镜(TEM)对其进行了表征,研究了复合材料对甲基橙的催化去除。实验结果表明,纳米g-C_3N_4片可见光催化和零价Fe/Cu双金属催化技术的结合,能够协同促进复合材料对溶液中甲基橙污染物的高效去除。在常温常压,pH=4.0下,g-C_3N_4负载的纳米Fe/Cu复合材料对甲基橙的最大去除量可达到300.5 mg/g,随着反应的进行,溶液p H值增加,g-C_3N_4/Fe-Cu复合材料反应活性降低。一定范围内(CrO_4~(2-)浓度在0~3 mg/L),六价铬离子的存在,促进了纳米g-C_3N_4/Fe-Cu对甲基橙的去除,随着CrO_4~(2-)离子浓度的增加,甲基橙的去除率有缓慢的增加。     

高度有序的TiO2纳米管阵列光催化性能研究

采用恒压阳极氧化法在纯钛箔表面制备TiO2纳米管阵列,利用SEM和XRD对其进行了形貌和晶型的分析和表征,并通过TiO2纳米管阵列膜对甲基橙光催化降解,探讨光照时间、甲基橙溶液的初始浓度、溶液的初始pH值和H2O2加入浓度等因素对甲基橙的脱色率影响.结果表明,H2O2加入浓度为50mg·L-1,紫外光照射2h,溶液为中性时,在30 mg·L-1的甲基橙溶液(50mL)中,甲基橙溶液的脱色率达到100%.当H2O2加入浓度进一步增大到100 mg·L-1时,光催化的效率进一步提高,紫外光照射1h,甲基橙溶液的脱色率就已经达到了100%,并未出现抑制光催化的现象.同时还研究了TiO2纳米管阵列电极的稳定性.实验结果表明,随着TiO2纳米管阵列使用次数的增加,其光催化效果略有所下降.     

Evaluation of phytoextracting cadmium and lead by sunflower, ricinus, alfalfa and mustard in hydroponic culture

Soil contaminated with heavy metals cadmium(Cd)and lead(Pb)is hard to be remediated.Phytoremediation may be a feasible method to remove toxic metals from soil,but there are few suitable plants which can hyperaccumulate metals.In this study,Cd and Pb accumulation by four plants including sunflower(Helianthus annuus L.),mustard(Brassica juncea L.),alfalfa(Medicago sativa L.), ricinus(Ricinus communis L.)in hydroponic cultures was compared.Results showed that these plants could phytocxtract heavy metals, the ability of accumulation differed with species,concentrations and categories of heavy metals.Values of BCF(bioconcentration factor)and TF(translocation factor)indicated that four species had dissimilar abilities of phytoextraction and transportation of heavy metals.Changes on the biomass of plants,pH and Eh at different treatments revealed that these four plants had distinct responses to Cd and Pb in cultures.Measurements should be taken to improve the phytoremediation of sites contaminated with heavy metals,such as pH and Eh regulations,and so forth.     

Oxidation of As(Ⅲ) by potassium permanganate

The oxidation of As(Ⅲ) with potassium permanganate was studied under conditions including pH, initial As(Ⅲ) concentration and dosage of Mn(Ⅶ). The results have shown that potassium permanganate was an effective agent for oxidizing of As(Ⅲ) in a wide pH range. The pH value of tested water was not a significant factor affecting the oxidation of As(Ⅲ) by Mn(Ⅶ). Although theoretical redox analyses suggest that Mn(Ⅶ) should have better performance in oxidization of As(Ⅲ) within lower pH ranges, the experimental results show that the oxidation efficiencies of As(Ⅲ) under basic and acidic conditions were similar, which may be due to the adsorption of As(Ⅲ) on the Mn(OH)2 and MnO2 resulting from the oxidation of As(Ⅲ).     

Chlorobenzenes in waterweeds from the Xijiang River （Guangdong section） of the Pearl River

The Xijiang River is the major source of water for about 4.5 millions of urban population and 28.7 millions of rural population. The water quality is very important for the health of the rural population. The concentration and distribution of chlorobenzenes (CBs) in both water and waterweeds collected from 4 stations in the Xijiang River (Gangdong section) of the Pearl River in April and November were determined. The result showed that nearly every congener of CBs was detected. The total contents of CBs (∑CBs) in the river water ranged from 111.1 to 360.0 ng/L in April and from 151.9 to 481.7 ng/L in November, respectively. The pollution level of CBs in the water in April was higher than that in November. The contents of ∑ CBs in waterweeds ranged from 13.53×102 μg/g to 38.27×102μg/g dry weight (dw). There was no significant difference between April and November in waterweeds. The distribution of CBs in roots, caulis, and leaves of Vallisneria spiralis L. showed different patterns. The leaves mainly contained low-molecular-weight CBs(DCBs), whereas the roots accumulated more PCBs and HCBs. The average lgBCFlip (bioconcentration factor) of CBs ranged from 0.64 to 3.57 in the waterweeds. The spatial distribution character of CBs in the Xijiang River was: Fengkai County ＜ Yunan County ＜Yun'an County ＜ Gaoyao County according to the ∑CBs, and the pollution deteriorated from the upstream to the downstream of the Xijiang River. Further analysis demonstrated that the discharge of waste containing CBs may be the main source of CBs pollution in the Xijiang River.     

Degradation of 2,4-dichlorophenol with a novel TiO2/Ti-Fe-graphite felt photoelectrocatalytic oxidation process

Degradation of 2,4-dichlorophenol(2,4-DCP)was studied in a novel three-electrode photoelectrocatalytic(PEC)integrative oxidation process,and the factors influencing the degradation rate,such as applied current,flow speed of O_2,pH,adscititious voltage and initial 2,4-DCP concentration were investigated and optimized.H_2O_2 was produced nearby cathode and Fe~(2 )continuously generated from Fe anode in solution when current and O_2 were applied,so,main reactions,H_2O_2-assisted TiO_2 PEC oxidation and E-Fenton reaction,occurred during degradation of 2,4-DCP in this integrative system.The degradation ratio of 2,4-DCP was 93% in this integrative oxidation process,while it was only 31% in E-Fenton process and 46% in H_2O_2-assisted TiO_2 PEC process.So,it revealed that the degradation of 2,4-DCP was improved greatly by photoelectrical cooperation effect.By the investigation of pH,it showed that this integrative process could work well in a wide pH range from pH 3 to pH 9.     

Effect of copper on the degradation of pesticides cypermethrin and cyhalothrin

The influence of coexisting copper (Cu) ion on the degradation of pesticides pyrethroid cypermethrin and cyhalothrin in soil and photodegradation in water system were studied.Serial concentrations of the pesticides with the addition of copper ion were spiked in the soil and incubated for a regular period of time,the analysis of the extracts from the soil was carried out using gas chromatography (GC).The photodegradation of pyrethroids in water system was conducted under UV irradiation.The effect of Cu~(2 ) on the pesticides degradation was measured with half life (t_(0.5)) of degradation.It was found that a negative correlation between the degradation of the pyrethroid pesticides in soil and Cu addition was observed.But Cu~(2 ) could accelerate photodegradation of the pyrethroids in water.The t_(0.5) for cyhalothrin extended from 6.7 to 6.8 d while for cypermethrin extended from 8.1 to 10.9 d with the presence of copper ion in soil.As for photodegradation,t_(0.5) for cyhalothrin reduced from 173.3 to 115.5 rain and for cypermethrin from 115.5 to 99.0 min.The results suggested that copper influenced the degradation of the pesticides in soil by affecting the activity of microorganisms.However, it had catalyst tendency for photodegradation in water system.The difference for the degradation efficiency of pyrethroid isomers in soil was also observed.Copper could obviously accelerate the degradation of some special isomers.     

Effects of arsenic on seed germination and physiological activities in wheat seedlings

The effects of arsenic(As)were investigated on seed germination,root and shoot length and their biomass and some other factors to elucidate the toxicity of As.The results showed low concentrations of As(O-1 mg/kg)stimulated seed germination and the growth of root and shoot,however,these factors all decreased gradually at high concentrations of As(5-20 mg/kg).The contents Of O2-,MDA,soluble protein and peroxidase(POD)activity all increased with increasing As concentrations.Soluble sugar content,ascorbate peroxidase(APX),and superoxide dismutase(SOD)activities decreased at low concentrations of As,and increased at high concentrations of As.While acetylsalicylic acid(ASA)and chlorophyll contents,catalase(CAT)activity displayed increasing trend when the concentrations of As was lower than 1 mg/kg,and then decreasing trend.By polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis(PAGE).As induced the expression of POD isozymes of wheat seedlings.As induced the expression of CAT isozymes but inhibited the expression of SOD isozymes of wheat seedlings at concentrations lower than 1 mg/kg.However,As inhibited the expression of CAT isozymes but induced the expression of SOD isozymes at concentrations higher than 5 mg/kg.The results indicated As could exert harmfulness in the early development stage of wheat at inappropriate concentrations.     

Sustainability： A view from the wind-eroded field

This article explores the assessment of sustainability in fields subject to wind erosion. In the first part, simple sustainability audits are examined, as of soil depth and nutrients. Direct measurement of these characteristics has many problems, largely because of huge variability in space and time at all scales. Modelling still has its problems, but it may be possible to overcome many of them soon. It is true that wind erosion preferentially removes soil nutrients, but there are imponderables even here. The nutrient balance in many of these soils includes considerable input from dust. In West Africa, it has been shown that the amounts of calcium and potassium that are added in dust are sufficient to fertilize dispersed crops. In mildly acidic sandy soils, such as those found on the widespread palaeo- aeolian deposits, much of the phosphorus is fixed and unavailable to plants by the time it is removed by wind erosion, so that erosion has no added downside. Most of the nutrients carried by dust have been shown to travel close to the ground （even when they are attached to dust-sized particles）, and so are trapped in nearby fallow strips, and are thus not lost to the farming system. Second, the sustalnabillty of a whole semi-arid farming system is explored. Wind erosion in semi-arid areas （like China, the Sahel and Norflawestern Europe） generally takes place on aeolian deposits of the recent geological past. Most of these soils are deep enough to withstand centuries of wind erosion before they are totally lost to production, and some of these soils have greater fertility at greater depth （so that wind erosion may even improve the soil）. Finally some remarks are made about environmental change in relation to sustainability.     

Bioconcentration kinetics of PCBs in various parts of the lifecycle of the tadpoles Xenopus laevis

Polychlorinated biphenyls （PCBs） in Xenopus laevis have been reported only for a few congeners. Additionally, there is very little information on the ability of Xenopus laevis to bioconcentrate PCBs. To address these issues, the tadpole Xenopus laevis was exposed to Aroclor 1254 mixtures in water at room temperature for 110 d followed by an additional 110 d of nonspiked PCBs in the water for the control group. During the whole process, bioconcentration factors （BCFs） of PCBs ranged from 1180 to 15670. For most PCB congeners, the highest and lowest bioconcentrations of the kinetic curves were found to be remarkably simultaneous, respectively. All 141 PCB congeners under the same experimental conditions had no linear correlation on the lgBCF versus lgKow relationship. The relationship between lgBCFs and lgKow followed a parabolic pattern indicative of selective bioconcentration, suggesting that the kinetic curves of the PCB congeners observed in the lifecycle of the tadpoles may be concentrated due to the amphibian special species and internal metabolism. In contrast, lgBCFs for PCBs were inversely related to lgKow, suggesting that a metabolism of the higher Kow PCB congeners occurred. These results support the author＇s conclusion that the tadpole Xenopus laevis plays major roles in the bioconcentration of PCB congeners, and demonstrated that the exposure kinetic curves of PCB congeners are complex. Besides the amphibian metamorphous development, the lifecycle of the tadpole Xenopus laevis also may be of importance in determining the bioconcentration of PCB congeners.     

Amplification of plasmid DNA bound on soil colloidal particles and clay minerals by the polymerase chain reaction

Polymerase chain reaction(PCR)was used to amplify a 600-base pair(bp)sequence of plasmid pGEX-2T DNA bound on soil colloidal particles from Brown soil(Alfisol)and Red soil(Ultisol),and three different minerals(goethite,kaolinite,montmorillonite). DNA bound on soil colloids,kaolinite,and montmorillonite was not amplified when the complexes were used directly but amplification occurred when the soil colloid or kaolinite-DNA complex was diluted,10- and 20-fold.The montmorillonite-DNA complex required at least 100-fold dilution before amplification could be detected.DNA bound on goethile was amplified irrespective of whether the complex was used directly,or diluted 10- and 20-fold.The amplification of mineral-bound plasmid DNA by PCR is,therefore,markedly influenced by the type and concentration of minerals used.This information is of fundamental importance to soil molecular microbial ecology with particular reference to monitoring the fate of genetically engineered microorganisms and their recombinant DNA in soil environments.     

Arsenic uptake and transport of Pteris vittata L. as influenced by phosphate and inorganic arsenic species under sand cu｜ture

In order to understand the similarity or difference of inorganic As species uptake and transport related to phosphorus in As-hyperaccumulator, uptake and transport of arsenate (As(Ⅴ)) and arsenite (As(Ⅲ)) were studied using Pteris vittata L. under sand culture. Higher concentrations of phosphate were found to inhibit accumulation of arsenate and arsenite in the fronds of P. vittata. The reduction in As accumulation was greater in old fronds than in young fronds, and relatively weak in root and rhizome. Moderate increases, from 0.05 to 0.3 mmol/L, in phosphate reduced uptake of As(Ⅲ) more than As(Ⅴ), while the reverse was observed at high concentrations of phosphate (≥ 1.0 mmol/L). Phosphate apparently reduced As transport and the proportion of As accumulated in fronds of P. vittata when As was supplied as As(Ⅴ). It may in part be due to competition between phosphorus and As(Ⅴ) during transport. In contrast, phosphate had a much smaller effect on As transport when the As was supplied as As(Ⅲ). Therefore, the results from present experiments indicates that a higher concentration of phosphate suppressed As accumulation and transport in P. vittata, especially in the fronds, when exposure to As(Ⅴ); but the suppression of phosphate to As transport in the root or rhizome may be insignificant when P. vittata when exposure to As(Ⅲ) under sand culture conditions. The finding will help to understand the interaction of P and As during their uptake process in P. vittata.