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1.
天津PM10和NO2输送路径及潜在源区研究   总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2  
王郭臣  王珏  信玉洁  陈莉 《中国环境科学》2014,34(12):3009-3016
利用HYSPLIT模型和全球资料同化系统(GDAS)气象数据,用聚类方法对2012年12月~2013年11月期间抵达天津的逐日72h气流后向轨迹按不同的季节进行归类.并利用相应的PM10和NO2浓度日监测数据,分析了不同季节气流轨迹对天津污染物浓度的影响.运用潜在源贡献(PSCF)因子分析法和浓度权重轨迹(CWT)分析法分别模拟了不同季节PM10和NO2潜在PSCF和CWT.结果表明,不同方向气流轨迹对天津PM10和NO2潜在源区分布的影响存在显著差异.天津PM10和NO2日均浓度最高值对应的气流轨迹均集中在冬、春和秋季等来自内陆的西北气流;夏季影响天津的气流轨迹主要来自西北和东南方向,对天津PM10和NO2的日均浓度贡献较小.天津PM10和NO2的PSCF与CWT分布特征类似,最高值主要集中在天津本地以及邻近的河北省和山东省,是天津这两种污染物主要潜在源区.  相似文献   

2.
利用重庆市大气污染物监测站2013年冬季(2013年11月—2014年1月)的实测数据,分析PM2.5及相关气态污染物(SO2、NO2、O3)的时空特征,并采用轨迹聚类与PSCF(潜在源贡献因子)分析污染物来源.结果表明:除ρ(O3)以外,其他3种污染物质量浓度的月际变化趋势基本一致,均呈12月升高、1月降低的特征;污染物空间分布不均,其中ρ(PM2.5)和ρ(NO2)在工业区和人口密集区较高,ρ(SO2)南高北低,ρ(O3)城区低于郊区.ρ(SO2)、ρ(NO2)与ρ(PM2.5)均呈显著正相关,其中ρ(SO2)与ρ(PM2.5)的R(相关系数)在城、郊区分别为0.71、0.65,ρ(NO2)与ρ(PM2.5)在城、效区的R分别为0.73、0.56;而ρ(O3)与ρ(PM2.5)未表现出显著相关.ρ(SO2)、ρ(NO2)与ρ(PM2.5)的相关性高低可在一定程度上说明二次气溶胶的污染程度,ρ(O3)与ρ(PM2.5)的相关性受到PM2.5来源和污染程度的影响.轨迹分析结果显示,重庆市2013年冬季主要受东北方向气流影响;聚类分析表明,重庆市11月没有表现出明显的PM2.5外来输送特征,但12月和1月的PM2.5外来输送特征明显,并且不同方向的气流污染物浓度差异也较大.PSCF分析发现,重庆市冬季PM2.5、SO2、NO2、O3主要来源于本地和周围城市局地传输,同时还受南宁、贵阳、遵义、达州等地的影响.  相似文献   

3.
为探究《大气污染防治行动计划》实施后期成都大气PM2.5中水溶性无机离子(WSIIs)季节变化及来源等特征,本研究于2016~2017年在成都城区进行了分季节PM2.5样品的连续采集,对其中WSIIs进行了全面分析.结果表明,成都市年均ρ(PM2.5)和ρ(WSIIs)分别为(114.0±76.4)μg.m-3和(41.2±31.3)μg.m-3,ρ(WSIIs)可占ρ(PM2.5)的36.1%,其季节贡献特征为:秋季(39.5%)>冬季(38.2%)>春季(32.5%)>夏季(28.9%).全年及各季节P(PM2.5)和ρ(WSIIs)均值均表现为夜间高于白天,且昼夜差异幅度呈现出了明显的季节变化特征.SNA(SO42-、N03-和NH4+)是WSⅡs的重要组成,在春、夏、秋和冬这4季中可占到整体ρ(WSIIs)的84.2%、86.6%、86.3%和87.0%.秋和冬的ρ(NO3)/ρ(SO42-)比值分别为1.1和1.6,高于春和夏的0.96和0.57,移动源和固定源相对贡献随季节变化特征明显.观测期间WSIIs主要来源包括二次生成、扬尘源和燃烧源.后向轨迹分析表明,来自成都东部地区的近地气团对应的P(PM2.5)低于源自西部的高空气团,就WSIIs构成而言,东部气团对应的ρ(SO42-)占比高于西部气团,而西部气团对应的ρ(NO3-)占比则高于前者.  相似文献   

4.
兰州冬季大气污染来源分析   总被引:14,自引:4,他引:10       下载免费PDF全文
利用WRF(天气研究与预报模式)输出的高分辨率气象数据驱动HYSPLIT_4.9(混合单粒子拉格朗日轨迹模式),结合PSCF(潜在源贡献因子)和CWT(权重浓度轨迹分析)模拟研究复杂地形下兰州城市尺度大气污染物局地输送特征、潜在源区及其对空气质量的影响.结果表明:2002—2008年影响兰州城区冬季12月空气质量的轨迹可分为5类,输送类型可分为城区内输送和城区外输送.第1、3类轨迹出现频率均大于20%且污染轨迹出现频率均大于38%,是污染物的主要输送路径,对应潜在源区为兰州城关区东北部和榆中县东部,这2个源区对ρ(PM10)的影响最大,对ρ(SO2)的影响最小,对ρ(PM10)、ρ(SO2)和ρ(NO2)的贡献分别超过200、80和60μg/m3.来自榆中县的第4类轨迹和兰州西固区的第5类轨迹易造成大气重污染,而来自皋兰县的第2类轨迹属于清洁轨迹.兰州冬季污染既受局地输送的影响,也与地面天气形势密切相关.  相似文献   

5.
2006─2010年环保重点城市主要污染物浓度变化特征   总被引:13,自引:6,他引:7  
利用2006─2010年全国环保重点城市的空气质量日报数据,分析了大气ρ(SO2)、ρ(NO2)和ρ(PM10)的变化特征.结果表明:从年际变化看,ρ(SO2)和ρ(PM10)呈下降趋势,ρ(NO2)变化不显著.从季节变化看,ρ(SO2)、ρ(NO2)和ρ(PM10)均呈冬季高、夏季低的特征.从浓度谱分布看,全国大气中ρ(SO2)、ρ(NO2)和ρ(PM10)分别集中在0~0.150、0~0.100和0~0.250 mgm3范围内,ρ(SO2)和ρ(PM10)谱峰区间逐渐向低浓度范围偏移,高浓度事件逐渐减少,表明SO2和PM10污染得到较明显的控制,而ρ(NO2)谱峰变化不大.从浓度变化看,山西ρ(SO2)、ρ(NO2)和ρ(PM10)下降最明显,年变化率分别为-11.2、-3.6和-14.2μgm3;青海ρ(SO2)、山东ρ(NO2)和ρ(PM10)的上升趋势最明显,年变化率分别为4.4、2.7和4.5μgm3.  相似文献   

6.
利用HYSPLIT模型计算出济南市2012年全年逐日72 h的气流后向轨迹。对四季的气流轨迹做聚类分析得到抵达济南市的5种轨迹类型,结合PM10、PM2.5的日均浓度资料,计算潜在源的贡献作用和浓度权重轨迹,得到影响济南市四季PM10和PM2.5浓度的潜在源区以及不同潜在源区,对济南市四季的PM10和PM2.5浓度的贡献。结果表明:四季PM10的潜在源区和PM2.5的潜在源区分布大体相同。四季的PM10和PM2.5的潜在源区都包括济南市的周边地区,该区域对济南市日均的ρ(PM10)和ρ(PM2.5)的贡献分别在0.1、0.06 mg/m3以上。春季,2种污染物的潜在源区为江苏北部源区。夏季,其污染物潜在源区为山东省南部源区与江苏北部源区。秋季,2种污染物的潜在源区主要分布在河北南部、河南东部、江苏北部等地区;冬季,其污染物潜在源区主要分布在津冀鲁交界地区、河南东部、安徽北部等地区。  相似文献   

7.
天津滨海新区秋冬季大气污染特征分析   总被引:14,自引:0,他引:14       下载免费PDF全文
为了解天津滨海新区大气污染物浓度水平和污染来源,2009年9月1日~2010年2月28日对NOx、CO、SO2、O3、PM2.5、PM10进行了连续在线观测,并同步观测了气象要素.结果表明,秋冬季上述污染物最高日均值(秋冬平均值±标准差,O3为日小时均值最大值)分别达到300.7(65.4±52.9)×10-9、7.278(1.324±1.169)×10-6、53(13±12)×10-9、95(28±21)×10-9(体积分数)和287.4(62.3±53.6)μg/m3、1421.4(161.9±136) μg/m3. NOx和SO2秋季低于冬季,O3和PM10反之. CO和PM10相对国家二级标准超标率为2%和38%,PM2.5相对WHO标准(75μg/m3)超标率为31%.季节统计日变化显示CO和NOx为早晚双峰型,SO2为中午的单峰型,O3为午后单峰型,且秋季日变化振幅远大于冬季, PM10为早晚双峰型,但冬季比秋季晚出峰2~3h.除冬季PM10,大气污染物浓度49%~74%的逐日变化由气象要素影响.滨海新区大气污染受局地排放和外源输送共同影响,西南方向气流易造成污染物积累,其次是东北方向,而东和东南气流最有利于污染物扩散;各污染物具体表现为NOx主要受局地源控制;SO2主要受外来输送影响;CO和PM2.5同时受本地源和外来源的共同影响;PM10秋季表现为本地源污染,而冬季为本地源和外来源的共同影响.  相似文献   

8.
辽宁辽中县城郊地区大气污染物时空变化及来源特征   总被引:2,自引:1,他引:1  
以辽中县水文站为辽宁省典型城郊地区大气背景站点,针对大气污染物,ρ(PM2.5)和气象因子等进行了1年(2007年2月—2008年1月)的连续观测.研究了各污染物的浓度水平,日、季节变化以及来源特征.φ(O3),φ(CO),φ(SO2),φ(NO),φ(NO2),φ(NOx*),φ(NH3)和ρ(PM2.5)平均值分别为19.9×10-9,0.85×10-6,9.7×10-9,8.8×10-9,14.5×10-9,23.2×10-9,29.8×10-9和66.6μg/m3.除SO2外,各污染物浓度水平均优于我国《环境空气质量标准》(GB 3095—1996)的二级标准.φ(O3)在日间达到最大值,一次污染物呈现双峰分布.从季节变化来看,φ(O3)在夏季最高,春季最低.一次污染物如CO,SO2,NO以及PM2.5的浓度均在冬季达到最大值.地面监测的φ(O3)和OMI卫星反演的NO2柱浓度的变换趋势相同,但地面观测的φ(O3)在春季明显低于柱浓度.后推气流轨迹分析结果表明,在φ(O3)较高的夏、秋季,从东北地区和渤海湾起源的气流贡献最大.  相似文献   

9.
重庆市主城区不同粒径颗粒物水溶性无机组分特征   总被引:15,自引:2,他引:13  
张丹  翟崇治  周志恩  张灿 《环境科学研究》2012,25(10):1099-1106
于2010年3月—2011年7月,在重庆市主城区同步采集PM1.0、PM2.5和PM10三种粒径的颗粒物样品.用离子色谱分析了样品中F-、Cl-、NO3-、SO42-、Na+、NH4+、K+、Mg2+和Ca2+9种水溶性无机组分,并收集了SO2和NO2等气体污染物的数据.结果表明:采样期间ρ(PM1.0)、ρ(PM2.5)和ρ(PM10)分别为82.9、104和160μg/m3,PM1.0、PM2.5、PM10中所测9种水溶性无机组分的浓度之和分别为40.82、48.66和57.99μg/m3.ρ(SO42-)、ρ(NO3-)和ρ(NH4+)相对较高,并且主要分布在细颗粒物中.多数水溶性无机组分浓度冬季最高,春季其次,夏、秋季浓度偏低.所测组分溶液的pH显酸性,冬季样品的pH最低,细粒子的酸性要强于粗粒子.SOR(硫的氧化率)与NOR(氮的氧化率)与国内其他地区相比较高,SOR秋季最高,NOR冬季最高.因子分析结果表明,化石燃料以及生物质的燃烧、机动车尾气排放是水溶性无机组分的主要来源,建筑施工、土壤风沙等扬尘类污染源对水溶性无机组分也有一定的贡献.  相似文献   

10.
合肥市郊夏季PM10浓度及其与能见度的关系   总被引:3,自引:0,他引:3  
2010年8—9月在合肥市郊对ρ(PM10)进行了观测,并分析了其中9种水溶性离子(NO2-、Cl-、NO3-、SO42-、NH4+、Ca2+、Na+、Mg2+、K+)质量浓度.结果表明:采样期间该地区ρ(PM10)日均值为78.9μg/m3,9种水溶性离子的平均质量浓度为18.93μg/m3,占ρ(PM10)的26.6%,表明水溶性组分是PM10的重要组成之一.SO42-、NO3-、NH4+和Ca2+是主要的阴、阳离子,日均质量浓度分别为8.14、4.81、3.46和1.33μg/m3.不同RH(相对湿度)下PM10对能见度的影响不同,RH小于80%时,二者呈显著的线性负相关〔R(相关系数)为-0.80〕;RH大于80%时,二者呈指数负相关(R为-0.48).离子间相关性分析显示,PM10中水溶性离子的主要结合方式为(NH4)2SO4、NH4HSO4、NH4NO3、KCl及K2SO4.采样期间ρ(NO3-)/ρ(SO42-)平均值为0.59,说明在该地区固定源对水溶性组分的贡献大于移动源.另外,扬尘也是PM10重要来源之一.  相似文献   

11.
Several main metabolites of benzo[a]pyrene (BaP) formed by Penicillium chrysogenum, Benzo[a]pyrene-1,6-quinone (BP 1,6- quinone), trans-7,8-dihydroxy-7,8-dihydrobenzo[a]pyrene (BP 7,8-diol), 3-hydroxybenzo[a]pyrene (3-OHBP), were identified by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). The three metabolites were liable to be accumulated and were hardly further metabolized because of their toxicity to microorganisms. However, their further degradation was essential for the complete degradation of BaP. To enhance their degradation, two methods, degradation by coupling Penicillium chrysogenum with KMnO4 and degradation only by Penicillium chrysogenum, were compared; Meanwhile, the parameters of degradation in the superior method were optimized. The results showed that (1) the method of coupling Penicillium chrysogenum with KMnO4 was better and was the first method to be used in the degradation of BaP and its metabolites; (2) the metabolite, BP 1,6-quinone was the most liable to be accumulated in pure cultures; (3) the effect of degradation was the best when the concentration of KMnO4 in the cultures was 0.01% (w/v), concentration of the three compounds was 5 mg/L and pH was 6.2. Based on the experimental results, a novel concept with regard to the bioremediation of BaP-contaminated environment was discussed, considering the influence on environmental toxicity of the accumulated metabolites.  相似文献   

12.
Sorption of chlorotoluron in ammonium sulfate, urea and atrazine multi-solutes system was investigated by batch experiments. The results showed application of nitrogen fertilizers to the soil could affect the behavior of chlorotoluron. At the same concentration of N, sorption of chlorotoluron decreased as the concentration of atrazine increased on the day 0 and 6 in soil, respectively. The sorption of chlorotoluron increased from 0 to 6 d when soils were preincubated with deionized water, ammonium sulfate and urea solution for 6 d. That indicated incubation time was one of the most important factors for the sorption of chlorotoluron in nitrogen fertilizers treatments. The individual sorption isotherms of chlorotoluron in rubbery polymer and silica were strictly linear in single solute system, but there were competition sorption between pesticides or between pesticides and nitrogen fertilizers. That indicated the sorption taken place by concurrent solid-phase dissolution mechanism and sorption on the interface of water-organic matter or water-mineral matter.  相似文献   

13.
Toxic effects of two agrochemicals on nifH gene in agricultural black soil were investigated using denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis (DGGE) and sequencing approaches in a microcosm experiment. Changes of soil nifH gene diversity and composition were examined following the application of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination. Acetochlor reduced the nifH gene diversity (both in gene richness and diversity index values) and caused changes in the nifH gene composition. The effects of acetochlor on nifH gene were strengthened as the concentration of acetochlor increased. Cluster analysis of DGGE banding patterns showed that nifH gene composition which had been affected by low concentration of acetochlor (50 mg/kg) recovered firstly. Methamidophos reduced nifH gene richness that except at 4 weeks. The medium concentration of methamidophos (150 mg/kg) caused the most apparent changes in nifH gene diversity at the first week while the high concentration of methamidophos (250 mg/kg) produced prominent effects on nifH gene diversity in the following weeks. Cluster analysis showed that minimal changes of nifH gene composition were found at 1 week and maximal changes at 4 weeks. Toxic effects of acetochlor and methamidophos combination on nifH gene were also apparent. Different nifH genes (bands) responded differently to the impact of agrochemicals: four individual bands were eliminated by the application of the agrochemicals, five bands became predominant by the stimulation of the agrochemicals, and four bands showed strong resistance to the influence of the agrochemicals. Fifteen prominent bands were partially sequenced, yielding 15 different nifH sequences, which were used for phylogenetic reconstructions. All sequences were affiliated with the alpha- and beta-proteobacteria, showing higher similarity to eight different diazotrophic genera.  相似文献   

14.
The effects of arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungus (Glomus mosseae) and phosphorus (P) addition (100 mg/kg soil) on arsenic (As) uptake by maize plants (Zea mays L.) from an As-contaminated soil were examined in a glasshouse experiment.Non-mycorrhizal and zero-P addition controls were included.Plant biomass and concentrations and uptake of As,P,and other nutrients,AM colonization,root lengths,and hyphal length densities were determined.The results indicated that addition of P significantly inhibited root colonization and development of extraradical mycelium.Root length and dry weight both increased markedly with mycorrhizal colonization under the zero-P treatments,but shoot and root biomass of AM plants was depressed by P application.AM fungal inoculation decreased shoot As concentrations when no P was added,and shoot and root As concentrations of AM plants increased 2.6 and 1.4 times with P addition,respectively.Shoot and root uptake of P,Mn,Cu,and Zn increased,but shoot Fe uptake decreased by 44.6%,with inoculation, when P was added.P addition reduced shoot P,Fe,Mn,Cu,and Zn uptake of AM plants,but increased root Fe and Mn uptake of the nonmycorrhizal ones.AM colonization therefore appeared to enhance plant tolerance to As in low P soil,and have some potential for the phytostabilization of As-contaminated soil,however,P application may introduce additional environmental risk by increasing soil As mobility.  相似文献   

15.
Earthworm toxicity tests are useful tools for terrestrial risk assessment but require a hierarchy of test designs that differ in effect levels (behavior, sublethal, lethal). In this study, the toxicity of chlorpyrifos contaminated soil on earthworms was assessed. In addition to the acute and chronic tests, an avoidance response test was applied. Earthworms were exposed to sublethal and lethal concentration of chlorpyrifos, and evaluated for acute toxicity, growth, fecundity and avoidance response after a certain exposure period. The test methods covered all important ecological relevant endpoints (acute, chronic, behavioral). Concentration of 78.91 mg/kg, chlorpyrifos caused significant toxic effects in all test methods, but at lower test concentrations, only significant chronic toxic effects could be observed. In the present study, chlorpyrifos had adverse effect on growth and fecundity in earthworm exposed to 5 mg/kg chlorpyrifos after eight weeks. The avoidance response test, however, showed significant repellent effects concentration of 40 mg/kg chlorpyrifos. For chlorpyrifos, concentration affecting avoidance response was far greater than growth and fecundity, it seemed likely that earthworms were not able to escape from pesticide-contaminated soil into the clean soil in field and hence were exposed continuously to elevated concentrations of pesticides.  相似文献   

16.
Bottled water may not be safer, or healthier, than tap water. The present studies have proved that styrene and some other aromatic compounds leach continuously from polystyrene (PS) bottles used locally for packaging. Water sapmles in contact with PS were extracted by a preconcentration technique called as "purge and trap" and analysed by gas chromatograph-mass spectrometer (GC/MS). Eleven aromatic compounds were identified in these studies. Maximum concentration of styrene in PS bottles was 29.5 μg/L. Apart from styrene, ethyl benzene, toluene and benzene were also quantified but their concentrations were much less than WHO guide line values. All other compounds were in traces. Quality of plastic and storage time were the major factor in leaching of styrene. Concentration of styrene was increased to 69.53 μg/L after one-year storage. In Styrofoam and PS cups studies, hot water was found to be contaminated with styrene and other aromatic compounds. It was observed that temperature played a major role in the leaching of styrene monomer from Styrofoam cups. Paper cups were found to be safe for hot drinks.  相似文献   

17.
UNITANK is a biological wastewater treatment process that combines the advantages of traditional activated sludge process and sequencing batch reactor, which is divided into Tank A, B and C. In this study, the sludge distribution and its impact on performance of UNITANK were carried out in Liede Wastewater Plant (WWTP) of Guangzhou, China. Results showed that there was a strong affiliation between Tank A and B of the system in sludge concentration distribution. The initial sludge concentration in Tank A could present the sludge distribution of the whole system. The sludge distribution was mainly influenced by hydraulic condition. Unsteady sludge distribution had an impact on variations of substrates in reactors, especially in decisive reactor, and this could lead to failure of system. Settler could partially remove substrates such as COD and NO3-N, but there was adventure of sludge deterioration. The rational initial sludge concentration in Tank A should be 4000-6000 mg/L MLSS.  相似文献   

18.
Soil contaminated with heavy metals cadmium(Cd)and lead(Pb)is hard to be remediated.Phytoremediation may be a feasible method to remove toxic metals from soil,but there are few suitable plants which can hyperaccumulate metals.In this study,Cd and Pb accumulation by four plants including sunflower(Helianthus annuus L.),mustard(Brassica juncea L.),alfalfa(Medicago sativa L.), ricinus(Ricinus communis L.)in hydroponic cultures was compared.Results showed that these plants could phytocxtract heavy metals, the ability of accumulation differed with species,concentrations and categories of heavy metals.Values of BCF(bioconcentration factor)and TF(translocation factor)indicated that four species had dissimilar abilities of phytoextraction and transportation of heavy metals.Changes on the biomass of plants,pH and Eh at different treatments revealed that these four plants had distinct responses to Cd and Pb in cultures.Measurements should be taken to improve the phytoremediation of sites contaminated with heavy metals,such as pH and Eh regulations,and so forth.  相似文献   

19.
Laogang landfill near Shanghai is the largest landfill in China, and receives about 10000 t of daily garbage per day, Samples of topsoil and plants were analyzed to evaluate mercury pollution from the landfill. For topsoil samples, there were significant correlations among total mercury (HgT), combinative mercury (Hgc) and gaseous mercury (HgG), and content of total organic carbon (TOC), but, no significantly relationship was found between Hg content and filling time. Hg content changes in vertical profiles with time showed that the average Hgv of profiles 1992, 1996, and 2000 was similar, but their average HgG was quite different. HgT was significantly correlated with Hgc in profile 1992 and 2000, and Hgv was significantly correlated with Hg6 in profile 1996. HgG/Hgv ratio in profile samples decreased in the order of (HgG,/HgT)1992〉(HgG/HgT)1996〉〉(HgG/HgT)2000. A simple outline of Hg release in landfill could be drawn: with increasing of filling time, degradation undergoes different biodegradation, accordingly, gaseous mercury goes through small, more, and small proportion to total mercury. Distribution of Hg in plants was inhomogeneous, following the order of leaf〉root〉stem. The highest value of leaf may be associated with higher atmospheric Hg from landfill. Ligneous plants (e.g. Phyllostachys glanca, Prunus salicina and Ligustrum lucidum) are capable of enriching more Hg than herbaceous plants.  相似文献   

20.
Phytoremediation is a potential cleanup technology for the removal of heavy metals from contaminated soils.Bidens maximowicziana is a new Pb hyperaccumulator,which not only has remarkable tolerance to Pb but also extraordinary accumulation capacity for Pb.The maximum Pb concentration was 1509.3 mg/kg in roots and 2164.7 mg/kg in overground tissues.The Pb distribution order in the B. maximowicziana was:leaf>stem>root.The effect of amendments on phytoremediation was also studied.The mobility of soil Pb and the Pb concentrations in plants were both increased by EDTA application.Compared with CK(control check),EDTA application promoted translocation of Pb to overground parts of the plant.The Pb concentrations in overground parts of plants was increased from 24.23-680.56 mg/kg to 29.07-1905.57 mg/kg.This research demonstrated that B.maximowicziana appeared to be suitable for phytoremediation of Pb contaminated soil,especially,combination with EDTA.  相似文献   

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