花生壳直接液化制备液体油及催化裂解

该文制备了3种固体超强酸催化剂用于直接液化,分别是Cl~-/ZrO_2、Cl~-/Fe_2O_3和Cl~-/ZrO_2-Fe_2O_3,研究直接液化催化剂对液化产物性能的影响;制备4种分子筛催化剂用于催化裂解,分别是HZSM-5、Fe~(3+)/HZSM-5、Co~(2+)/HZSM-5和Ni~(2+)/HZSM-5,研究催化裂解催化剂对裂解产物性能的影响。实验测定了催化剂的比表面积,进行了X射线衍射分析。直接液化产物的测定显示,Cl~-/ZrO_2的催化效果最好,其轻油混合相的酸值和羟值分别为26.55和404.56 mg KOH/g,重油相的酸值和羟值分别为30.84和206.63 mg KOH/g。催化裂解产物的测定显示,Fe~(3+)/HZSM-5的催化效果最好,其轻油混合相的酸值和羟值分别为27.71 mg KOH/g和320.27 mg KOH/g,重油相的酸值和羟值分别为14.35和294.97 mg KOH/g。催化剂的表征表明,7种催化剂均属于介孔材料,直接液化催化剂中,Cl~-/ZrO_2的比表面积最大;催化裂解催化剂中,Fe~(3+)/HZSM-5的比表面积最大。金属离子是以掺杂的形式位于HZSM-5晶体中,并没有呈现出独立的衍射峰即没有形成独立的金属氧化物。     

过渡金属元素掺杂改性SCR对零价汞的催化氧化性能

为提高商用SCR催化剂对Hg0(零价汞)的催化氧化活性,研究了过渡金属对其进行掺杂改性的方法,并利用固定床反应平台考察了不同试验条件下改性催化剂对Hg0的氧化效率. 结果表明:Y、Zn、Ni和Zr等过渡金属的掺杂可明显抑制SCR催化剂的催化活性,而Fe、Cu掺杂改性SCR催化剂对Hg0的催化氧化性能有显著提升. 在反应温度为350 ℃、空速比为370 000 h-1、φ(HCl)为1×10-5的条件下,Fe、Cu掺杂改性的SCR催化剂对Hg0的氧化效率均能达到90%以上,并且Fe掺杂改性后的SCR催化剂的脱硝性能也未受到明显影响. 借助XRD和XPS等表征手段,对反应前后Fe掺杂改性SCR催化剂进行了研究,表明Fe改性SCR催化剂遵循Mars-Maessen和Langmuir-Hinshelwood机制,可明显提高对Hg0的催化氧化效率,因此,应用前景较好.      

La-M-Co-O/堇青石催化剂的制备及催化氧化氯苯

采用柠檬酸络合法制备La-M-Co-O（M=Mn,Cr,Fe,Ni和Cu）/堇青石催化剂,运用BET,XRD,SEM,H₂-TPR和XPS技术对催化剂性能及微观结构进行表征分析,研究考察过渡金属掺杂,掺杂量以及焙烧温度等对催化剂催化氧化性能的影响.结果表明,随着催化剂焙烧温度升高至650℃时,催化剂表面所负载的活性氧化物颗粒最为分散,其氧化活性最佳,且当反应温度为350℃时,催化剂催化氧化氯苯转化率可达96.4%,究其原因是高温焙烧致使催化剂形成LaCoO₃钙钛矿型复合氧化物,其复合氧化物的晶体结构有利于催化剂催化氧化氯苯性能的提高.     

La-M-Co-O/堇青石催化剂的制备及催化氧化氯苯

采用柠檬酸络合法制备La-M-Co-O（M=Mn,Cr,Fe,Ni和Cu）/堇青石催化剂,运用BET,XRD,SEM,H₂-TPR和XPS技术对催化剂性能及微观结构进行表征分析,研究考察过渡金属掺杂,掺杂量以及焙烧温度等对催化剂催化氧化性能的影响.结果表明,随着催化剂焙烧温度升高至650℃时,催化剂表面所负载的活性氧化物颗粒最为分散,其氧化活性最佳,且当反应温度为350℃时,催化剂催化氧化氯苯转化率可达96.4%,究其原因是高温焙烧致使催化剂形成LaCoO₃钙钛矿型复合氧化物,其复合氧化物的晶体结构有利于催化剂催化氧化氯苯性能的提高.     

分子筛负载CoO_x催化剂用于苯的催化氧化

采用等体积浸渍法合成了不同负载量的Co O_x/HZSM-5催化剂用于苯催化氧化反应,并采用XRD、低温氮气吸附、NH_3-TPD及H_2-TPR技术对催化剂的结构、孔性质、比表面积、酸性及氧化还原性能进行表征。催化反应结果发现,HZSM-5分子筛表面分散的Co Ox颗粒显著提高了HZSM-5的苯催化氧化活性,10%Co O_x/HZSM-5催化剂表现出最优的催化活性和良好的催化稳定性。材料表征结果表明分子筛表面丰富的酸中心以及Co O_x活性组分的低温可还原性是影响Co O_x/HZSM-5催化剂催化性能的关键因素。     

T-FMSAC制备及其催化臭氧氧化去除p-CBA效能研究

以污泥基活性炭为基质,采用化学共沉淀法制备了不同过渡金属(Mn、Co和Cu)掺杂的铁磁污泥基活性炭(T-FMSAC,T=Mn、Co、Cu),重点考察了过渡金属种类及其掺杂比例对T-FMSAC催化臭氧氧化去除水中对氯苯甲酸(p-CBA)效能的影响,并对臭氧与T-FMSAC催化剂的最佳投量进行了研究确定.结果表明,在臭氧投加量为1mg/L,催化剂投加量为40mg/L条件下,反应进行40min后,Mn-FMSAC的催化活性最高,其催化臭氧氧化对p-CBA的去除率为76%,高于Co-FMSAC(72%)及Cu-FMSAC(65%).并且,随着金属掺杂比例的增加(100:1,50:1,25:1,10:1(污泥量:金属掺杂量,W:W)),T-FMSAC催化臭氧氧化对p-CBA的去除率逐渐降低.在100:1掺杂比例下,催化剂不仅能够简单地通过磁铁分离,且具备最佳催化活性.100:1Mn-FMSAC催化臭氧氧化工艺对p-CBA的去除率随臭氧浓度的增加而增加;当臭氧投加量为1mg/L时,100:1Mn-FMSAC催化剂的最佳投量为40mg/L.叔丁醇的加入显著抑制了100:1Mn-FMSAC催化臭氧氧化降解p-CBA的效能,表明该反应过程遵循羟基自由基反应机制.     

疏水性超高交联吸附树脂对氯代烃蒸气的固定床吸附特性研究

采用固定床吸附法研究了三氯乙烯（TCE）、 1,2-二氯乙烷（DCE）和三氯甲烷（TCM）共3种氯代烃类蒸气在疏水性超高交联吸附树脂LC-1上的动态吸附行为.结果表明, TCE、 DCE和TCM蒸气的初始浓度、 气体流速和吸附温度均会影响动态吸附过程,随着初始浓度、 气体流速和吸附温度的增大,穿透时间变短,传质区长度增大,其中气体流速的影响最大;采用半经验数学模型Yoon-Nelson模型对吸附穿透实验数据进行拟合,拟合相关性系数R²≥0.994.     

过渡金属改性的Cr-Ce-O催化剂氧化氯苯性能

以氯苯为含氯挥发性有机污染物探针物,以稀土基CeO₂为基底活性氧化物,采用柠檬酸络合法制备Cr-Ce-O催化剂,考察Cr/Ce物质的量比、过渡金属氧化物掺杂及掺杂量、载体和焙烧温度对Cr-Ce-O催化剂催化氧化氯苯性能的影响;采用XRD、BET、SEM、H₂-TPR、XPS等表征技术分析催化剂的基本特性.研究表明,Cr₂O₃和CeO₂间形成了CrCeO_x固溶体,掺杂有ZrO₂的Cr₂O₃-CeO₂/Al₂O₃催化剂其比表面积得到显著提升,且载体对催化剂活性组分形态结构产生重要影响,其中以焙烧温度为400℃,堇青石为载体的催化剂氧化活性较优.研究发现,ZrO₂掺杂量亦对催化剂氧化活性产生显著性影响,当Zr/Cr物质的量比为1：2时,Cr₂O₃-CeO₂-ZrO₂/堇青石催化剂表现最佳,催化氧化氯苯转化率可达92.7%（反应温度为350℃）,这主要是由于ZrO₂掺入促进了CeO₂和Ce₂O₃,Cr₂O₃和ZrO₂间的相互作用,氧空位增加促使表面活性氧（O_sur）增多.     

Ce掺杂对Pd/γ-Al2O3催化燃烧甲苯性能的影响

通过等体积浸渍法制备了单金属Pd/γ-Al₂O₃催化剂和双金属Pd-Ce/γ-Al₂O₃催化剂,考察掺杂CeO₂对Pd/γ-Al₂O₃催化剂催化氧化甲苯性能的影响.并通过N₂吸脱附、SEM、H₂-TPR表征催化剂比表面积、表面形貌及氧化还原性能.结果发现,CeO₂的掺杂一定程度上降低了Pd/γ-Al₂O₃催化剂的比表面积,但增加了10nm孔径的孔密度,且催化剂仍保持介孔结构,当添加4% CeO₂时（质量分数,下同）,催化剂比表面积降至165m²/g,孔道存在一定程度的堵塞,阻碍污染物和反应产物的扩散,降低催化剂催化性能.H₂-TPR结果表明,Pd和Ce之间存在较强的协同作用,与PdO相邻的CeO₂更容易打开Ce-O键,相较于单金属0.2% Pd/γ-Al₂O₃,掺杂了0.3% CeO₂的催化剂具有更强的还原峰,表明CeO₂的引入为催化剂提供了更多的表面氧空位,增强了催化剂的催化氧化能力,其T₁₀和T₉₀与单贵金属催化剂相比分别降低10和40℃.     

过渡金属掺杂对镧锡烧绿石催化碳烟燃烧性能的影响

催化燃烧是去除机动车排放碳烟颗粒物的有效方法之一.利用CTAB辅助法制备了不同过渡金属掺杂的镧锡烧绿石型La_2Sn_(1.8)TM_(0.2)O_7(TM为Sn、Mn、Fe、Co和Cu)复合氧化物催化剂.采用XRD、氮气吸脱附、SEM、FT-IR、H2-TPR和荧光光谱(PL)等手段表征了催化剂的理化性质,采用程序升温氧化(TPO)技术评价了其催化碳烟燃烧的活性.研究发现,催化剂经900℃焙烧后呈球形形貌,具有相对较大的比表面积(~20 m2·g~(-1)).低价过渡金属离子的掺杂使氧空位的整体浓度增加,有利于催化剂活化吸附氧分子,改变材料的氧移动和氧化还原性能.富氧气氛下,少量过渡金属掺杂提高了烧绿石催化碳烟燃烧的活性和选择性,这与氧空位浓度的增加以及氧化还原能力的提高有关,其中Co-LSO具有较好的催化性能,起燃温度(T10)为379℃,CO_2选择性接近100%;NOx气氛存在可以进一步提升催化剂氧化去除碳烟的活性.利用等温反应和碳烟厌氧滴定实验进行了活性氧浓度的定量和反应动力学分析,并计算出富氧气氛下催化反应的转化频率(TOF),其中Co-LSO样品的TOF值最大为3.20×10~(-3)s~(-1),基于TOF的活性顺序与TPO法得到的起燃性能的结果基本一致.     

Efficient degradation of chlorobenzene in a non-thermal plasma catalytic reactor supported on CeO2/HZSM-5 catalysts

Chlorobenzene removal was investigated in a non-thermal plasma reactor using CeO₂/HZSM-5 catalysts. The performance of catalysts was evaluated in terms of removal and energy efficiency. The decomposition products of chlorobenzene were analyzed. The results show that CeO₂/HZSM-5 exhibited a good catalytic activity, which resulted in enhancements of chlorobenzene removal, energy efficiency, and the formation of lower amounts of by-products. With regards to CO₂ selectivity, the presence of catalysts favors the oxidation of by-products, leading to a higher CO₂ selectivity. With respect to ozone, which is considered as an unavoidable by-product in air plasma reactors, a noticeable decrease in its concentration was observed in the presence of catalysts. Furthermore, the stability of the catalyst was investigated by analyzing the evolution of conversion in time. The experiment results indicated that CeO₂/HZSM-5 catalysts have excellent stability: chlorobenzene conversion only decreased from 78% to 60% after 75 hr, which means that the CeO₂/HZSM-5 suffered a slight deactivation. Some organic compounds and chlorinated intermediates were adsorbed or deposited on the catalysts surface as shown by the results of Fourier Transform Infrared (FT-IR) spectroscopy, scanning electron microscope (SEM) and energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS) analyses of the catalyst before and after the reaction, revealing the cause of catalyst deactivation.     

Preparation of FexCe1-xOy solid solution and its application in Pd-only three-way catalysts

FeO_x-CeO₂ mixed oxides with increasing Fe/(Ce+Fe) atomic ratio (1-20 mol%) were prepared by sol-gel method and characterized by X-ray powder diffraction (XRD), Brunauer-Emmett-Teller (BET) and Hydrogen temperature-programmed reduction (H₂-TPR) techniques. The dynamic oxygen storage capacity (DOSC) was investigated by mass spectrometry with CO/O₂ transient pulses. The powder XRD data following Rietveld refinement revealed that the solubility limit of iron oxides in the CeO₂ was 5 mol% based on Fe/(Ce+Fe). The lattice parameters experienced a decrease followed by an increase due to the influence of the maximum solubility limit of iron oxides in the CeO₂. TPR analysis revealed that Fe introduction into ceria strongly modified the textual and structural properties, which influenced the oxygen handling properties. DOSC results revealed that Ce-based materials containing Fe oxides with multiple valences contribute to the majority of DOSC. The kinetic analysis indicated that the calculated apparent kinetic parameters obey the compensation effect. The three-way catalytic performance for Pd-only catalysts based on the Fe doping support exhibited the redundant iron species separated out of the CeO₂ and interacted with the ceria and Pd species on the surface, which seriously influenced the catalytic properties, especially after hydrothermal aging treatment.     

Effects of WOx modification on the activity, adsorption and redox properties of CeO2 catalyst for NOx reduction with ammonia

A series of WO₃/CeO₂ (WOx/CeO₂) catalysts were synthesized by wet impregnation of ammonium metatungstate on a CeO₂ support. The resulting solid acid catalysts were characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD), UV-Vis spectroscopy (UV-Vis), Raman spectroscopy (Raman), in-situ Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (in-situ FT-IR) of ammonia adsorption, NH₃-TPD, H₂ temperature-programmed reduction (H₂-TPR), NH₃/NO oxidation and activity measurements for NOx reduction by NH₃ (NH₃-SCR). The results show that polytungstate (WOx) species are the main species of tungsten oxide on the surface of ceria. The addition of tungsten oxide enhances the Brönsted acidity of ceria catalysts remarkably and decreases the amount of surface oxygen on ceria, with strong interaction between CeO₂ and WOx. As a result, the N₂ selectivity of NH₃ oxidation and NH₃-SCR at high temperatures (> 300℃) is enhanced. Therefore, a wide working temperature window in which NOx conversion exceeds 80% (NOx conversion > 80%) from 200 to 450℃, is achieved over 10 wt.% WOx/CeO₂ catalyst. A tentative model of the NH₃-SCR reaction route on WOx/CeO₂ catalysts is presented.     

Catalytic oxidation of benzene over nanostructured porous Co3O4-CeO2 composite catalysts

The three-dimensional structured Co₃O₄-CeO₂ oxides with Co/Ce molar ratio 16:1 gave the highest catalytic activity, which provided more surface hydroxyl groups and more surface oxygenated species.     

脉冲介质阻挡放电下MnOx-CeO2催化氧化碳烟的关键表面物种研究

采用柠檬酸络合法制备了Mn/(Mn+Ce)原子比为0.4的MnO_x-CeO_2复合氧化物,使其分别在有和无脉冲介质阻挡放电条件下,多次催化氧化碳烟.采用XRD、BET、Raman和XPS对新制备未反应过的和各次反应后的MnO_x-CeO_2进行表征.结果发现,在初次反应中,脉冲介质阻挡放电对反应具有强化作用,使MnO_x-CeO_2具备更好的活性.在放电和无放电2种条件下,催化剂第2次反应的活性均较第1次有所降低,且放电条件下降幅更大,而在第3次反应时催化剂活性在两种条件下均保持稳定状态.以上现象原因为,初次反应,两种条件下高温使MnO_x-CeO_2中Mn-Ce-O固溶体发生相分离,部分Mn析出生成了Mn_3O_4;未引入放电时催化剂表面发生不可逆还原的Mn~(4+)量更少,且拥有更多Ce~(3+)并产生了本征氧空位及更多的表面氧;放电的引入,加剧了初次反应时MnO_x-CeO_2表面Mn~(4+)向Mn~(3+)和Mn~(2+)的转化,使其具备更高的活性,但也抑制了Mn~(4+)的恢复,降低了催化剂的活性.在随后的反应中,有无放电催化剂均保持了稳定.脉冲介质阻挡放电对MnO_x-CeO_2反应的关键因素Mn~(4+)、本征氧空位和表面氧产生了重要影响,这种影响在初次反应时并不可逆,进而减弱了放电对反应的强化作用,该现象不可忽视,值得进一步研究.     

同一实验环境下炭黑燃烧催化剂活性测试及制备方法优选

催化燃烧是最有效的炭黑消除手段之一,催化剂是其中的核心,其活性的提高对催化效果优化及成本控制有重要影响.然而目前报道的大量炭黑燃烧催化剂活性测试是基于不同实验环境进行的,其结果之间缺乏比较意义.为了筛选活性优异的催化剂,并总结出催化剂活性与物理化学性质之间的关系,同时为催化过程中氧物种原位定量观测建立基础,根据易得、环保、有应用前景等原则初选了7种方法制备MnO_x-CeO₂催化剂,分别测试了其活性,并从比表面积、晶格结构、表面形貌、涉氧参量和元素价态等5个角度进行综合探究.结果发现,炭黑催化燃烧活性的提升主要归因于两个因素：①形貌改变导致接触效率改善;②制备条件和低价锰离子含量改变引起涉氧参量和氧物种活化能力提升.     

Effect of Ce doping of TiO2 support on NH3-SCR activity over V2O5-WO3/CeO2-TiO2 catalyst

CeO2–TiO2composite supports with different Ce/Ti molar ratios were prepared by a homogeneous precipitation method, and V2O5–WO3/CeO2–TiO2catalysts for the selective catalytic reduction（SCR） of NOx with NH3 were prepared by an incipient-wetness impregnation method. These catalysts were characterized by means of BET, XRD, UV–Vis,Raman and XPS techniques. The results showed that the catalytic activity of V2O5–WO3/TiO2 was greatly enhanced by Ce doping（molar ratio of Ce/Ti = 1/10） in the TiO2 support.The catalysts that were predominantly anatase TiO2 showed better catalytic performance than the catalysts that were predominantly fluorite CeO2. The Ce additive could enhance the surface adsorbed oxygen and accelerate the SCR reaction. The effects of O2 concentration, ratio of NH3/NO, space velocity and SO2 on the catalytic activity were also investigated. The presence of oxygen played an important role in NO reduction. The optimal ratio of NH3/NO was 1/1 and the catalyst had good resistance to SO2 poisoning.     

Pt/CeO2催化氧化甲苯反应机制研究

采用浸渍法制备了Pt/CeO_2和Pt/Al2O_3催化剂,并通过XRD、BET、ICP-OES、H2-TPR、XPS等手段表征其物理化学性质.结果发现,Pt/CeO_2和Pt/Al2O_3催化剂上Pt负载量约为0.6%,Al2O_3载体上Pt颗粒尺寸更小,Pt/CeO_2的可还原性更强.甲苯催化氧化活性评价结果表明,Pt/CeO_2催化剂表现出更好的催化活性,T50=170℃,T90=190℃.通过UV-Raman、甲苯TPD、GC/MS、In-situ FTIR等手段进一步研究发现,Pt/CeO_2活化甲苯及反应供氧的机制与Pt/Al2O_3存在区别,其活性更好是因为:(1)负载在CeO_2表面存在高电子密度的Pt原子,具有更强的活化甲苯能力,可以直接使苯基和甲基间的C—C链发生断裂;(2)Pt的负载促进了CeO_2氧空位形成,进一步提高了CeO_2的储氧性能,加速氧循环.除了Pt解离气相氧之外,CeO_2还可以提供活性氧物种参与催化氧化甲苯的反应,进一步提高甲苯催化氧化效率.     

Characterization and performance of Pt/SBA-15 for low-temperature SCR of NO by C3H6

Pt supported on mesoporous silica SBA-15 was investigated as a catalyst for low temperature selective catalytic reduction(SCR) of NO by C 3 H 6 in the presence of excess oxygen.The prepared catalysts were characterized by means of XRD,BET surface area,TEM,NO-TPD,NO/C 3 H 6-TPO,NH 3-TPD,XPS and 27 Al MAS NMR.The effects of Pt loading amount,O 2 /C 3 H 6 concentration,and incorporation of Al into SBA-15 have been studied.It was found that the removal efficiency increased significantly after Pt loading,but an optimal loading amount was observed.In particular,under an atmosphere of 150 ppm NO,150 ppm C 3 H 6,and 18 vol.% O 2,0.5% Pt/SBA-15 showed remarkably high catalytic performance giving 80.1% NOx reduction and 87.04% C 3 H 6 conversion simultaneously at 140°C.The enhanced SCR activity of Pt/SBA-15 is associated with its outstanding oxidation activities of NO to NO 2 and C 3 H 6 to CO 2 in low temperature range.The research results also suggested that higher concentration of O 2 and higher concentration of C 3 H 6 favored NO removal.The incorporation of Al into SBA-15 improved catalytic performance,which could be ascribed to the enhancement of catalyst surface acidity caused by tetrahedrally coordinated AlO 4.Moreover,the catalysts could be easily reused and possessed good stability.     

不同硅铝比Fe-ZSM-5催化剂对氧化亚氮催化分解性能的研究

以不同硅铝比的H-ZSM-5分子筛为载体,采用离子交换法和化学气相沉积法制备Fe-ZSM-5催化剂,并用XRD、BET、TEM、UV-vis和NH3-TPD等表征手段对催化剂进行分析,研究催化剂中铁的存在状态.结果表明,分子筛的硅铝比影响铁在分子筛中的分布形态,化学气相沉积法和热离子交换法制得硅铝比为25的Fe-ZSM-5-25分子筛催化剂上均匀地分布着粒径为8 nm左右的纳米氧化铁颗粒,并且Fe-ZSM-5-25分子筛催化剂比Fe-ZSM-5-300更容易形成Fe3+x O y团簇.制得的Fe-ZSM-5分子筛催化剂催化分解氧化亚氮(N2O),结果表明,相同的制备方法,硅铝比小的Fe-ZSM-5-25催化剂对N2O分解活性更好;相同硅铝比的Fe-ZSM-5催化剂,采用化学气相沉积法制得的对N2O分解活性最好.另外,O2的存在对Fe-ZSM-5上N2O催化分解活性有抑制作用,而NO对N2O催化分解活性展示了一定的正效应.最后,经过100 h的连续反应,Fe-ZSM-5催化剂依然能够保持催化活性.